Entwined life events: The effect of parental incarceration timing on children's academic achievement

Andersen, 2018, Assortative mating and the intergenerational transmission of parental incarceration risks, Journal of Marriage and Family, 80, 463, 10.1111/jomf.12459 Arditti, 2015, Family process perspective on the heterogeneous effects of maternal incarceration on child wellbeing, Criminology and Public Policy, 14, 169, 10.1111/1745-9133.12117 Arditti, 2020, A family resilience agenda for understanding and responding to parental incarceration, American Psychologist, 77, 56, 10.1037/amp0000687 Bengtson, 2012, The life course perspective on ageing: linked lives, timing, and history, 9 Bertaux, 1984, The life story approach: A continental view, Annual Review of Sociology, 10, 215, 10.1146/annurev.so.10.080184.001243 Besemer, 2017, Labeling and intergenerational transmission of crime: The interaction between criminal justice intervention and a convicted parent, PLOS One, 12, 10.1371/journal.pone.0172419 Blau, 1967 Blokland, 2005, The effects of life circumstances on longitudinal trajectories of offending, Criminology, 43, 1203, 10.1111/j.1745-9125.2005.00037.x Braman, 2007 Brand, 2019, Why does parental divorce lower children’s educational attainment? A causal mediation analysis, Sociological Science, 6, 264, 10.15195/v6.a11 Breen, 2017, Educational reproduction in Great Britain: A prospective approach, European Sociological Review, 33, 590, 10.1093/esr/jcx061 Breen, 2005, Inequality of opportunity in comparative perspective: recent research on educational attainment and social mobility, Annual Review of Sociology, 31, 223, 10.1146/annurev.soc.31.041304.122232 Brodeur, 2007, Comparative penology in perspective, Crime and Justice, 36, 49, 10.1086/592806 Cancian, 2016, Fathers’ imprisonment and mothers’ multiple-partner fertility, Demography, 53, 2045, 10.1007/s13524-016-0511-9 Cho, 2009, The impact of maternal imprisonment on children’s educational achievement results from children in Chicago public schools, Journal of Human Resources, 44, 772, 10.1353/jhr.2009.0003 Cho, 2011, Understanding the mechanism behind maternal imprisonment and adolescent school dropout, Family Relations, 60, 272, 10.1111/j.1741-3729.2011.00649.x Clear, 2007 Cochran, 2018, Social exclusion and parental incarceration impacts on adolescents’ networks and school engagement, Journal of Marriage and Family, 80, 478, 10.1111/jomf.12464 Comfort, 2009 Conger, 1994, Families in troubled times: The Iowa youth and families project, 3 Dallaire, 2010, Teachers’ experiences with and expectations of children with incarcerated parents, Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, 31, 281, 10.1016/j.appdev.2010.04.001 Davis, 2001, Race, gender, and the prison industrial complex: California and beyond, Meridians, 2, 1, 10.1215/15366936-2.1.1 Daza, 2020, The consequences of incarceration for mortality in the United States, Demography, 57, 577, 10.1007/s13524-020-00869-5 DiPrete, 2006, Cumulative advantage as a mechanism for inequality: A review of theoretical and empirical developments, Annual Review of Sociology, 32, 271, 10.1146/annurev.soc.32.061604.123127 Doerner, 2012, Gender disparities in sentencing departures: An examination of US federal courts, Women & Criminal Justice, 22, 176, 10.1080/08974454.2012.687953 Dumont, 2014, Incarceration, maternal hardship, and perinatal health behaviors, Maternal and Child Health Journal, 18, 2179, 10.1007/s10995-014-1466-3 Elder, 1985 Elder, 1994, Time, human agency, and social change: Perspectives on the life course, Social Psychology Quarterly, 57, 4, 10.2307/2786971 Elder, 2003, The emergence and development of life course theory, 3 Elwert, 2014, Endogenous selection bias: The problem of conditioning on a collider variable, Annual Review of Sociology, 40, 31, 10.1146/annurev-soc-071913-043455 