European Association of Urology Guidelines on Non-muscle-invasive Bladder Cancer (TaT1 and Carcinoma In Situ) - 2019 Update

Ferlay, 2013 Burger, 2013, Epidemiology and risk factors of urothelial bladder cancer, Eur Urol, 63, 234, 10.1016/j.eururo.2012.07.033 Chavan, 2014, International variations in bladder cancer incidence and mortality, Eur Urol, 66, 59, 10.1016/j.eururo.2013.10.001 van Osch, 2016, Quantified relations between exposure to tobacco smoking and bladder cancer risk: a meta-analysis of 89 observational studies, Int J Epidemiol, 45, 857, 10.1093/ije/dyw044 Colt, 2014, A case-control study of occupational exposure to metalworking fluids and bladder cancer risk among men, Occup Environ Med, 71, 667, 10.1136/oemed-2013-102056 Egbers, 2015, The prognostic value of family history among patients with urinary bladder cancer, Int J Cancer, 136, 1117, 10.1002/ijc.29062 Al-Zalabani, 2016, Modifiable risk factors for the prevention of bladder cancer: a systematic review of meta-analyses, Eur J Epidemiol, 31, 811, 10.1007/s10654-016-0138-6 Steinmaus, 2014, Increased lung and bladder cancer incidence in adults after in utero and early-life arsenic exposure, Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev, 23, 1529, 10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-14-0059 Tuccori, 2016, Pioglitazone use and risk of bladder cancer: population based cohort study, BMJ (Clin Res Ed), 352, i1541 UICC International Union Against Cancer, 2017, 263 van Rhijn, 2012, A new and highly prognostic system to discern T1 bladder cancer substage, Eur Urol, 61, 378, 10.1016/j.eururo.2011.10.026 Moch, 2016 Colombo, 2018, Feasibility and clinical roles of different substaging systems at first and second transurethral resection in patients with T1 high-grade bladder cancer, Eur Urol Focus, 4, 87, 10.1016/j.euf.2016.06.004 Sauter, 2004, Tumours of the urinary system: non-invasive urothelial neoplasias, 29 Epstein, 1998, The World Health Organization/International Society of Urological Pathology consensus classification of urothelial (transitional cell) neoplasms of the urinary bladder. Bladder Consensus Conference Committee, Am J Surg Pathol, 22, 1435, 10.1097/00000478-199812000-00001 Soukup, 2017, Eur Urol, 72, 801, 10.1016/j.eururo.2017.04.015 Sylvester, 2005, High-grade Ta urothelial carcinoma and carcinoma in situ of the bladder, Urology, 66, 90, 10.1016/j.urology.2005.06.135 May, 2010, Prognostic accuracy of individual uropathologists in noninvasive urinary bladder carcinoma: a multicentre study comparing the 1973 and 2004 World Health Organisation classifications, Eur Urol, 57, 850, 10.1016/j.eururo.2009.03.052 Mangrud, 2014, Reproducibility and prognostic value of WHO1973 and WHO2004 grading systems in TaT1 urothelial carcinoma of the urinary bladder, PLoS One, 9, 10.1371/journal.pone.0083192 Martin-Doyle, 2015, Improving selection criteria for early cystectomy in high-grade t1 bladder cancer: a meta-analysis of 15,215 patients, J Clin Oncol, 33, 643, 10.1200/JCO.2014.57.6967 Mari, 2018, A systematic review and meta-analysis of the impact of lymphovascular invasion in bladder cancer transurethral resection specimens, BJU Int, 123, 11, 10.1111/bju.14417 Seisen, 2014, Impact of histological variants on the outcomes of nonmuscle invasive bladder cancer after transurethral resection, Curr Opin Urol, 24, 524, 10.1097/MOU.0000000000000086 Willis, 2015, Clinical outcomes of cT1 micropapillary bladder cancer, J Urol, 193, 1129, 10.1016/j.juro.2014.09.092 Dyrskjot, 2017, Prognostic impact of a 12-gene progression score in non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer: a prospective multicentre validation study, Eur Urol, 72, 461, 10.1016/j.eururo.2017.05.040 Ramirez, 2016, Microscopic haematuria at time of diagnosis is associated with lower disease stage in patients with newly diagnosed bladder cancer, BJU Int, 117, 783, 10.1111/bju.13345 Trinh, 2018, Bladder cancer diagnosis with CT urography: test characteristics and reasons for false-positive and false-negative results, Abdom Radiol (NY), 