Pangean (Late Carboniferous–Middle Jurassic) paleoenvironment and lithofacies

J Golonka1, D Ford2
1Institute of Geological Sciences, University of Jagiellonian, Krakow, Poland
2Mobil Exploration and Producing Technical Center, Dallas, TX, USA

Tài liệu tham khảo

Adamia, 1991, New Series No. 7(I–II), 53 Aifa, 1990, Devonian–Carboniferous paleopoles for Africa: consequence for Hercynian geodynamics, Tectonophysics, 179, 287, 10.1016/0040-1951(90)90295-J 1991 Alsharhan, 1995, Stratigraphy and sedimentology of the Permian in the Arabian Basin and Adjacent areas: a critical review, vol. 2, 187 Bangert, 1997, Permo-Carboniferous tuff layers in the Kalahari–Karoo Basin (southern Namibia) — volcanoclastic deposits as markers for initial South Atlantic rifting?, Gaea Heidelbergensis, 3, 320 Bardossy, 1994, Carboniferous to Jurassic bauxite deposits as paleoclimatic and palegeographic indicators, vol. 17, 283 Beauchamp, 1994, Permian climatic cooling in the Canadian Arctic, 228, 229 Beauchamp, 1995, Permian history of the Arctic North America, vol. 2, 3 Beauchamp, 1997, The P–T and other Late Paleozoic stress-release events in NW Pangea, Gaea Heidelbergensis, 3, 68 Boucot, 1993, Paleozoic paleogeography and biogeography, Rev. Esp. Paleontol., 15 Boucot, 1986, The Tethyan concept during the Paleozoic, 31 Brown, P.J., Cross, W.A., Edrich, M.E., Ford, D.W., Franz, U., Gail, G.J., Golonka, J., Koepnick, R.J., Lacerda, C.P., Markello, J.R., Pauken, R.B., Theiss, R., Waite, L.E., Werner, W., 1993. The global themes project: summary statements paleogeographic reconstructions lithofacies distributions source rock occurrences and source facies predictions for fourteen time periods within the Phanerozoic, Mobil GIS & MEPTEC report (unpublished) Mobil, Dallas, 1993. Burchfiel, 1992, Tectonic overview of the Cordilleran orogen in the western United States, 407 Carozzi, 1979, Petroleum geology in the Paleozoic clastics of the Middle Amazon Basin, Brazil, J. Petrol. Geol., 2, 55, 10.1111/j.1747-5457.1979.tb00692.x Catalano, 1991, Permian circumpacific deep-water faunas from the western Tethys (Sicily, Italy): new evidence for the position of the Permian Tethys, Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol., 87, 75, 10.1016/0031-0182(91)90131-A Channell, 1996, Paleomagnetism and paleogeography of Adria, 105, 119 Chuvashov, 1995, Permian deposits of the Urals and Preduralye, vol. 2, 158 Cook, 1990 1992, Memoir 13 Cox, 1992, Karoo igneous activity and the early stages of the break-up of Gondwanaland, 68, 137 Crowell, 1975, The Late Paleozoic glaciation Crowell, 1995, The ending of the Late Paleozoic ice age during the Permian period, vol. 1, 62 Crowley, 1994, Pangean climates, vol. 228, 25 Crowley, 1992, Modeling of Late Paleozoic glaciation, Geology, 20, 507, 10.1130/0091-7613(1992)020<0507:MLPG>2.3.CO;2 Dalziel, 1985, Andean evolution and the terrane concept, no. 1, 565 Dalziel, 1992, Late Gondwanide tectonic rotations within Gondwanaland, Tectonics, 11, 603, 10.1029/91TC02365 Dercourt, 1984, Presentation of 9 paleogeographic maps at 20.000.000 scale from the Atlantic to the Pamir between Lias and Present, Bull. Soc. Geol. Fr., 8, 637 1993 Doré, 1991, The structural foundation and evolution of Mesozoic seaways between Europe and the Arctic, Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol., 87, 441, 10.1016/0031-0182(91)90144-G Du Toit, 1937 Enkin, 1992, Paleomagnetic constraints