Embry, 2012, Sex-based sentencing: Sentencing discrepancies between male and female sex offenders, Feminist Criminology, 7, 146, 10.1177/1557085111430214 Everett, 2002, Difference, disparity, and race/ethnic bias in federal sentencing, Journal of Quantitative Criminology, 18, 189, 10.1023/A:1015258732676 Featherman, 1978 Finkeldey, 2020, Multilevel effects of parental incarceration on adult children’s neighborhood disadvantage, Social Problems, 67, 113 Finkeldey, 2020, School-based resources as protective factors from the influence of parental incarceration on depressive symptoms, Social Currents, 7, 402, 10.1177/2329496520921844 Foster, 2007, Incarceration and intergenerational social exclusion, Social Problems, 54, 399, 10.1525/sp.2007.54.4.399 Foster, 2015, Maternal and paternal imprisonment and childrenas social exclusion in young adulthood, The Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology, 387 Foster, 2015, Punishment regimes and the multilevel effects of parental incarceration: Intergenerational, intersectional, and interinstitutional models of social inequality and systemic exclusion, Annual Review of Sociology, 41, 135, 10.1146/annurev-soc-073014-112437 Gaston, 2016, The long-term effects of parental incarceration: Does parental incarceration in childhood or adolescence predict depressive symptoms in adulthood?, Criminal Justice and Behavior, 43, 1056, 10.1177/0093854816628905 Geller, 2009, Parental incarceration and child well-being: Implications for urban families, Social Science Quarterly, 90, 1186, 10.1111/j.1540-6237.2009.00653.x Gendreau, 2000, The effects of community sanctions and incarceration on recidivism, Forum on Corrections Research, 12, 10 Giordano, 2019, Linking parental incarceration and family dynamics associated with intergenerational transmission: A life-course perspective, Criminology, 57, 395, 10.1111/1745-9125.12209 Giordano, 2011, Parenthood and crime: The role of wantedness, relationships with partners, and SES, Journal of Criminal Justice, 39, 405, 10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2011.05.006 Glaze, 2008, Parents in prison and their minor children, Bureau of Justice Statistics Goldthorpe, 2014, The role of education in intergenerational social mobility: Problems from empirical research in sociology and some theoretical pointers from economics, Rationality and Society, 26, 265, 10.1177/1043463113519068 Hagan, 2012, Children of the American prison generation: Student and school spillover effects of incarcerating mothers, Law & Society Review, 46, 37, 10.1111/j.1540-5893.2012.00472.x Hagan, 2012, Intergenerational educational effects of mass imprisonment in America, Sociology of Education, 85, 259, 10.1177/0038040711431587 Hagan, 2020, A tale half told: State exclusionary and inclusionary regimes, incarceration of fathers, and the educational attainment of children, Social Science Research, 88 Haskins, 2014, Unintended consequences: Effects of paternal incarceration on child school readiness and later special education placement, Sociological Science, 1, 141, 10.15195/v1.a11 Haskins, 2015, Paternal incarceration and child-reported behavioral functioning at Age 9, Social Science Research, 52, 18, 10.1016/j.ssresearch.2015.01.001 Haskins, 2016, Beyond boys’ bad behavior: Paternal incarceration and cognitive development in middle childhood, Social Forces, 95, 861, 10.1093/sf/sow066 Haskins, 2018, Parental incarceration and child outcomes: Those at risk, evidence of impacts, methodological insights, and areas of future work, Sociology Compass, 12, 10.1111/soc4.12562 Hernán, 2001, Marginal structural models to estimate the joint causal effect of nonrandomized treatments, Journal of the American Statistical Association, 96, 440, 10.1198/016214501753168154 Hernández, 2015, Introduction: Constructing the carceral