Petrogenesis of Early Paleozoic adakitic granitoids in the eastern Qilian Block, northwest China: implications for the South Qilian Ocean subduction

Jiao-Long Zhao1, Bin Wu2, Xin Zhang3, Wan-Feng Chen1, Xiao-Xiao Ma1
1School of Earth Sciences, Key Laboratory of Mineral Resources in Western China (Gansu Province), Lanzhou University, Chengguan District, Lanzhou, China
2State Key Laboratory of Nuclear Resources and Environment, East China University of Technology, Nanchang, China
3College of Resources and Environmental Science, Ningxia University, Xixia District, Yinchuan, China

Tóm tắt

The geodynamic mechanism responsible for the generation of Early Paleozoic magmatism within the Qilian Block, northwest China, remains controversial. In this paper, we present new geochronological, mineralogical, and geochemical data for the Hejiashan (HJS) granite and Lajishan (LJS) quartz diorite from the eastern Qilian Block, to constrain their origin and the regional evolutionary history. Laser abalation–inductively coupled plasma–mass spectrometry (LA–ICP–MS) zircon U–Pb dating results show that the HJS granites and LJS quartz diorites were emplaced between 445 and 438 Myr ago. The HJS granites are high-K calc-alkaline, metaluminous to weakly peraluminous, with K2O/Na2O weight ratios of 0.84–1.12. The LJS quartz diorites are calc-alkaline and metaluminous with K2O/Na2O weight ratios of 0.34–0.46. Both have similar whole-rock Sr–Nd isotopic compositions. They are characterized by low heavy rare earth elements (HREEs) and Y concentrations, and high Sr/Y and La/Yb ratios, similar to adakitic rocks. Notably, the LJS quartz diorites are more depleted in HREEs and Y, and have much higher Mg# [= 100 × Mg/(Mg + Fe)], La/Yb, Sr/Y, and zircon εHf(t) values, and MgO, Cr, Co and Ni concentrations than those of the HJS granites. The HJS granites were most likely derived from partial melting of a thickened juvenile lower crust with amphibole and minor plagioclase as residual phases in the magma source. Conversely, the LJS quartz diorites were produced by partial melting of the subducted oceanic slab and minor sedimentary materials in the garnet and rutile stability field. Combined data from this and previous studies suggest that the Early Paleozoic magmatism within the Qilian Block mainly occurred ca. 464–402 Myr ago as a response to post-collisional extension. Break-off of the northward subducted South Qilian oceanic slab after continental collision between the Qaidam and Qilian Blocks was the primary dynamic mechanism responsible for the Early Paleozoic extensive crust-mantle interaction and magmatism within the Qilian Block.

