Recent developments in the significant effect of mRNA modification (M6A) in glioblastoma and esophageal cancer

Wilkinson, 2021, Context-dependent roles of RNA modifications in stress responses and diseases, Int. J. Mol. Sci., 22, 1949, 10.3390/ijms22041949 Li, 2017, Epitranscriptome sequencing technologies: decoding RNA modifications, Nat. Methods, 14, 23, 10.1038/nmeth.4110 Dominissini, 2012, Topology of the human and mouse m 6 A RNA methylomes revealed by m 6 A-seq, Nature, 485, 201, 10.1038/nature11112 Xiao, 2016, Nuclear M6A reader YTHDC1 regulates mRNA splicing, Mol. Cell, 61, 507, 10.1016/j.molcel.2016.01.012 Roost, 2015, Structure and thermodynamics of N6-methyladenosine in RNA: a spring-loaded base modification, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 137, 2107, 10.1021/ja513080v Bertero, 2018, The SMAD2/3 interactome reveals that TGFβ controls m 6 A mRNA methylation in pluripotency, Nature, 555, 256, 10.1038/nature25784 Knuckles, 2017, RNA fate determination through cotranscriptional adenosine methylation and microprocessor binding, Nat. Struct. Mol. Biol., 24, 561, 10.1038/nsmb.3419 Wang, 2014, N 6-methyladenosine-dependent regulation of messenger RNA stability, Nature, 505, 117, 10.1038/nature12730 Shi, 2017, YTHDF3 facilitates translation and decay of N 6-methyladenosine-modified RNA, Cell Res., 27, 315, 10.1038/cr.2017.15 Wang, 2015, N6-methyladenosine modulates messenger RNA translation efficiency, Cell, 161, 1388, 10.1016/j.cell.2015.05.014 Wickramasinghe, 2015, Control of mammalian gene expression by selective mRNA export, Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol., 16, 431, 10.1038/nrm4010 Jorde, 2019 Mishra, 2017, Messenger RNA, 1 Davalos, 2018, SnapShot: messenger RNA modifications, Cell, 174, 498, 10.1016/j.cell.2018.06.046 Roy, 2021, Effects of mRNA modifications on translation: an overview, 327 Anreiter, 2021, New twists in detecting mRNA modification dynamics, Trends Biotechnol., 39, 72, 10.1016/j.tibtech.2020.06.002 Roundtree, 2017, Dynamic RNA modifications in gene expression regulation, Cell, 169, 1187, 10.1016/j.cell.2017.05.045 Fu, 2014, Gene expression regulation mediated through reversible m 6 A RNA methylation, Nat. Rev. Genet., 15, 293, 10.1038/nrg3724 Barbieri, 2020, Role of RNA modifications in cancer, Nat. Rev. Cancer, 20, 303, 10.1038/s41568-020-0253-2 Linder, 2015, Single-nucleotide-resolution mapping of M6A and M6Am throughout the transcriptome, Nat. Methods, 12, 767, 10.1038/nmeth.3453 Delatte, 2016, Transcriptome-wide distribution and function of RNA hydroxymethylcytosine, Science, 351, 282, 10.1126/science.aac5253 Dominissini, 2016, The dynamic N1-methyladenosine methylome in eukaryotic messenger RNA, Nature, 530, 441, 10.1038/nature16998 Zhang, 2018, Reversible RNA Modification N1-methyladenosine (m1A) in mRNA and tRNA, Genom. Proteom. Bioinform., 16, 155, 10.1016/j.gpb.2018.03.003 Xie, 2021, Programmable RNA N1-methyladenosine demethylation by a Cas13d-directed demethylase, Angew. Chem., 60, 19592, 10.1002/anie.202105253 Suzuki, 2015, Transcriptome-wide identification of adenosine-to-inosine editing using the ICE-seq method, Nat. Protoc., 10, 715, 10.1038/nprot.2015.037 Thomas, 2018, A chemical signature for cytidine acetylation in RNA, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 140, 12667, 10.1021/jacs.8b06636 Dai, 2021, N7-Methylguanosine tRNA modification enhances oncogenic mRNA translation and promotes intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma progression, Mol. Cell, 81, 3339, 10.1016/j.molcel.2021.07.003 Liang, 2020, mRNA modification orchestrates cancer stem cell fate decisions, Mol. Cancer, 19, 1, 10.1186/s12943-020-01166-w Wen, 2018, Zc3h13 regulates