state, The Journal of American History, 102, 18, 10.1093/jahist/jav259 Hjalmarsson, 2012, Like godfather, like son: Exploring the intergenerational nature of crime, Journal of Human Resources, 47, 550, 10.1353/jhr.2012.0010 Hogan, 1978, The variable order of events in the life course, American Sociological Review, 43, 573, 10.2307/2094780 Huebner, 2005, The effect of incarceration on marriage and work over the life course, Justice Quarterly, 22, 281, 10.1080/07418820500089141 Imbens, 2015 Jacobsen, W. et al. (2016). Punished for Their Fathers? School Discipline Among Children of the Prison Boom. Technical report, Fragile Families Working Paper# WP14–08-FF. Johnson, 2012, Understanding unique effects of parental incarceration on children: Challenges, progress, and recommendations, Journal of Marriage and Family, 74, 342, 10.1111/j.1741-3737.2012.00957.x Johnson, 2009, Ever-increasing levels of parental incarceration and the consequences for children, 177 Jones, A., B. Gallagher, M. Manby, O. Robertson, M. Schützwohl, A.H. Berman, A. Hirschfield, L. Ayre, M. Urban, K. Sharratt, and K. Christmann. (2013). Children of Prisoners: Interventions and Mitigations to Strengthen Mental Health. Perspectives of children, parents and carers—Romania report, University of Huddersfield.10.5920/cop.hud.2013. Kertzer, 1989, Age structuring in comparative and historical perspective, 3 Killewald, 2016, Does your home make you wealthy?, RSF: The Russell Sage Foundation Journal of the Social Sciences, 2, 110, 10.7758/rsf.2016.2.6.06 Kitzmiller, 2020, Parental incarceration and the mental health of youth in the justice system: The moderating role of neighborhood disorder, Psychology, Public Policy, and Law, 27, 256, 10.1037/law0000274 Laub, 1993, Turning points in the life course: Why change matters to the study of crime, Criminology, 31, 301, 10.1111/j.1745-9125.1993.tb01132.x Maguire-Jack, 2020, Investigating racial differences in clusters of adverse childhood experiences, American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 90, 106, 10.1037/ort0000405 Makariev, 2010, Attachment, parental incarceration and possibilities for intervention: An overview, Attachment & Human Development, 12, 311, 10.1080/14751790903416939 Maruschak, L.M., J. Bronson, & Alper, M. (2016). Parents in Prison and Their Minor Children. Technical report, U.S. Department of Justice. Massoglia, 2015, Incarceration and health, Annual Review of Sociology, 41, 291, 10.1146/annurev-soc-073014-112326 Massoglia, 2019, Linkages between incarceration and health, Public Health Reports, 134, 8S, 10.1177/0033354919826563 Mauer, 2011, Addressing racial disparities in incarceration, The Prison Journal, 91, 87S, 10.1177/0032885511415227 McCauley, 2020, Beyond the classroom: The intergenerational effect of incarceration on children as academic and nonacademic school-related outcomes in high school, Socius, 6, 10.1177/2378023120915369 Mears, 2016, Young adult outcomes and the life-course penalties of parental incarceration, Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, 53, 3, 10.1177/0022427815592452 Miller, 2015, The association between parental incarceration and health, education, and economic outcomes in young adulthood, American Journal of Criminal Justice, 40, 765, 10.1007/s12103-015-9288-4 Miller, 2006, The impact of parental incarceration on children: An emerging need for effective interventions, Child and Adolescent Social Work Journal, 23, 472, 10.1007/s10560-006-0065-6 Miller, 2007, Risk and resilience among African American children of incarcerated parents, Journal of Human Behavior in the Social Environment, 15, 25, 10.1300/J137v15n02_03 Mitchell, 2005, A meta-analysis of race and sentencing research: Explaining the inconsistencies, Journal of Quantitative Criminology, 21, 439, 10.1007/s10940-005-7362-7 Murray, 2005, Parental