Tài liệu tham khảo

Andersen T (2002) Correction of common lead in U-Pb analyses that do not report 204Pb. Chem Geol 192:59–79 Anderson JL, Smith DR (1995) The effects of temperature and fO2 on the Al-in-hornblende barometer. Am Mineral 80(5):549–559 Atherton MP, Petford N (1993) Generation of sodium-rich magmas from newly underplated basaltic crust. Nature 362:144–146 Barbarin B (1999) A review of the relationships between granitoid types, their origins and their geodynamic environments. Lithos 46(3):605–626 Barboni M, Bussy F (2013) Petrogenesis of magmatic albite granites associated to cogenetic A-type granites: Na-rich residual melt extraction from a partially crystallized A-type granite mush. Lithos 177:328–351 Benito R, López-Ruiz J, Cebriá JM, Hertogen J, Doblas M, Oyarzun R, Demaiffe D (1999) Sr and O isotope constraints on source and crustal contamination in the high-K calc-alkaline and shoshonitic neogene volcanic rocks of SE Spain. Lithos 46(4):773–802 Black LP, Gulson BL (1978) The age of the mud tank carbonatite, Strangways range, Northern territory. BMR J Aust Geol Geophys 3:227–232 Boynton WV (1984) Geochemistry of the rare earth elements: meteorite studies. In: Henderson P (ed) Rare Earth Elements Geochemistry. Elservier, Amsterdam, pp. 63–144 Castillo PR (2012) Adakite petrogenesis. Lithos 134–135:304–316 Castillo PR, Janney PE, Solidum RU (1999) Petrology and geochemistry of Camiguin Island, southern Philippines: insights to the source of adakites and other lavas in a complex arc setting. Contrib Mineral Petrol 134:33–51 Chappell BW, White AJR (1974) Two contrasting granite types. Pac Geol 8:173–174 Chen B, Jahn BM, Suzuki K (2013) Petrological and Nd-Sr-Os isotopic constraints on the origin of high-Mg adakitic rocks from the North China Craton: tectonic implications. Geology 41:91–94 Chen JL, Xu XY, Zeng ZX, Xiao L, Wang HL, Wang ZQ, Xiao SW (2008) Geochemical characters and LA-ICPMS zircon U-Pb dating constraints on the petrogenesis and tectonic setting of the Shichuan intrusion, east segment of the Central Qilian, NW China. Acta Petrol Sin 24(4):841–854 Chung SL, Liu D, Ji J, Chu MF, Lee HY, Wen DJ, Lo CH, Lee TY, Qian Q, Zhang Q (2003) Adakites from continental collision zones: melting of thickened lower crust beneath southern Tibet. Geology 31:1021–1024 Conrad WK, Nicholls IA, Wall VJ (1988) Water-saturated and -undersaturated melting of metaluminous and peraluminous crustal compositions at 10 kb: Evidence for the origin of silicic magmas in the Taupo Volcanic Zone, New Zealand, and other occurrences. J Petrol 29(4):765–803 Corfu F, Hanchar JM, Hoskin PW, Kinny P (2003) Atlas of zircon textures. Rev Mineral Geochem 53:469–500 Cui JW, Tian LM, Sun JY, Yang C (2018) Geochronology and geochemistry of early Palaeozoic intrusive rocks in the Lajishan area of the eastern south Qilian Belt, Tibetan Plateau: implications for the tectonic evolution of South Qilian. Geol J 1–17 Dai HK, Zheng JP, Zhou X, Griffin WL (2017) Generation of continental adakitic rocks: Crystallization modeling with variable bulk partition coefficients. Lithos 272–273:222–231 Deer W, Howie R, Zussman J (1992) An Introduction to the Rock-Forming Minerals Longman Scientific and Technical. Essex, UK Defant MJ, Drummond MS (1990) Derivation of some modern arc magmas by melting of young subducted lithosphere. Nature 347:662–665 Drummond MS, Defant MJ (1990) A model for trondhjemite–tonalite–dacite genesis and crustal growth via slab melting: Archaean to modern comparisons. J Geophys Res 95:21503–21521 Eyal E, Litvinovsky B, John BM, Zanvilevich A, Katzir Y (2010) Origin and evolution of post–collisional magmatism: Coeval Neoproterozoic calc-alkaline and alkaline suites of the Sinai Peninsula. Chem Geol 269:153–179 Eyuboglu Y, Santosh M, Chung SL (2011) Crystal fractionation of adakitic magmas in the crust–mantle transition zone: Petrology, geochemistry and U-Pb zircon chronology of the Seme adakites, eastern Pontides, NE Turkey. Lithos 121:151–166 Foley S, Tiepolo M, Vannucci R (2002) Growth of early continental crust controlled by melting of amphibolite in subduction zones. Nature 417(20):837–840 Foley SF, Wheller GE (1990) Parallels in the origin of the geochemical signatures of island arc volcanics and continental potassic igneous rocks: The role of residual titanites. Chem Geol 85(1–2):1–18 Foster MD (1960) Interpretation of the composition of trioctahedral micas. Geol Surv Prof Pap 354-B:11–49 Frost BR, Barnes CG, Collins WJ, Arculus RJ, Ellis DJ, Frost CD (2001) A geochemical classification for granitic rocks. J Petrol 42:2033–2048 Fu CL, Yan Z (2017) The composition, age and