on the geodynamic history of China from the Permian to the present, J. Geophys. Res., 97, 13,953, 10.1029/92JB00648 Enos, 1995, The Permian of China, vol. 2, 225 Faleide, 1993, Late Mesozoic–Cenozoic evolution of the southwestern Barents Sea, 933 Flügel, 1994, Pangean shelf carbonates: controls and paleoclimatic significance of Permian and Triassic reefs, vol. 228, 247 Forsythe, 1982, The Paleozoic to early Mesozoic evolution of southern America: a plate tectonic interpretation, J. Geol. Soc. London, 139, 671, 10.1144/gsjgs.139.6.0671 Fourcade, 1996, Paleogeography and paleoenvironment of the Tethyan realm during the Jurassic breakup of Pangea, vol. 8, 191 Frakes, 1992 Francis, 1994, Paleoclimates of Pangea — geological evidence, vol. 17, 265 Franke, 1989, Variscan plate tectonics in Central Europe — current ideas and open questions, Tectonophysics, 169, 221, 10.1016/0040-1951(89)90088-7 Golonka, 1997, Hot spots activity and the break-up of Pangea, Gaea Heidelbergensis, 3, 143 Golonka, 2000, Hot spots activity and the break-up of Pangea, Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol., 161, 49, 10.1016/S0031-0182(00)00117-6 Golonka, 1997, Pangean (Late Carboniferous Middle Jurassic) paleoenvironment and lithofacies, Gaea Heidelbergensis, 3, 143 Golonka, 1997, Tectonic model of the Mediterranean terranes, AAPG Bull., 81, 1386 Golonka, 1994, Phanerozoic paleogeographic and paleoclimatic modeling maps, vol. 17, 1 Golonka, 1996, Jurassic paleogeographic maps of the world, 60, 1 Gonzales, 1990, Development of the Late Paleozoic glaciations of the South American Gondwana in Western Argentina, Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol., 79, 2275 Green, 1984, Circum-Arctic petroleum potential, 101 Greenlee, 1993, Stratigraphic framework of productive carbonate buildups, 57, 43 Haq, 1988, Mesozoic and Cenozoic chronostratigraphy and cycles of sea-level change, 42, 71 Harrington, 1962, Paleogeographic development of South America, AAPG Bull., 46, 1773 Harrison, 1981, Sea level variations, global sedimentation rates and hypsographic curve, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 54, 1, 10.1016/0012-821X(81)90064-9 Harland, 1990 Hatcher, 1989, Alleghenian orogen, 233 Heafford, 1988, Carboniferous through Triassic stratigraphy of the Barents Shelf, 89 Hongzen, 1985 Irving, 1979, Pole positions and continental drift since the Devonian, 567 Kazmer, 1989, Triassic and Jurassic Oceanic/Paraoceanic belts in the Carpathian–Panonian region and its surroundings, vol. 259, 77 Kazmin, 1990, Early Mesozoic reconstruction of the Black Sea–Caucasus region. Evolution of the northern margin of the Tethys, Mem. Soc. Geol. Fr. Paris Nouv. Ser., 154, 147 Kazmin, 1991, Collision and rifting in the Tethys Ocean: geodynamic implications, Tectonophysics, 123, 371, 10.1016/0040-1951(91)90331-L Kazmin, 1986, Volcanic belts as markers of the Mesozoic–Cenozoic active margin of Eurasia, Tectonophysics, 123, 123, 10.1016/0040-1951(86)90195-2 Khain, 1993 Kiersnowski, 1995, Facies, paleogeography, and sedimentary history of the Southern Parmian Basin in Europe, vol. 2, 118 Kiessling, 1999, Paleo reef maps: a comprehensive database of Phanerozoic reefs with graphic presentations, AAPG Bull., 83, 1552 Klemme, 1991, Effective petroleum source rocks of the world: stratigraphic distribution and controlling depositional factors, AAPG Bull., 75, 1809 Kozur, 1991, The evolution of