43, 663, 10.1007/s00261-017-1249-6 Palou, 2005, Multivariate analysis of clinical parameters of synchronous primary superficial bladder cancer and upper urinary tract tumor, J Urol, 174, 859, 10.1097/01.ju.0000169424.79702.6d Millan-Rodriguez, 2000, Upper urinary tract tumors after primary superficial bladder tumors: prognostic factors and risk groups, J Urol, 164, 1183, 10.1016/S0022-5347(05)67137-6 Hilton, 2014, Recent advances in imaging cancer of the kidney and urinary tract, Surg Oncol Clin North Am, 23, 863, 10.1016/j.soc.2014.06.001 Yafi, 2015, Prospective analysis of sensitivity and specificity of urinary cytology and other urinary biomarkers for bladder cancer, Urol Oncol, 33, 66, 10.1016/j.urolonc.2014.06.008 Tetu, 2009, Diagnosis of urothelial carcinoma from urine, Mod Pathol, 22 Raitanen, 2002, Differences between local and review urinary cytology in diagnosis of bladder cancer. An interobserver multicenter analysis, Eur Urol, 41, 284, 10.1016/S0302-2838(02)00006-4 2016 Soria, 2018, An up-to-date catalog of available urinary biomarkers for the surveillance of non-muscle invasive bladder cancer, World J Urol, 36, 1981, 10.1007/s00345-018-2380-x van der Aa, 2010, Cystoscopy revisited as the gold standard for detecting bladder cancer recurrence: diagnostic review bias in the randomized, prospective CEFUB trial, J Urol, 183, 76, 10.1016/j.juro.2009.08.150 Krajewski, 2017, How different cystoscopy methods influence patient sexual satisfaction, anxiety, and depression levels: a randomized prospective trial, Qual Life Res, 26, 625, 10.1007/s11136-016-1493-1 Brausi, 2002, Variability in the recurrence rate at first follow-up cystoscopy after TUR in stage Ta T1 transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder: a combined analysis of seven EORTC studies, Eur Urol, 41, 523, 10.1016/S0302-2838(02)00068-4 Mariappan, 2010, Detrusor muscle in the first, apparently complete transurethral resection of bladder tumour specimen is a surrogate marker of resection quality, predicts risk of early recurrence, and is dependent on operator experience, Eur Urol, 57, 843, 10.1016/j.eururo.2009.05.047 Venkatramani, 2014, Monopolar versus bipolar transurethral resection of bladder tumors: a single center, parallel arm, randomized, controlled trial, J Urol, 191, 1703, 10.1016/j.juro.2013.12.004 Sugihara, 2014, Comparison of perioperative outcomes including severe bladder injury between monopolar and bipolar transurethral resection of bladder tumors: a population based comparison, J Urol, 192, 1355, 10.1016/j.juro.2014.05.100 Planelles Gomez, 2017, Vidal Moreno JF. Holmium YAG photocoagulation: safe and economical alternative to transurethral resection in small nonmuscle-invasive bladder tumors, J Endourol, 31, 674, 10.1089/end.2017.0154 van der Meijden, 1999, Significance of bladder biopsies in Ta,T1 bladder tumors: a report from the EORTC genito-urinary tract Cancer cooperative group. EORTC-GU group superficial bladder committee, Eur Urol, 35, 267, 10.1159/000019859 Hara, 2009, Risk of concomitant carcinoma in situ determining biopsy candidates among primary non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer patients: retrospective analysis of 173 Japanese cases, Int J Urol, 16, 293, 10.1111/j.1442-2042.2008.02241.x Palou, 2012, Female gender and carcinoma in situ in the prostatic urethra are prognostic factors for recurrence, progression, and disease-specific mortality in T1G3 bladder cancer patients treated with bacillus Calmette-Guerin, Eur Urol, 62, 118, 10.1016/j.eururo.2011.10.029 Mungan, 2005, Risk factors for mucosal prostatic urethral involvement in superficial transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder, Eur Urol, 48, 760, 10.1016/j.eururo.2005.05.021 Mowatt, 2011, Photodynamic diagnosis of bladder cancer compared with white light cystoscopy: systematic review and meta-analysis, Int J Technol Assess Health Care, 27, 3, 10.1017/S0266462310001364 Neuzillet, 2014, Assessment of diagnostic gain with hexaminolevulinate (HAL) in the setting of newly diagnosed