nuclear RNA M6A methylation and mouse embryonic stem cell self-renewal, Mol. Cell, 69, 1028, 10.1016/j.molcel.2018.02.015 Lyu, 2020, DORGE: discovery of oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes using genetic and epigenetic features, Sci. Adv., 6, eaba6784, 10.1126/sciadv.aba6784 Lee, 2021, Cancer plasticity: the role of mRNA translation, Trends Cancer, 7, 134, 10.1016/j.trecan.2020.09.005 Goodall, 2021, RNA in cancer, Nat. Rev. Cancer, 21, 22, 10.1038/s41568-020-00306-0 Grunwitz, 2017, mRNA cancer vaccines—messages that prevail, Cancer Vaccines, 145, 10.1007/82_2017_509 C. Zeng, C. Zhang, P.G. Walker, Y. Dong, Formulation and delivery technologies for mRNA vaccines. (2020) 1–40. Haruehanroengra, 2020, RNA modifications and cancer, RNA Biol., 17, 1560, 10.1080/15476286.2020.1722449 Malhotra, 2017, Global trends in esophageal cancer, J. Surg. Oncol., 115, 564, 10.1002/jso.24592 Fan, 2020, Global trends in the incidence and mortality of esophageal cancer from 1990 to 2017, Cancer Med., 9, 6875, 10.1002/cam4.3338 Salem, 2018, Comparative molecular analyses of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma, esophageal adenocarcinoma, and gastric adenocarcinoma, Oncologist, 23, 1319, 10.1634/theoncologist.2018-0143 Alsop, 2016, Esophageal cancer, Gastroenterol. Clin., 45, 399, 10.1016/j.gtc.2016.04.001 Van Rossum, 2018, Treatment for unresectable or metastatic oesophageal cancer: current evidence and trends, Nat. Rev. Gastroenterol. Hepatol., 15, 235, 10.1038/nrgastro.2017.162 Abnet, 2018, Epidemiology of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma, Gastroenterology, 154, 360, 10.1053/j.gastro.2017.08.023 Han, 2021, METTL3-mediated M6A mRNA modification promotes esophageal cancer initiation and progression via Notch signaling pathway, Mol. Ther. Nucleic Acids, 26, 333, 10.1016/j.omtn.2021.07.007 Jin, 2021, Advances in epigenetic therapeutics with focus on solid tumors, Clin. Epigenet., 13, 83, 10.1186/s13148-021-01069-7 Bastiancich, 2017, Injectable nanomedicine hydrogel for local chemotherapy of glioblastoma after surgical resection, J. Control. Release, 264, 45, 10.1016/j.jconrel.2017.08.019 Bagó, 2016, Electrospun nanofibrous scaffolds increase the efficacy of stem cell-mediated therapy of surgically resected glioblastoma, Biomaterials, 90, 116, 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2016.03.008 Glioblastoma, 2016, Overview of disease and treatment, Clin. J. Oncol. Nurs., 20, S2, 10.1188/16.CJON.S1.2-8 Tan, 2020, Management of glioblastoma: State of the art and future directions, CA Cancer J. Clin., 70, 299, 10.3322/caac.21613 Jiang, 2021, HNRNPA2B1 promotes multiple myeloma progression by increasing AKT3 expression via M6A-dependent stabilization of ILF3 mRNA, J. Hematol. Oncol., 14, 54, 10.1186/s13045-021-01066-6 Yang, 2017, Extensive translation of circular RNAs driven by N 6-methyladenosine, Cell Res., 27, 626, 10.1038/cr.2017.31 Chang, 2021, METTL3 enhances the stability of MALAT1 with the assistance of HuR via M6A modification and activates NF-κB to promote the malignant progression of IDH-wildtype glioma, Cancer Lett., 511, 36, 10.1016/j.canlet.2021.04.020 Patrizz, 2021, Tumor recurrence or treatment-related changes following chemoradiation in patients with glioblastoma: does pathology predict outcomes?, J. Neurooncol., 152, 163, 10.1007/s11060-020-03690-7 Rezaei, 2021, Emerging role of long non-coding RNAs in the pathobiology of glioblastoma, Front. Oncol., 10, 3381, 10.3389/fonc.2020.625884 Luo, 2021, CeRNA network analysis shows that lncRNA CRNDE promotes progression of glioblastoma through sponge mir-9-5p, Fron. Genet., 12, 246 Li, 2021, POFUT1 acts as a tumor promoter in glioblastoma by enhancing the