imprisonment: Effects on boys’ antisocial behaviour and delinquency through the life-course, Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 46, 1269, 10.1111/j.1469-7610.2005.01433.x Murray, 2008, Parental imprisonment: long-lasting effects on boys’ internalizing problems through the life course, Development and Psychopathology, 20, 273, 10.1017/S0954579408000138 Murray, 2012, Children’s antisocial behavior, mental health, drug use, and educational performance after parental incarceration: A systematic review and meta-analysis, Psychological Bulletin, 138, 175, 10.1037/a0026407 Mustard, 2001, Racial, ethnic, and gender disparities in sentencing: Evidence from the US federal courts, The Journal of Law and Economics, 44, 285, 10.1086/320276 Nichols, 2016, Promoting educational resiliency in youth with incarcerated parents: The impact of parental incarceration, school characteristics, and connectedness on school outcomes, Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 45, 1090, 10.1007/s10964-015-0337-6 Niño, 2020, Timing of parental incarceration and allostatic load: A developmental life course approach, Annals of Epidemiology, 43, 18, 10.1016/j.annepidem.2020.02.002 O’Rand, 1996, The precious and the precocious: understanding cumulative disadvantage and cumulative advantage over the life course, The Gerontologist, 36, 230, 10.1093/geront/36.2.230 Pager, 2008 Duffy, D. & Sastry, N. (2014). Achievement tests in the panel study of income dynamics child development supplement. PSID Technical Series Papers #14–02 〈https://psidonline.isr.umich.edu/Publications/Papers/tsp/2014–02_Achievement.pdf〉. Moore, R., J.E. Brand, & Shinkre, T. (2021). ITPSCORE: Stata module to implement iterative propensity score logistic regression model search procedure. Pettit, 2018, Mass incarceration and racial inequality, American Journal of Economics and Sociology, 77, 1153, 10.1111/ajes.12241 Pettit, 2004, Mass imprisonment and the life course: race and class inequality in U.S. incarceration, American Sociological Review, 69, 151, 10.1177/000312240406900201 Phillips, 2011, A conceptual framework for understanding the stigmatization of children of incarcerated parents, Journal of Child and Family Studies, 20, 286, 10.1007/s10826-010-9391-6 Poehlmann, 2013, Introduction and conceptual framework, 1 Poehlmann-Tynan, 2021, A developmental perspective on children with incarcerated parents, Child Development Perspectives, 15, 3, 10.1111/cdep.12392 Porter, 2015, Absent fathers or absent variables? A new look at paternal incarceration and delinquency, Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, 52, 414, 10.1177/0022427814552080 PSID, 2010 PSID, 2010 PSID, 2012 PSID, 2017 PSID, 2019 Pyrooz, 2017, Parenthood as a turning point in the life course for male and female gang members: A study of within-individual changes in gang membership and criminal behavior, Criminology, 55, 869, 10.1111/1745-9125.12162 Raphael, 2009, Explaining the rise in US incarceration rates, Criminology and Public Policy, 8, 87, 10.1111/j.1745-9133.2009.00550.x Robins, 2009, Estimation of the causal effects of time-varying exposures, 553 Robins, 2000, Marginal structural models and causal inference in epidemiology, Epidemiology, 11, 550, 10.1097/00001648-200009000-00011 Roettger, 2018, Interrupting intergenerational offending in the context of America’s social disaster of mass imprisonment, American Behavioral Scientist, 62, 1545, 10.1177/0002764218796995 Ruhland, 2020, Externalizing behavior among youth with a current or formerly incarcerated parent, International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology, 64, 3, 10.1177/0306624X19855317 Ryabov, 2020, Parental incarceration and social status attainment of Hispanic young adults, Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, 66, 123, 10.1177/0011128719833356 