non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer with positive results on urine cytology, Urol Oncol, 32, 1135, 10.1016/j.urolonc.2014.04.005 Chou, 2017, Comparative effectiveness of fluorescent versus white light cystoscopy for initial diagnosis or surveillance of bladder cancer on clinical outcomes: systematic review and meta-analysis, J Urol, 197, 548, 10.1016/j.juro.2016.10.061 Drejer, 2017, Clinical relevance of narrow-band imaging in flexible cystoscopy: the DaBlaCa-7 study, Scand J Urol, 51, 120, 10.1080/21681805.2017.1295101 Kim, 2018, Detection and recurrence rate of transurethral resection of bladder tumors by narrow-band imaging: prospective, randomized comparison with white light cystoscopy, Investig Clin Urol, 59, 98, 10.4111/icu.2018.59.2.98 Naito, 2016, Eur Urol, 70, 506, 10.1016/j.eururo.2016.03.053 Cumberbatch, 2018, Repeat transurethral resection in non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer: a systematic review, Eur Urol, 73, 925, 10.1016/j.eururo.2018.02.014 Naselli, 2018, Role of restaging transurethral resection for T1 non-muscle invasive bladder cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis, Eur Urol Focus, 4, 558, 10.1016/j.euf.2016.12.011 Divrik, 2006, The effect of repeat transurethral resection on recurrence and progression rates in patients with T1 tumors of the bladder who received intravesical mitomycin: a prospective, randomized clinical trial, J Urol, 175, 1641, 10.1016/S0022-5347(05)01002-5 Sfakianos, 2014, The effect of restaging transurethral resection on recurrence and progression rates in patients with nonmuscle invasive bladder cancer treated with intravesical bacillus Calmette-Guerin, J Urol, 191, 341, 10.1016/j.juro.2013.08.022 Dalbagni, 2009, Clinical outcome in a contemporary series of restaged patients with clinical T1 bladder cancer, Eur Urol, 56, 903, 10.1016/j.eururo.2009.07.005 Palou, 2018, Recurrence, progression and cancer-specific mortality according to stage at re-TUR in T1G3 bladder cancer patients treated with BCG: not as bad as previously thought, World J Urol, 36, 1621, 10.1007/s00345-018-2299-2 Gontero, 2016, The impact of re-transurethral resection on clinical outcomes in a large multicentre cohort of patients with T1 high-grade/Grade 3 bladder cancer treated with bacille Calmette-Guerin, BJU Int, 118, 44, 10.1111/bju.13354 Baltaci, 2015, Significance of the interval between first and second transurethral resection on recurrence and progression rates in patients with high-risk non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer treated with maintenance intravesical Bacillus calmette-Guerin, BJU Int, 116, 721, 10.1111/bju.13102 Paner, 2017, Challenges in pathologic staging of bladder cancer: proposals for fresh approaches of assessing pathologic stage in light of recent studies and observations pertaining to bladder histoanatomic variances, Adv Anat Pathol, 24, 113, 10.1097/PAP.0000000000000152 Grignon, 2018 Sylvester, 2006, Predicting recurrence and progression in individual patients with stage Ta T1 bladder cancer using EORTC risk tables: a combined analysis of 2596 patients from seven EORTC trials, Eur Urol, 49, 10.1016/j.eururo.2005.12.031 Lammers, 2016, Prediction model for recurrence probabilities after intravesical chemotherapy in patients with intermediate-risk non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer, including external validation, World J Urol, 34, 173, 10.1007/s00345-015-1598-0 Fernandez-Gomez, 2009, Predicting nonmuscle invasive bladder cancer recurrence and progression in patients treated with bacillus Calmette-Guerin: the CUETO scoring model, J Urol, 182, 2195, 10.1016/j.juro.2009.07.016 Cambier, 2016, EORTC nomograms and risk groups for predicting recurrence, progression, and disease-specific and overall survival in non-muscle-invasive stage Ta-T1 urothelial bladder cancer patients treated with 1-3 years of maintenance bacillus Calmette-Guerin, Eur Urol, 69, 60, 10.1016/j.eururo.2015.06.045 Gontero, 2015, Prognostic factors and risk groups in T1G3 non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer patients initially treated with bacillus Calmette-Guerin: results of a retrospective multicenter study of 2451 patients, Eur Urol, 67, 74, 10.1016/j.eururo.2014.06.040 Voskuilen CS, Seiler R, Rink M, et al. Urothelial carcinoma in bladder diverticula: a multicenter analysis of characteristics and clinical outcomes. Eur Urol Focus. In press. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.euf.2018.12.002. Palou, 2009, Recurrence at three months and high-grade recurrence as prognostic factor of progression in multivariate analysis of T1G2 bladder tumors, Urology, 73, 1313, 10.1016/j.urology.2008.12.047 Lamm, 1992, Carcinoma in situ, Urol Clin North Am, 19, 499 Griffiths, 2002, Treatment of carcinoma in situ with intravesical bacillus Calmette-Guerin without maintenance, J Urol, 167, 2408, 10.1016/S0022-5347(05)64994-4 Takenaka, 2008, Clinical outcomes of bacillus Calmette-Guerin instillation therapy for carcinoma in situ of urinary bladder, Int J Urol, 15, 309, 10.1111/j.1442-2042.2008.02012.x Solsona, 2000, The 3-month clinical response to intravesical therapy as a predictive factor for progression in patients with high risk superficial bladder cancer, J Urol, 164, 685, 10.1016/S0022-5347(05)67281-3 van Gils-Gielen, 1995, Risk factors in carcinoma in situ of the urinary bladder. Dutch South East Cooperative Urological Group, Urology, 45, 581, 10.1016/S0090-4295(99)80047-8 Lammers, 2011, Smoking status is a risk factor for recurrence after transurethral resection of non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer, Eur Urol, 60, 713, 10.1016/j.eururo.2011.07.010 Crivelli, 2014, Effect of smoking on outcomes of urothelial carcinoma: a systematic review of the literature, Eur Urol, 65, 742, 10.1016/j.eururo.2013.06.010 Grotenhuis, 2015, The effect of smoking and timing of smoking cessation on clinical outcome in non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer, Urol Oncol, 33, 65, 10.1016/j.urolonc.2014.06.002 Brocks, 2005, Inhibition of tumor implantation by intravesical gemcitabine in a murine model of superficial bladder cancer, J Urol, 174, 1115, 10.1097/01.ju.0000168657.51551.49 Sylvester, 2016, Eur Urol, 69, 231, 10.1016/j.eururo.2015.05.050 Messing, 2018, Effect of intravesical instillation of gemcitabine vs saline immediately following resection of suspected low-grade non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer on tumor recurrence: SWOG S0337 randomized clinical trial, JAMA, 319, 1880, 10.1001/jama.2018.4657 Bohle, 2002, Inhibition of bladder carcinoma cell adhesion by oligopeptide combinations in vitro and in vivo, J Urol, 167, 357, 10.1016/S0022-5347(05)65468-7 Tolley, 1996, The effect of intravesical mitomycin C on recurrence of newly diagnosed superficial bladder cancer: a further report with 7 years of follow up, J Urol, 155, 1233, 10.1016/S0022-5347(01)66226-8 Huncharek, 2001, Impact of intravesical chemotherapy on recurrence rate of recurrent superficial transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder: results of a meta-analysis, Anticancer Res, 21, 765 Bosschieter, 2018, Value of an immediate intravesical instillation of mitomycin C in patients with non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer: a prospective multicentre randomised study in 2243 patients, Eur Urol, 73, 226, 10.1016/j.eururo.2017.06.038 Sylvester, 2008, The schedule and duration of intravesical chemotherapy in patients with non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer: a systematic review of the published results of randomized clinical trials, Eur Urol, 53, 709, 10.1016/j.eururo.2008.01.015 Bosschieter, 2018, An immediate, single intravesical instillation of mitomycin C is of benefit in patients with non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer irrespective of prognostic risk groups, Urol Oncol, 36, 400, 10.1016/j.urolonc.2018.05.026 Au, 2001, Methods to improve efficacy of intravesical mitomycin C: results of a randomized phase III trial, J Natl Cancer Inst, 93, 597, 10.1093/jnci/93.8.597 