activation of Notch signaling, J. Bioenerg. Biomembr., 10.1007/s10863-021-09912-5 Su, 2018, Novel targeting of transcription and metabolism in glioblastoma, Clin. Cancer Res., 24, 1124, 10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-17-2032 Ranjan, 2021, Targeting CDK9 for the Treatment of Glioblastoma, Cancers, 13, 3039, 10.3390/cancers13123039 Chaudhary, 2021, Potential of long non-coding RNAs as a therapeutic target and molecular markers in glioblastoma pathogenesis, Heliyon, 7, e06502, 10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e06502 Huang, 2020, RNA modifications in cancer: functions, mechanisms, and therapeutic implications, Ann. Rev. Cancer Biol., 4, 221, 10.1146/annurev-cancerbio-030419-033357 Kowalski, 2019, Delivering the messenger: advances in technologies for therapeutic mRNA delivery, Mol. Ther., 27, 710, 10.1016/j.ymthe.2019.02.012 Sahin, 2014, mRNA-based therapeutics—developing a new class of drugs, Nat. Rev. Drug Discov., 13, 759, 10.1038/nrd4278 Liu, 2017, N6-methyladenosine alters RNA structure to regulate binding of a low-complexity protein, Nucleic Acids Res., 45, 6051, 10.1093/nar/gkx141 Alarcón, 2015, HNRNPA2B1 is a mediator of M6A-dependent nuclear RNA processing events, Cell, 162, 1299, 10.1016/j.cell.2015.08.011 Alarcón, 2015, N 6-methyladenosine marks primary microRNAs for processing, Nature, 519, 482, 10.1038/nature14281 Liu, 2015, N 6-methyladenosine-dependent RNA structural switches regulate RNA–protein interactions, Nature, 518, 560, 10.1038/nature14234 Jz, 2017, METTL14 suppresses the metastatic potential of hepatocellular carcinoma by modulating N6-methyladenosine-dependent primary MicroRNA processing, Hepatology, 65, 529, 10.1002/hep.28885 Patil, 2016, m 6 A RNA methylation promotes XIST-mediated transcriptional repression, Nature, 537, 369, 10.1038/nature19342 Meyer, 2012, Comprehensive analysis of mRNA methylation reveals enrichment in 3′ UTRs and near stop codons, Cell, 149, 1635, 10.1016/j.cell.2012.05.003 Geula, 2015, M6A mRNA methylation facilitates resolution of naïve pluripotency toward differentiation, Science, 347, 1002, 10.1126/science.1261417 Ke, 2015, A majority of M6A residues are in the last exons, allowing the potential for 3′ UTR regulation, Genes Dev., 29, 2037, 10.1101/gad.269415.115 Meyer, 2015, 5′ UTR M6A promotes cap-independent translation, Cell, 163, 999, 10.1016/j.cell.2015.10.012 Huang, 2019, Histone H3 trimethylation at lysine 36 guides m 6 A RNA modification co-transcriptionally, Nature, 567, 414, 10.1038/s41586-019-1016-7 Liu, 2014, A METTL3–METTL14 complex mediates mammalian nuclear RNA N 6-adenosine methylation, Nat. Chem. Biol., 10, 93, 10.1038/nchembio.1432 Śledź, 2016, Structural insights into the molecular mechanism of the M6A writer complex, eLife, 5, e18434, 10.7554/eLife.18434 Knuckles, 2018, Zc3h13/Flacc is required for adenosine methylation by bridging the mRNA-binding factor Rbm15/Spenito to the M6A machinery component Wtap/Fl (2) d, Genes Dev., 32, 415, 10.1101/gad.309146.117 Schwartz, 2014, Perturbation of M6A writers reveals two distinct classes of mRNA methylation at internal and 5′ sites, Cell Rep., 8, 284, 10.1016/j.celrep.2014.05.048 Yue, 2018, VIRMA mediates preferential m 6 A mRNA methylation in 3′ UTR and near stop codon and associates with alternative polyadenylation, Cell Discov., 4, 1, 10.1038/s41421-018-0019-0 Jia, 2011, N 6-methyladenosine in nuclear RNA is a major substrate of the obesity-associated FTO, Nat. Chem. Biol., 7, 885, 10.1038/nchembio.687 Zheng, 2013, ALKBH5 is a mammalian RNA demethylase that impacts RNA metabolism and mouse fertility, Mol. Cell, 49, 18, 10.1016/j.molcel.2012.10.015 Casella, 2019, mRNA methylation in cell senescence, Wiley