The value of the world's ecosystem services and natural capital

Nature - Tập 387 Số 6630 - Trang 253-260 - 1997
Robert Costanza1, Ralph C. d’Arge2, R.S. de Groot3, Stephen Färber4, Monica Grasso5, Bruce Hannon6, Karin E. Limburg7, Shahid Naeem8, Robert V. O’Neill9, José M. Paruelo10, R. Raskin11, Paul C. Sutton12, Marjan van den Belt13
1Center for Environmental and Estuarine Studies, Zoology Department, University of Maryland, Box 38, Solomons, Maryland, 20688, USA
2Economics Department (emeritus), University of Wyoming, Laramie, Wyoming, 82070, USA
3Center for Environment and Climate Studies, Wageningen Agricultural University, PO Box 9101, 6700 HB, Wageninengen, The Netherlands
4Graduate School of Public and International Affairs, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, 15260, USA
5Insitute for Ecological Economics, University of Maryland, Box 38, Solomons, Maryland, 20688, USA
6Geography Department and NCSA, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois, 61801, USA
7Institute of Ecosystem Studies, Millbrook, New York, USA
8Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Behavior, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota 55108, USA
9Environmental Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, USA
10Department of Ecology, Faculty of Agronomy, University of Buenos Aires, Av. San Martin 4453, 1417, Buenos Aires, Argentina
11Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Pasadena, California 91109, USA
12National Center for Geographic Information and Analysis, Department of Geography, University of California at Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California, 93106, USA
13Ecological Economics Research and Applications Inc., PO Box 1589, Solomons, Maryland, 20688, USA

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1. de Groot, R. S. Environmental functions as a unifying concept for ecology and economics. Environmentalist?, 105-109 (1987). 2. Turner, R. K. Economics, Growth and Sustainable Environments (eds Collard, D. et al.) (Macmillan, London, 1988). 3. Turner, R. K. Economics of wetland management. Ambio 20, 59-63 {1991). 4. de Groot, R. S. Functions of Nature: Evaluation of Nature in Environmental Planning, Management, and Decision Making (Wolters-Noordhoff, Groningen, 1992). 5. Daily, G. (ed.) Nature's Services: Societal Dependence on Natural Ecosystems (Island, Washington DC, 1997). 6. Turner, R. K. & Pearce, D. in Economics and Ecology: New Frontiers and Sustainable Development (ed. Barbier, E. D.) 177-194 (Chapman and Hall, London, 1993). 7. Costanza, R. 8c Daly, H. E. Natural capital and Sustainable development. Conserv. Biol. 6, 37-46 (1992). 8. Bingham, G. et al. Issues in ecosystem valuation: improving information for decision making. Ecol. Econ. 14,73-90(1995). 9. Mitchell, R. C. & Carson, R. T. Using Surveys to Value Public Goods: the Contingent Valuation Method (Resources for the Future, Washington DC, 1989). 10. Costanza, R., Farber, S. C. & Maxwell, J. Valuation and management of wetlands ecosystems. Ecol. Econ. 1,335-361 (1989). 11. Dixon, J. A. & Sherman, P. B. Economics of Protected Areas (Island, Washington DC, 1990). 12. Barde, J.-P. & Pearce, D. W. Valuing the Environment: Six Case Studies (Earthscan, London, 1991). 13. Aylward, B. A. & Barbier, E. B. Valuing environmental functions in developing countries. Biodiv. Cons. 1,34(1992). 14. Pearce, D. Economic Values and the Natural World (Earthscan, London, 1993). 15. Goulder, L. H. & Kennedy, D. in Nature's Services: Societal Dependence on Natural Ecosystems (ed. Daily, G.) 23-48 (Island, Washington DC, 1997). 16. Costanza, R. & Folke, C. in Nature's Services: Societal Dependence on Natural Ecosystems (ed. Daily, G.) 49-70 (Island, Washington DC, 1997). 17. Matthews, E. Global vegetation and land-use: new high-resolution data bases for climate studies. /. Clim. Appl. Meteorol 22, 474-487 (1983). 18. Deevey, E. S. Mineral cycles. Sci. Am. 223, 148-158 (1970). 19. Ehrlich, R., Ehrlich, A. H. & Holdren, J. P. Ecoscience: Population, Resources, Environment (W.H. Freeman, San Francisco, 1977). 20. Ryther, J. H. Photosynthesis and fish production in the sea. Science 166, 72-76 (1969). 21. United Nations Environmental Programme First Assessment Report, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (United Nations, New York, 1990). 22. Whittaker, R. H. & Likens, G. E. in Primary Production of the Biosphere (eds Lieth, H. & Whittaker, R. H.) 305-328 (Springer, New York, 1975). 23. Bailey, R. G. Ecosystem Geography (Springer, New York, 1996). 24. Houde, E. D. & Rutherford, E. S. Recent trends in estuarine fisheries: predictions of fish production and yield. Estuaries 16, 161-176 (1993). 25. Pauly, D. & Christensen, V. Primary production required to sustain global fisheries. Nature 374, 255-257(1995). 26. Costanza, R. & Neil, C. in Energy and Ecological Modeling (eds Mitsch, W. J., Bosserman, R. W. & Klopatek, J. M.) 745-755 (Elsevier, New York, 1981). 27. Costanza, R. & Hannon, B. M. in Network Analysis of Marine Ecosystems: Methods and Applications (eds Wulff, E, Field, J. G. & Mann, K. H.) 90-115 (Springer, Heidelberg, 1989). 28. Alexander, A., List, J., Margolis, M. & d'Arge, R. Alternative methods of valuing global ecosystem services. Ecol. Econ. (submitted). 29. Costanza, R., Wainger, L., Folke, C. & Maler, K.-G. Modeling complex ecological economic systems: toward an evolutionary, dynamic understanding of people and nature. BioScience43,545-555 (1993). 30. Bockstael, N. et al. Ecological economic modeling and valuation of ecosystems. Ecol. Econ. 14, 143-159(1995). 31. Daly, H. E. & Cobb, J. For the Common Good: Redirecting the Economy Towards Community, the Environment, and a Sustainable Future (Beacon, Boston, 1989). 32. Cobb, C. & Cobb, J. The Green National Product: a Proposed Index of Sustainable Economic Welfare (Univ. Press of America, New York, 1994). 33. Max-Neef, M. Economic growth and quality of life: a threshold hypothesis. Ecol. Econ. 15, 115-118 (1995).

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Nature

Tập 387 Số 6630

253-260

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