Giesbers, 1989, Recurrence of superficial bladder carcinoma after intravesical instillation of mitomycin-C. Comparison of exposure times, Br K Urol, 63, 176, 10.1111/j.1464-410X.1989.tb05159.x Kuroda, 2004, Eur Urol, 45, 600, 10.1016/j.eururo.2003.12.010 Arends, 2014, Combined chemohyperthermia: 10-year single center experience in 160 patients with nonmuscle invasive bladder cancer, J Urol, 192, 708, 10.1016/j.juro.2014.03.101 Arends, 2016, Results of a randomised controlled trial comparing intravesical chemohyperthermia with mitomycin C versus bacillus Calmette-Guerin for adjuvant treatment of patients with intermediate- and high-risk non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer, Eur Urol, 69, 1046, 10.1016/j.eururo.2016.01.006 Di Stasi, 2006, Sequential BCG and electromotive mitomycin versus BCG alone for high-risk superficial bladder cancer: a randomised controlled trial, Lancet Oncol, 7, 43, 10.1016/S1470-2045(05)70472-1 Shelley, 2001, A systematic review of intravesical bacillus Calmette-Guerin plus transurethral resection vs transurethral resection alone in Ta and T1 bladder cancer, BJU Int, 88, 209, 10.1046/j.1464-410x.2001.02306.x Han, 2006, Can intravesical bacillus Calmette-Guerin reduce recurrence in patients with superficial bladder cancer? A meta-analysis of randomized trials, Urology, 67, 1216, 10.1016/j.urology.2005.12.014 Shelley, 2004, Intravesical bacillus Calmette-Guerin is superior to mitomycin C in reducing tumour recurrence in high-risk superficial bladder cancer: a meta-analysis of randomized trials, BJU Int, 93, 485, 10.1111/j.1464-410X.2003.04655.x Bohle, 2003, Intravesical bacillus Calmette-Guerin versus mitomycin C for superficial bladder cancer: a formal meta-analysis of comparative studies on recurrence and toxicity, J Urol, 169, 90, 10.1016/S0022-5347(05)64043-8 Duchek, 2010, Bacillus Calmette-Guerin is superior to a combination of epirubicin and interferon-alpha2b in the intravesical treatment of patients with stage T1 urinary bladder cancer. A prospective, randomized, Nordic study, Eur Urol, 57, 25, 10.1016/j.eururo.2009.09.038 Jarvinen, 2009, Eur Urol, 56, 260, 10.1016/j.eururo.2009.04.009 Sylvester, 2010, Eur Urol, 57, 766, 10.1016/j.eururo.2009.12.024 Malmstrom, 2009, An individual patient data meta-analysis of the long-term outcome of randomised studies comparing intravesical mitomycin C versus bacillus Calmette-Guerin for non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer, Eur Urol, 56, 247, 10.1016/j.eururo.2009.04.038 Bohle, 2004, Intravesical bacille Calmette-Guerin versus mitomycin C in superficial bladder cancer: formal meta-analysis of comparative studies on tumor progression, Urology, 63, 682, 10.1016/j.urology.2003.11.049 Sylvester, 2002, Intravesical bacillus Calmette-Guerin reduces the risk of progression in patients with superficial bladder cancer: a meta-analysis of the published results of randomized clinical trials, J Urol, 168, 1964, 10.1016/S0022-5347(05)64273-5 Boehm, 2017, Efficacy of bacillus Calmette-Guerin strains for treatment of nonmuscle invasive bladder cancer: a systematic review and network meta-analysis, J Urol, 198, 503, 10.1016/j.juro.2017.01.086 Unda-Urzaiz, 2018, Safety and efficacy of various strains of bacille Calmette-Guerin in the treatment of bladder tumours in standard clinical practice, Acta Urol Esp, 42, 238, 10.1016/j.acuro.2017.10.003 Steinberg, 2017, Bacillus Calmette-Guerin strain may not effect recurrence-free survival when used intravesically with interferon-alpha2b for non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer, Urol Oncol, 35, 201, 10.1016/j.urolonc.2016.11.016 van der Meijden, 2003, Maintenance bacillus Calmette-Guerin for Ta T1 bladder tumors is not associated with increased toxicity: results from a European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer Genito-Urinary Group Phase III trial, Eur Urol, 44, 429, 10.1016/S0302-2838(03)00357-9 Brausi, 2014, Eur Urol, 65, 69, 10.1016/j.eururo.2013.07.021 Herr, 2012, Intravesical bacillus Calmette-Guerin outcomes in