Interdiscip. Rev. RNA, 10, e1547, 10.1002/wrna.1547 Chen, 2019, The role of m 6 A RNA methylation in human cancer, Mol. Cancer, 18, 1, 10.1186/s12943-018-0930-x Li, 2019, Flexible binding of M6A reader protein YTHDC1 to its preferred RNA motif, J. Chem. Theory Comput., 15, 7004, 10.1021/acs.jctc.9b00987 Liu, 2019, RNAmod: an integrated system for the annotation of mRNA modifications, Nucleic Acids Res., 47, W548, 10.1093/nar/gkz479 He, 2019, Functions of N6-methyladenosine and its role in cancer, Mol. Cancer, 18, 1, 10.1186/s12943-019-1109-9 Bai, 2019, YTHDF1 regulates tumorigenicity and cancer stem cell-like activity in human colorectal carcinoma, Front. Oncol., 9, 332, 10.3389/fonc.2019.00332 Li, 2018, Suppression of m 6 A reader Ythdf2 promotes hematopoietic stem cell expansion, Cell Res., 28, 904, 10.1038/s41422-018-0072-0 Cheng, 2019, The m 6 A methyltransferase METTL3 promotes bladder cancer progression via AFF4/NF-κB/MYC signaling network, Oncogene, 38, 3667, 10.1038/s41388-019-0683-z Lan, 2019, The Critical Role of RNA m(6)A Methylation in Cancer, Cancer Res., 79, 1285, 10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-18-2965 Qian, 2019, KIAA1429 acts as an oncogenic factor in breast cancer by regulating CDK1 in an N6-methyladenosine-independent manner, Oncogene, 38, 6123, 10.1038/s41388-019-0861-z Qu, 2020, Multiple m 6 A RNA methylation modulators promote the malignant progression of hepatocellular carcinoma and affect its clinical prognosis, BMC Cancer, 20, 1, 10.1186/s12885-020-6638-5 Lin, 2016, The M6A methyltransferase METTL3 promotes translation in human cancer cells, Mol. Cell, 62, 335, 10.1016/j.molcel.2016.03.021 Li, 2017, FTO plays an oncogenic role in acute myeloid leukemia as a N6-methyladenosine RNA demethylase, Cancer Cell, 31, 127, 10.1016/j.ccell.2016.11.017 Zhang, 2016, Hypoxia induces the breast cancer stem cell phenotype by HIF-dependent and ALKBH5-mediated M6A-demethylation of NANOG mRNA, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., 113, E2047, 10.1073/pnas.1602883113 Heinrichs, 2014, M6A RNA methylation in mammals, Nat. Struct. Mol. Biol., 21, 117, 10.1038/nsmb.2773 Yoon, 2017, Temporal control of mammalian cortical neurogenesis by M6A methylation, Cell, 171, 877, 10.1016/j.cell.2017.09.003 Haussmann, 2016, M6A potentiates Sxl alternative pre-mRNA splicing for robust Drosophila sex determination, Nature, 540, 301, 10.1038/nature20577 Lence, 2016, M6A modulates neuronal functions and sex determination in Drosophila, Nature, 540, 242, 10.1038/nature20568 Ceccarelli, 2016, Molecular profiling reveals biologically discrete subsets and pathways of progression in diffuse glioma, Cell, 164, 550, 10.1016/j.cell.2015.12.028 Le Rhun, 2019, Molecular targeted therapy of glioblastoma, Cancer Treat. Rev., 80, 10.1016/j.ctrv.2019.101896 Kim, 2021, Long non-coding RNAs in brain tumors: roles and potential as therapeutic targets, J. Hematol. Oncol., 14, 1, 10.1186/s13045-021-01088-0 Ladomery, 2021 Yang, 2021, Pan-cancer characterization of long non-coding RNA and DNA methylation mediated transcriptional dysregulation, EBioMedicine, 68, 10.1016/j.ebiom.2021.103399 Deng, 2018, RNA N 6-methyladenosine modification in cancers: current status and perspectives, Cell Res., 28, 507, 10.1038/s41422-018-0034-6 Cui, 2017, M6A RNA methylation regulates the self-renewal and tumorigenesis of glioblastoma stem cells, Cell Rep., 18, 2622, 10.1016/j.celrep.2017.02.059 Visvanathan, 2019, N6-Methyladenosine landscape of glioma stem-like cells: METTL3 is essential for the expression of actively transcribed genes and sustenance of the oncogenic signaling, Genes, 10, 141, 10.3390/genes10020141 Zhang, 2017, M6A demethylase ALKBH5 maintains