the Meliata–Halstadt ocean and its significance for the early evolution of the Eastern Alps and Western Carpathians, Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol., 87, 109, 10.1016/0031-0182(91)90132-B Kozur, 1987, Erster Nachweis von Radiolarien in tethyalen Perm Europas, Neues Jahrb. Geol. Palaeont. Abh., 174, 357 Lawver, 1987, A revised reconstruction of Gindwana, 40, 17 Lawver, 1993, Subduction zones, magmatism and the breakup of Pangea, 225 Mallory, 1972 Manspeizer, 1982, Triassic–Liassic basins and climate of the passive margins, Geol. Rundsch., 77, 897 Manspeizer, 1985, Early Mesozoic history of the Atlantic passive margin, 1 1988, 22 Manspeizer, 1994, The breakup of Pangea and its impact on climate: consequences of Variscan–Alleghenide orogenic collapse, 228, 169 Marcoux, 1996, Late Permian to Late Triasic Tethyan paleoenvironments. Three snapshots: Late Murgabian, Late Anisian, Late Norian, vol. 8, 153 Marsella, 1993, Monte Facito Formation (Scythian–Middle Carnian). A deposit of the ancestral Lagonegro Basin in Southern Apenines, Boll. Servisio Geol. Ital., 119, 225 McClure, 1978, Early Paleozoic glaciation in Arabia, Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol., 4, 315, 10.1016/0031-0182(78)90047-0 McClure, 1980, Permian–Carboniferous glaciation in the Arabian Peninsula, Bull. Geol. Soc. Am., 91, 707, 10.1130/0016-7606(1980)91<707:PGITAP>2.0.CO;2 Menning, 1995, A numerical time scale for the Permian and Triassic periods: an integrated time analysis, vol. 1, 77 Metcalfe, 1984, Stratigraphy, paleontology and paleogeography of the carboniferous of southeast Asia, Mem. Soc. Geol. Fr., 147, 107 Metcalfe, 1994, Late Paleozoic and Mesozoic paleogeography of eastern Pangea and Tethys, vol. 17, 97 Miller, 1981, Pre-Andean orogenies of southern South America in the contest of Godwana, 237 Milne, 1992, Mid-Paleozoic basement in eastern Graham Land and its relation to the Pacific margin of Gondwana, 335 Morgan, 1971, Convection plumes in the lower mantle, Nature, 230, 42, 10.1038/230042a0 1996, 105 Mossman, 1986, Oil and gas potential of the Amazon Paleozoic basins, 40, 207 Müller, 1993, Revised plate motions relative to hotspots from combined Atlantic and Indian Ocean hotspot tracks, Geology, 21, 275, 10.1130/0091-7613(1993)021<0275:RPMRTT>2.3.CO;2 1996, vol. 8 Nance, 1994, Orogenic style and the configuration of supercontinents, vol. 17, 49 Natapov, L.N., Zonenshain, L.P., Kuzmin, M.L., 1997. Eurasian paleogeographic atlas. Project report with maps in ArcView format, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow (unpublished). Nie, 1990, Constraints on the locations of Asian microcontinents in Paleo-Tethys during the Late Paleozoic, 12, 397 Nikishin, 1996, Late Precambrian to Triassic history of the East European Craton: dynamics of sedimentary basin evolution, Tectonophysics, 268, 23, 10.1016/S0040-1951(96)00228-4 Oelofsen, 1987, The biostratigraphy and fossils of the Whitehill and Irati Formations of the Karoo and Parana Basins, 131 Parfenov, 1993, Terranes and accretionary tectonics of northeastern Asia, Geotectonics, 27, 62 Parrish, 1995, Geologic evidence of Permian climate, vol. 1, 53 Philip, 1996, Tethyan carbonate platforms, vol. 8, 239 Piper, 1987 Pique, 1989, 230, 115 Pique, 1989, Moroccan Hercynides: a synopsis. The Paleozoic sedimentary and tectonic evolution at the northern margin of West Africa, Am. J. Sci., 289, 286, 