patients with bladder cancer and asymptomatic bacteriuria, J Urol, 187, 435, 10.1016/j.juro.2011.10.032 Lamm, 1992, Incidence and treatment of complications of bacillus Calmette-Guerin intravesical therapy in superficial bladder cancer, J Urol, 147, 596, 10.1016/S0022-5347(17)37316-0 Witjes, 2008, Clinical practice recommendations for the prevention and management of intravesical therapy-associated adverse events, Eur Urol Suppl, 7, 667, 10.1016/j.eursup.2008.08.001 Morales, 1976, Intracavitary bacillus Calmette-Guerin in the treatment of superficial bladder tumors, J Urol, 116, 180, 10.1016/S0022-5347(17)58737-6 Lamm, 2000, Maintenance bacillus Calmette-Guerin immunotherapy for recurrent TA, T1 and carcinoma in situ transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder: a randomized Southwest Oncology Group Study, J Urol, 163, 1124, 10.1016/S0022-5347(05)67707-5 Oddens, 2013, Final results of an EORTC-GU cancers group randomized study of maintenance bacillus Calmette-Guerin in intermediate- and high-risk Ta, T1 papillary carcinoma of the urinary bladder: one-third dose versus full dose and 1 year versus 3 years of maintenance, Eur Urol, 63, 462, 10.1016/j.eururo.2012.10.039 Martinez-Pineiro, 2015, Maintenance therapy with 3-monthly bacillus Calmette-Guerin for 3 years is not superior to standard induction therapy in high-risk non-muscle-invasive urothelial bladder carcinoma: final results of randomised CUETO study 98013, Eur Urol, 68, 256, 10.1016/j.eururo.2015.02.040 Martinez-Pineiro, 2002, Long-term follow-up of a randomized prospective trial comparing a standard 81 mg dose of intravesical bacille Calmette-Guerin with a reduced dose of 27 mg in superficial bladder cancer, BJU Int, 89, 671, 10.1046/j.1464-410X.2002.02722.x Martinez-Pineiro, 2005, Has a 3-fold decreased dose of bacillus Calmette-Guerin the same efficacy against recurrences and progression of T1G3 and Tis bladder tumors than the standard dose? Results of a prospective randomized trial, J Urol, 174, 1242, 10.1097/01.ju.0000173919.28835.aa Ojea, 2007, Eur Urol, 52, 1398, 10.1016/j.eururo.2007.04.062 Solsona, 2015, Eur Urol, 67, 508, 10.1016/j.eururo.2014.09.026 Shepherd, 2017, Intravesical Bacillus Calmette-Guerin with interferon-alpha versus intravesical Bacillus calmette-Guerin for treating non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer, Cochrane Database Syst Rev, 3 Marttila, 2016, Intravesical bacillus Calmette-Guerin versus combination of epirubicin and interferon-alpha2a in reducing recurrence of non-muscle-invasive bladder carcinoma: FinnBladder-6 study, Eur Urol, 70, 341, 10.1016/j.eururo.2016.03.034 Sylvester, 2005, Bacillus Calmette-Guerin versus chemotherapy for the intravesical treatment of patients with carcinoma in situ of the bladder: a meta-analysis of the published results of randomized clinical trials, J Urol, 174, 86, 10.1097/01.ju.0000162059.64886.1c Kaasinen, 2016, Seventeen-year follow-up of the prospective randomized Nordic CIS study: BCG monotherapy versus alternating therapy with mitomycin C and BCG in patients with carcinoma in situ of the urinary bladder, Scand J Urol, 50, 360, 10.1080/21681805.2016.1210672 Solsona, 1996, Extravesical involvement in patients with bladder carcinoma in situ: biological and therapy implications, J Urol, 155, 895, 10.1016/S0022-5347(01)66338-9 Palou, 2007, Urothelial carcinoma of the prostate, Urology, 69, 50, 10.1016/j.urology.2006.05.059 Palou Redorta, 2006, Intravesical instillations with bacillus Calmette-Guerin for the treatment of carcinoma in situ involving prostatic ducts, Eur Urol, 49, 834, 10.1016/j.eururo.2005.12.019 Kamat, 2016, Definitions, end points, and clinical trial designs for non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer: recommendations from the International Bladder Cancer group, J Clin Oncol, 34, 1935, 10.1200/JCO.2015.64.4070 Morales, 2015, Efficacy and safety of MCNA in patients with nonmuscle invasive bladder cancer at high risk for recurrence and progression after failed treatment with bacillus Calmette-Guerin, J