tumorigenicity of glioblastoma stem-like cells by sustaining FOXM1 expression and cell proliferation program, Cancer Cell, 31, 591, 10.1016/j.ccell.2017.02.013 Boriack-Sjodin, 2018, RNA-modifying proteins as anticancer drug targets, Nat. Rev. Drug Discov., 17, 435, 10.1038/nrd.2018.71 Jaffrey, 2017, Emerging links between m 6 A and misregulated mRNA methylation in cancer, Genome Med., 9, 1, 10.1186/s13073-016-0395-8 Dixit, 2021, The RNA M6A reader YTHDF2 maintains oncogene expression and is a targetable dependency in glioblastoma stem cells, Cancer Discov., 11, 480, 10.1158/2159-8290.CD-20-0331 Chai, 2021, YTHDF2 facilitates UBXN1 mRNA decay by recognizing METTL3-mediated M6A modification to activate NF-κB and promote the malignant progression of glioma, J. Hematol. Oncol., 14, 109, 10.1186/s13045-021-01124-z Su, 2021, YTHDF2 is a potential biomarker and associated with immune infiltration in kidney renal clear cell carcinoma, Front. Pharmacol., 12, 1539, 10.3389/fphar.2021.709548 Dixit, 2020, The RNA M6A reader YTHDF2 maintains oncogene expression and is a targetable dependency in glioblastoma stem cells, Cancer Discov., 11, 480, 10.1158/2159-8290.CD-20-0331 Einstein, 2021, Inhibition of YTHDF2 triggers proteotoxic cell death in MYC-driven breast cancer, Mol. Cell, 81, 3048, 10.1016/j.molcel.2021.06.014 Hou, 2021, SUMOylation of YTHDF2 promotes mRNA degradation and cancer progression by increasing its binding affinity with M6A-modified mRNAs, Nucleic Acids Res., 49, 2859, 10.1093/nar/gkab065 Du, 2020, Malignant evaluation and clinical prognostic values of M6A RNA methylation regulators in glioblastoma, Front. Oncol., 10, 208, 10.3389/fonc.2020.00208 Nakagawa, 2021, Novel prognostic implications of YTH domain family 2 in resected hepatocellular carcinoma, Oncol. Lett., 22, 1, 10.3892/ol.2021.12799 Xu, 2021, YTH domain proteins: a family of M6A readers in cancer progression, Front. Oncol., 11, 83 Dai, 2021, Main N6-methyladenosine readers: YTH family proteins in cancers, Front. Oncol., 11 Su, 2018, R-2HG exhibits anti-tumor activity by targeting FTO/M6A/MYC/CEBPA signaling, Cell, 172, 90, 10.1016/j.cell.2017.11.031 Zhao, 2017, Recent advances in the use of PI3K inhibitors for glioblastoma multiforme: current preclinical and clinical development, Mol. Cancer, 16, 100, 10.1186/s12943-017-0670-3 Ma, 2020, N6-methyladenosine (M6A) RNA modification in cancer stem cells, Stem Cells, 38, 1511, 10.1002/stem.3279 Visvanathan, 2018, Essential role of METTL3-mediated M6A modification in glioma stem-like cells maintenance and radioresistance, Oncogene, 37, 522, 10.1038/onc.2017.351 Seo, 2019, Radiation-induced changes in tumor vessels and microenvironment contribute to therapeutic resistance in glioblastoma, Front. Oncol., 9, 1259, 10.3389/fonc.2019.01259 Shi, 2021, METTL3 promotes the resistance of glioma to temozolomide via increasing MGMT and ANPG in a M6A dependent manner, Front. Oncol., 11, 702983, 10.3389/fonc.2021.702983 Han, 2019, Anti-tumour immunity controlled through mRNA M6A methylation and YTHDF1 in dendritic cells, Nature, 566, 270, 10.1038/s41586-019-0916-x Winkler, 2019, m 6 A modification controls the innate immune response to infection by targeting type I interferons, Nat. Immunol., 20, 173, 10.1038/s41590-018-0275-z Shulman, 2020, The RNA modification N 6-methyladenosine as a novel regulator of the immune system, Nat. Immunol., 21, 501, 10.1038/s41590-020-0650-4 Pan, 2021, RNA N6-methyladenosine regulator-mediated methylation modifications pattern and immune infiltration features in glioblastoma, Front. Oncol., 11, 229 Du, 2021, M6A regulator-mediated methylation modification patterns and characteristics of immunity and stemness in low-grade glioma, Brief. Bioinform., 