Sampson, 1990, Crime and deviance over the life course: The salience of adult social bonds, American Sociological Review, 55, 609, 10.2307/2095859 Sampson, 1992, Crime and deviance in the life course, Annual Review of Sociology, 18, 63, 10.1146/annurev.so.18.080192.000431 Sampson, 1997, A life-course theory of cumulative disadvantage and the stability of delinquency, Developmental Theories of Crime and Delinquency, 7, 133 Sampson, 2003 Sampson, 2006, Does marriage reduce crime? A counterfactual approach to within-individual causal effects, Criminology, 44, 465, 10.1111/j.1745-9125.2006.00055.x Savolainen, 2009, Work, family and criminal desistance: Adult social bonds in a Nordic welfare state, The British Journal of Criminology, 49, 285, 10.1093/bjc/azn084 Parke, R. & Clarke-Stewart, K.A. (2002). Effects of parental incarceration on young children. In National Policy Conference. From prison to home: The effect of incarceration and reentry on children, families, and communities. Schirmer, 2009 Settersten, 1997, The measurement of age, age structuring, and the life course, Annual Review of Sociology, 23, 233, 10.1146/annurev.soc.23.1.233 Sharkey, 2008, The intergenerational transmission of context, American Journal of Sociology, 113, 931, 10.1086/522804 Shaw, 2016, The racial implications of the effects of parental incarceration on intergenerational mobility, Sociology Compass, 10, 1102, 10.1111/soc4.12440 Shermer, 2010, Criminal prosecutions: Examining prosecutorial discretion and charge reductions in US federal district courts, Justice Quarterly, 27, 394, 10.1080/07418820902856972 Song, 2016, Diverging mobility trajectories: Grandparent effects on educational attainment in one- and two-parent families in the United States, Demography, 53, 1905, 10.1007/s13524-016-0515-5 Spohn, 2009, US attorneys and substantial assistance departures: Testing for interprosecutor disparity, Criminology, 47, 813, 10.1111/j.1745-9125.2009.00163.x Spohn, 2002, The effect of imprisonment on recidivism rates of felony offenders: A focus on drug offenders, Criminology, 40, 329, 10.1111/j.1745-9125.2002.tb00959.x Stacey, 2006, Gender and the social costs of sentencing: An analysis of sentences imposed on male and female offenders in Three US District Courts, Berkeley Journal of Criminal Law, 11, 43 Steffensmeier, 1998, The interaction of race, gender, and age in criminal sentencing: The punishment cost of being young, black, and male, Criminology, 36, 763, 10.1111/j.1745-9125.1998.tb01265.x Swisher, 2015, Paternal incarceration and adolescent well-being: Life course contingencies and other moderators, The Journal of Criminal Law & Criminology, 104 Sykes, 2009, Choice or constraint? Mass incarceration and fertility outcomes among American men Testa, 2021, Parental incarceration and school readiness: Findings from the 2016 to 2018 national survey of children’s health, Academic Pediatrics, 21, 534, 10.1016/j.acap.2020.08.016 Thornberry, 2018, Key findings from the rochester intergenerational study Tonry, 1999, Why are U.S. incarceration rates so high?, Crime & Delinquency, 45, 419, 10.1177/0011128799045004001 Travis, 2014 Trice, 2004, The effects of maternal incarceration on adolescent children, Journal of Police and Criminal Psychology, 19, 27, 10.1007/BF02802572 Trusts, P.C. 2010. Collateral Costs: Incarceration’s Effect on Economic Mobility. Technical report, The Pew Charitable Trusts. Turney, 2017, The unequal consequences of mass incarceration for children, Demography, 54, 361, 10.1007/s13524-016-0543-1 Turney, 2020, Cumulative adverse childhood experiences and children’s health, Children and Youth Services Review, 119, 10.1016/j.childyouth.2020.105538 Turney, 2022, Chains of adversity: The time-varying consequences of paternal incarceration for adolescent behavior, Journal of Quantitative Criminology, 38, 