Urol, 193, 1135, 10.1016/j.juro.2014.09.109 Kamat, 2006, The case for early cystectomy in the treatment of nonmuscle invasive micropapillary bladder carcinoma, J Urol, 175, 881, 10.1016/S0022-5347(05)00423-4 Shore, 2017, Intravesical rAd-IFNalpha/Syn3 for patients with high-grade, bacillus Calmette-Guerin-refractory or relapsed non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer: a phase II randomized study, J Clin Oncol, 35, 3410, 10.1200/JCO.2017.72.3064 Herr, 2003, Defining bacillus Calmette-Guerin refractory superficial bladder tumors, J Urol, 169, 1706, 10.1097/01.ju.0000062605.92268.c6 Lerner, 2009, Failure to achieve a complete response to induction BCG therapy is associated with increased risk of disease worsening and death in patients with high risk non-muscle invasive bladder cancer, Urol Oncol, 27, 155, 10.1016/j.urolonc.2007.11.033 Fritsche, 2010, Characteristics and outcomes of patients with clinical T1 grade 3 urothelial carcinoma treated with radical cystectomy: results from an international cohort, Eur Urol, 57, 300, 10.1016/j.eururo.2009.09.024 Turker, 2012, Upstaging of urothelial cancer at the time of radical cystectomy: factors associated with upstaging and its effect on outcome, BJU Int, 110, 804, 10.1111/j.1464-410X.2012.10939.x May, 2011, Pathological upstaging detected in radical cystectomy procedures is associated with a significantly worse tumour-specific survival rate for patients with clinical T1 urothelial carcinoma of the urinary bladder, Scand J Urol Nephrol, 45, 251, 10.3109/00365599.2011.562235 Svatek, 2011, Discrepancy between clinical and pathological stage: external validation of the impact on prognosis in an international radical cystectomy cohort, BJU Int, 107, 898, 10.1111/j.1464-410X.2010.09628.x Shariat, 2007, Discrepancy between clinical and pathologic stage: impact on prognosis after radical cystectomy, Eur Urol, 51, 137, 10.1016/j.eururo.2006.05.021 Moschini, 2016, Comparing long-term outcomes of primary and progressive carcinoma invading bladder muscle after radical cystectomy, BJU Int, 117, 604, 10.1111/bju.13146 Schrier, 2004, Prognosis of muscle-invasive bladder cancer: difference between primary and progressive tumours and implications for therapy, Eur Urol, 45, 292, 10.1016/j.eururo.2003.10.006 Holmang, 2001, Stage progression in Ta papillary urothelial tumors: relationship to grade, immunohistochemical expression of tumor markers, mitotic frequency and DNA ploidy, J Urol, 165, 1124, 10.1016/S0022-5347(05)66443-9 Gofrit, 2006, Watchful waiting policy in recurrent Ta G1 bladder tumors, Eur Urol, 49, 303, 10.1016/j.eururo.2005.12.029 Hernandez, 2016, Long-term oncological outcomes of an active surveillance program in recurrent low grade Ta bladder cancer, Urol Oncol, 34, 165, 10.1016/j.urolonc.2015.11.005 Hurle, 2016, Active surveillance for low-risk non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer: mid-term results from the Bladder cancer Italian Active Surveillance (BIAS) project, BJU Int, 118, 935, 10.1111/bju.13536 Mariappan, 2005, A surveillance schedule for G1Ta bladder cancer allowing efficient use of check cystoscopy and safe discharge at 5 years based on a 25-year prospective database, J Urol, 173, 1108, 10.1097/01.ju.0000149163.08521.69 Soukup, 2012, Follow-up after surgical treatment of bladder cancer: a critical analysis of the literature, Eur Urol, 62, 290, 10.1016/j.eururo.2012.05.008 Holmang, 2012, Should follow-up cystoscopy in bacillus Calmette-Guerin-treated patients continue after five tumour-free years?, Eur Urol, 61, 503, 10.1016/j.eururo.2011.11.011 Niwa, 2015, Comparison of outcomes between ultrasonography and cystoscopy in the surveillance of patients with initially diagnosed TaG1-2 bladder cancers: a matched-pair analysis, Urol Oncol, 33, 386, 10.1016/j.urolonc.2015.04.018 van den Bosch, 2011, Long-term cancer-specific survival in patients with high-risk, non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer and tumour progression: a systematic review, Eur Urol, 60, 493, 10.1016/j.eururo.2011.05.045