22, bbab013, 10.1093/bib/bbab013 Kowalski-Chauvel, 2021, The M6A RNA demethylase ALKBH5 promotes radioresistance and invasion capability of glioma stem cells, Cancers, 13, 40, 10.3390/cancers13010040 Huff, 2021, M6A-RNA demethylase FTO inhibitors impair self-renewal in glioblastoma stem cells, ACS Chem. Biol., 16, 324, 10.1021/acschembio.0c00841 Xu, 2020, N6-methyladenosine RNA modification in cancer therapeutic resistance: current status and perspectives, Biochem. Pharmacol., 182, 10.1016/j.bcp.2020.114258 Shriwas, 2021, The impact of M6A RNA modification in therapy resistance of cancer: implication in chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and immunotherapy, Front. Oncol., 10, 612337, 10.3389/fonc.2020.612337 Hou, 2020, METTL3 promotes the proliferation and invasion of esophageal cancer cells partly through AKT signaling pathway, Pathol. Res. Pract., 216, 10.1016/j.prp.2020.153087 Zhao, 2021, M6A regulators is differently expressed and correlated with immune response of esophageal cancer, Front. Cell Dev. Biol., 9 Xu, 2020, Construction and Validation of an M6A RNA methylation regulators-based prognostic signature for esophageal cancer, Cancer Manag. Res., 12, 5385, 10.2147/CMAR.S254870 Maldonado López, 2021, The METTL3-M(6)A epitranscriptome: dynamic regulator of epithelial development, differentiation, and cancer, Genes, 12, 1019, 10.3390/genes12071019 Wang, 2021, METTL3 promotes tumour development by decreasing APC expression mediated by APC mRNA N6-methyladenosine-dependent YTHDF binding, Nat. Commun., 12, 1 Li, 2021, HNRNPA2B1 affects the prognosis of esophageal cancer by regulating the miR-17-92 Cluster, Front. Cell Dev. Biol., 9 C. Zang, F. Zhao, D. Huang, L. Kong, M. Xie, Y. Tan, et al., The M6A demethylase FTO promotes esophageal cancer progression through YTHDF1-dependent posttranscriptional silencing of AKT3. (2021) Preprint. Guo, 2020, M(6)A reader HNRNPA2B1 promotes esophageal cancer progression via up-regulation of ACLY and ACC1, Front. Oncol., 10, 10.3389/fonc.2020.553045 Rubenstein, 2015, Epidemiology, diagnosis, and management of esophageal adenocarcinoma, Gastroenterology, 149, 302, 10.1053/j.gastro.2015.04.053 Zhang, 2021, Recent advances of M6A methylation modification in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma, Cancer Cell Int., 21, 1, 10.1186/1475-2867-3-1 Zhang, 2013, Epidemiology of esophageal cancer, World J. Gastroenterol. WJG, 19, 5598, 10.3748/wjg.v19.i34.5598 Then, 2020, Esophageal cancer: an updated surveillance epidemiology and end results database analysis, World J. Oncol., 11, 55, 10.14740/wjon1254 Abbas, 2017, Overview of esophageal cancer, Ann. Cardiothorac. Surg., 6, 131, 10.21037/acs.2017.03.03 Siegel, 2016, Cancer statistics, 2016, CA Cancer J. Clin., 66, 7, 10.3322/caac.21332 Ervik, 2015, GLOBOCAN 2012 estimated cancer incidence, mortality and prevalence worldwide in 2012, Gut, 64, 381 Lepage, 2013, Epidemiology and risk factors for oesophageal adenocarcinoma, Dig. Liver Dis., 45, 625, 10.1016/j.dld.2012.12.020 Hassanabad, 2020, Esophageal carcinoma: towards targeted therapies, Cell. Oncol., 43, 195, 10.1007/s13402-019-00488-2 Xia, 2020, Upregulation of METTL3 expression predicts poor prognosis in patients with esophageal squamous cell carcinoma, Cancer Manag. Res., 12, 5729, 10.2147/CMAR.S245019 Nagaki, 2020, M6A demethylase ALKBH5 promotes proliferation of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma associated with poor prognosis, Genes Cells, 25, 547, 10.1111/gtc.12792 Liu, 2020, FTO promotes cell proliferation and migration in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma through up-regulation of MMP13, Exp. Cell. Res., 389, 10.1016/j.yexcr.2020.111894