159, 10.1007/s10940-020-09485-3 Turney, 2018, Parental incarceration and children’s wellbeing, The Future of Children, 28, 147, 10.1353/foc.2018.0007 Turney, 2014, Falling behind? Children’s early grade retention after paternal incarceration, Sociology of Education, 87, 241, 10.1177/0038040714547086 Turney, 2017, Parental incarceration and the transition to adulthood, Journal of Marriage and Family, 79, 1314, 10.1111/jomf.12429 Turney, 2015, Detrimental for some? Heterogeneous effects of maternal incarceration on child wellbeing, Criminology and Public Policy, 14, 125, 10.1111/1745-9133.12109 Uggen, 2000, Work as a turning point in the life course of criminals: A duration model of age, employment, and recidivism, American Sociological Review, 65, 529, 10.1177/000312240006500403 Ulmer, 2012, Recent developments and new directions in sentencing research, Justice Quarterly, 29, 1, 10.1080/07418825.2011.624115 Van de Rakt, 2010, When does the apple fall from the tree? Static versus dynamic theories predicting intergenerational transmission of convictions, Journal of Quantitative Criminology, 26, 371, 10.1007/s10940-009-9089-3 Wakefield, 2010, Incarceration and stratification, Annual Review of Sociology, 36, 387, 10.1146/annurev.soc.012809.102551 Wakefield, 2011, Mass imprisonment and racial disparities in childhood behavioral problems, Criminology and Public Policy, 10, 793, 10.1111/j.1745-9133.2011.00740.x Wakefield, 2013 Warr, 1998, Life-course transitions and desistance from crime, Criminology, 36, 183, 10.1111/j.1745-9125.1998.tb01246.x Wendling, 2007 Western, 2001, The labor market consequences of incarceration, Crime & Delinquency, 47, 410, 10.1177/0011128701047003007 Western, 2010, Incarceration & social inequality, Daedalus, 139, 8, 10.1162/DAED_a_00019 Wildeman, 2009, Parental imprisonment, the prison boom, and the concentration of childhood disadvantage, Demography, 46, 265, 10.1353/dem.0.0052 Wildeman, 2010, Paternal incarceration and children’s physically aggressive behaviors: Evidence from the fragile families and child wellbeing study, Social Forces, 89, 285, 10.1353/sof.2010.0055 Wildeman, 2017, Paternal incarceration and childrenas risk of being charged by early adulthood: Evidence from a Danish policy shock, Criminology, 55, 32, 10.1111/1745-9125.12124 Wildeman, 2014, Positive, negative, or null? The effects of maternal incarceration on children’s behavioral problems, Demography, 51, 1041, 10.1007/s13524-014-0291-z Wildeman, 2013, Misidentifying the effects of parental incarceration? A comment on johnson and easterling (2012), Journal of Marriage and Family, 75, 252, 10.1111/j.1741-3737.2012.01018.x Williams, 2015, Intergenerational offending in liverpool and the North-West of England, 1850–1914, The History of the Family, 20, 189, 10.1080/1081602X.2014.990478 Wodtke, 2011, Neighborhood effects in temporal perspective: The impact of long-term exposure to concentrated disadvantage on high school graduation, American Sociological Review, 76, 713, 10.1177/0003122411420816 Woo, 2020, Child (un)awareness of parental incarceration as a risk factor: Evidence from South Korea, Journal of Child and Family Studies, 29, 3211, 10.1007/s10826-020-01835-w Wright, 2004, Employment, peers, and life-course transitions, Justice Quarterly, 21, 183, 10.1080/07418820400095781 Wyse, 2014, Romantic relationships and criminal desistance: pathways and processes, Sociological Forum, 29, 365, 10.1111/socf.12088 Young, 2020, Incarceration and the life course: Age-graded effects of the first parental incarceration experience, Journal of Developmental and Life-Course Criminology, 6, 256, 10.1007/s40865-020-00143-7 Zoutewelle-Terovan, 2014, Criminality and family formation: Effects of marriage and parenthood on criminal behavior for men and women, Crime & Delinquency, 60, 1209, 10.1177/0011128712441745