10.2475/ajs.289.3.286 Puchkov, 1991, New Series No. 7(I–II), 1 Rapalini, 1991, Tectonic rotations in the Late Paleozoic continental margin of southern South America determined and dated by paleomagnetism, Geophys. J. Int., 107, 333, 10.1111/j.1365-246X.1991.tb00829.x Ricou, 1996, The plate tectonic history of the past Tethys Ocean, vol. 8, 3 Robertson, 1979, Mamonia complex, southwest Cyprus: evolution and emplacement of a Mesozoic continental margin, Bull. Geol. Soc. Am., 90, 651, 10.1130/0016-7606(1979)90<651:MCSCEA>2.0.CO;2 Robertson, 1991, Paleogeographic and paleotectonic evolution of Eastern Mediterranean Neotethys, Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol., 87, 289, 10.1016/0031-0182(91)90140-M Robertson, 1996, Alternative tectonic models for the Late Palaeozoic–Early Tertiary development of Tethys in the eastern Mediterranean region, 105, 239 Ronov, 1984 Ronov, 1989 Ross, 1988, Late Paleozoic transgressive–regressive deposition, vol. 42, 227 Ross, 1994, Permian sequence stratigraphy and fossil zonation, vol. 17, 219 Ross, 1995, Permian sequence stratigraphy, vol. 1, 98 Ross, 1994, A time scale for project Pangea, vol. 17, 81 Ross, 1988, Patterns of climatic, tectonic eustatic, and paleogeographic change during the Paleozoic Scotese, 1991, Jurassic and Cretaceous plate tectonic reconstructions, Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol., 87, 493, 10.1016/0031-0182(91)90145-H Scotese, 1990, Revised world maps and introduction, 12, 1 Scotese, 1995, Pangea and the paleogeography of the Permian, vol. 1, 3 Sengör, 1984, The Cimmeride orogenic system and the tectonics of Eurasia, 195 Sengör, 1996, Paleotectonics of Asia: fragment of a synthesis, 486 Sengör, 1984, Tectonics of the Mediterranean Cimmerides: nature and evolution of the western termination of Paleo-Tethys, 77 Sepkoski, 1989, Periodicity of extinction and the problem of catastrophism in the history of life, J. Geol. Soc. London, 146, 7, 10.1144/gsjgs.146.1.0007 Sloss, 1960 Smith, 1990, A review of stratigraphy and sedimentary environments of the Karoo Basin of Southern Africa, J. Afr. Earth Sci., 10, 117, 10.1016/0899-5362(90)90050-O Smith, 1993, A review of the stratigraphy and sedimentary environments of the Karoo-aged basins of Southern Africa, J. Afr. Earth Sci., 16, 143, 10.1016/0899-5362(93)90164-L Stampfli, 1996, The intra-Alpine terrain: a Paleotethyan remnant in the Alpine Variscides, Eclogae Geol. Helv., 89, 13 Stampfli, 1991, Tethyan margins in space and time, Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol., 87, 373, 10.1016/0031-0182(91)90142-E Stemmerik, 1995, Permian history of the Norwegian–Greenland Sea area, vol. 2, 98 Stemmerik, 1997, Mid-Carboniferous–Permian evolution of the North Atlantic margin of Pangea, Gaea Heidelbergensis, 3, 320 Stemmerik, 1997, Permian (Artinskian–Kazanian) cool-water carbonates in North Greenland, Svalbard and the western Barents Sea, 56, 349 Stemmerik, 1999, Mid-Carboniferous–Permian evolution of the North Atlantic margin of Pangea, Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol. Stemmerik, 1989, Late Paleozoic sequence correlations, North Greenland, Svalbard and the Barents Shelf, 99 Stemmerik, 1995, Permian history of the Barents Shelf area, vol. 2, 81 Stemmerik, 1991, Dating of Late Paleozoic rifling events in the North Atlantic: new biostratigraphic data from the uppermost Devonian and Carboniferous of East Greenland, Geology, 19, 218, 10.1130/0091-7613(1991)019<0218:DOLPRE>2.3.CO;2 Stemmerik, 1993, Depositional history and petroleum geology of the Carboniferous to Cretaceous sediments in the northern part of East Greenland, no. 2 Tari, 1995, A Late Triassic thrust-fold belt beneath the Moesian Platform: inplication for the Cimmeride orogenic system, AAPG Bull., 79, 1251 Tarling, 1983 Trappe, 1994, Pangean phosphorites — ordinary phosphorite genesis in an extraordinary world?, vol. 17, 469 Uliana, 1987, Permian to Late Cenozoic evolution of northern Patagonia: main tectonic events, magmatic activity, and depositional trends, 271 Ulmishek, 1990, Depositional controls, distribution, and effectiveness of world's petroleum source rocks, USGS Bull., 1931, 1 Van der Voo, 1988, Paleozoic paleogeography of North America, Gondwana and intervening displaced terranes: comparison of paleomagnetism with paleoclimatology and biogeographical pattern, Geol. Soc. Am. Bull., 100, 311, 10.1130/0016-7606(1988)100<0311:PPONAG>2.3.CO;2 Van der Voo, 1993 Veevers, 1994, Pangea: evolution of a supercontinent and its consequences for Earth's paleoclimate and sedimentary environments, vol. 228, 13 Veevers, 1987, Late Paleozoic glacial episodes in Gondwanaland reflected in transgressive–regressive depositional sequences in Euramerica, Geol. Soc. Am. Bull., 98, 475, 10.1130/0016-7606(1987)98<475:LPGEIG>2.0.CO;2 Veevers, 1994, South Africa: Karoo Basin and Cape Fold Belt, 184, 223 Vernikhovsky, 1994, The geodynamic evolution of the Taimyr folded area, 186 1968, vol. II 1968, vol. III Visser, 1987, The paleogeography of Southwestern Gondwana during the Permo-Carboniferous glaciation, Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol., 61, 205, 10.1016/0031-0182(87)90050-2 Visser, 1991, The paleoclimatic setting of the Late Paleozoic Marine ice sheet in the Karoo Basin of Southern Africa, 261, 181 Walker, 1995, The effects of paleolatidude and paleogeography on carbonate sedimentation in the Late Paleozoic, no. 40, 133 Wardlaw, 1995, Permian of the Western United States, vol. 2, 23 Williams, 1995, Tectonic subsidence analysis and paleozoic paleogeography of Gondwana, 62, 79 Withjack, 1995, Tectonic evolution of the Fundy Rift Basin, Canada: evidence of extension and shortening during passive margin development, Tectonics, 14, 390, 10.1029/94TC03087 Withjack, 1998, Diachronous rifting, drifting, and inversion on the passive margin of central eastern North America: an analog for other passive margins, AAPG Bull., 82, 817 Yemane, 1990, A short review of paleoenvironments for the Lower Beaufort (Upper Permian) Karoo sequences from Southern to Central Africa: a major Gondwana lacustrine episode, J. Afr. Earth Sci., 10, 165 Yin, 1996, A Phanerozoic palinspastic reconstruction of China and its neighboring regions, 442 Ziegler, A.M., 1985. Mesozoic and Cenozoic lithofacies database. Paleogeographic Atlas Project, Department of Geophysical Sciences, University of Chicago (unpublished). Ziegler, 1990, Phytogeographic patterns and continental configurations during the Permian period, 12, 363 Ziegler, 1982 Ziegler, 1988, Evolution of the Arctic–North Atlantic and the Western Tethys, 43, 1 Ziegler, 1989 Ziegler, 1989, Evolution of the North Atlantic — an overview, 46, 111 Zonenshain, 1990, Tectonic history of the Arctic: from Ordovician to Cretaceous Zonenshain, 1990, Geology of the USSR: a plate-tectonic synthesis, vol. 21