tectonic setting of Lajishan Ophiolitc Mélange. Acta Geosci Sin 38(S1):29–32 Fu CL, Yan Z, Guo XQ, Niu ML, Xia WJ, Wang ZQ, Li JL (2014) Geochemistry and SHRIMP zircon U-Pb age of diabases in the Lajishankou ophiolitic mélange, South Qilian terrane. Acta Petrol Sin 30:1695–1706 Gao JF, Lu JJ, Lin YP, Pu W (2003) Analysis of trace elements in rock samples using HR-ICPMS. Earth Sci J China Univ Geosci 39:844–850 ((in Chinese with English abstract)) Gao S, Rudnick RL, Yuan HL, Liu XM, Liu YS, Xu WL, Lin WL, Ayerss J, Wang XC, Wang QH (2004) Recycling lower continental crust in the North China Craton. Nature 432:892–897 Gao Z, Zhang HF, Yang H, Pan FB, Luo BJ, Guo L, Xu WC, Tao L, Zhang LQ, Wu J (2018) Back-arc basin development: Constraints on geochronology and geochemistry of arc-like and OIB-like basalts in the Central Qilian block (Northwest China). Lithos 310:255–268 Griffin WL, Powell WJ, Pearson NJ, O’Reilly SY (2008) GLITTER: data reduction software for laser ablation ICP-MS. In: Sylvester P (ed) Laser Ablation–ICP–MS in the earth sciences. Mineral Assoc Canada Short Course Series vol 40, Appendix 2, pp 204–207 Guo ZP, Li WY, Zhang ZW, Gao YB, Zhang JW, Li K (2015) Petrogenisis of Lumanshan granites in Hualong area of southern Qilian Mountain: constraints from geochemistry, zircon U-Pb geochronology and Hf isotope. Geology in China 42(4):864–880 Hawkesworth CJ, Turner SP, McDermott F, Peate DW, van Calsteren P (1997) U-Th isotopes in arc magmas: implications for element transfer from subducted crust. Science 276:561–555 He SP, Wang HL, Chen JL, Xu XL, Zhang HF, Ren GM, Yu JY (2008) LA-ICP-MS U-Pb zircon geochronology of basic dikes within Maxianshan rock group in the central Qilian orogenic belt and its tectonic implications. Earth Sci J China Univ Geosci 18:19–29 Hu ZC, Liu YS, Gao S, Liu WQ, Zhang W, Tong XR, Lin L, Zong KQ, Li M, Chen HH (2012) Improved in situ Hf isotope ratio analysis of zircon using newly designed X skimmer cone and jet sample cone in combination with the addition of nitrogen by laser ablation multiple collector ICP-MS. J Anal Atom Spectrom 27:1391–1399 Huang H, Niu Y, Nowell G, Zhao Z, Yu X, Mo X (2015) The nature and history of the Qilian Block in the context of the development of the greater Tibetan plateau. Gondwana Res 28(1):209–224 Irvine TN, Baragar WRA (1971) A guide to the chemical classification of the common volcanic rocks. Can J Earth Sci 8:523–548 Jackson SE, Pearson NJ, Griffin WL, Belousoval EA (2004) The application of laser ablation-inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) to in situ U-Pb zircon geochronology. Chem Geol 211:47–69 Leake BE, Woolley AR, Arps CES, Birch WD, Gilbert MC, Grice JD, Hawthorne FC, Kato A, Kisch HJ, Krivovichev VG, Linthout K, Laird J, Mandarino J, Maresch WV, Nickel EH, Schumacher JC, Smith DC, Stephenson NCN, Ungaretti L, Whittaker EJW, Youzhi G (1997) Nomenclature of amphiboles: Report of the Subcommittee on Amphiboles of the International Mineralogical Association, Commission on New Minerals and Mineral names. Can Mineral 35:219–246 Li JY, Niu YL, Chen S, Sun WL, Zhang Y, Liu Y, Ma YX, Zhang GR (2017) Petrogenesis of granitoids in the eastern section of the Central Qilian Block: evidence from geochemistry and zircon U-Pb geochronology. Mineral Petrol 111(1):23–41 Li SM, Zhu DC, Wang Q, Zhao Z, Zhang LL, Liu SA (2016) Slab-derived adakites and subslab asthenosphere-derived oib-type rocks at 156 ± 2 ma from the north of gerze, central tibet: records of the bangong–nujiang oceanic ridge subduction during the late Jurassic. Lithos 262:456–469 Li YL, Tong X, Zhu YH, Lin JW, Zheng JP, Brouwer FM (2018) Tectonic affinity and evolution of the Precambrian Qilian block: Insights from petrology, geochemistry and geochronology of the Hualong Group in the Qilian Orogen, NW China. Precambrian Res 315:179–200 Li ZX, Li XH, Chung SL, Lo CH, Xu XS, Li WX (2012) Magmatic switch-on and switch-off along the South China continental margin since the Permian: transition from an Andean-type to a Western Pacific-type plate boundary. Tectonophysics 532–535:271–290 Liégeois JP (1998) Preface– some words on the post-collisional magmatism. Lithos 45:15–17 Liu SA, Li SG, He YS, Huang F (2010a) Geochemical contrasts between early Cretaceous ore-bearing and ore-barren high-Mg adakites in central-eastern China: implications for petrogenesis and Cu–Au mineralization. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 74:7160–7178 Liu YS, Hu ZC, Zong KQ, Gao CG, Gao S, Xu JA, Chen HH (2010b) Reappraisement and refinement of zircon U-Pb isotope and trace element analyses by LA-ICP-MS. Chin Sci Bull 55:1535–1546 Ludwig KR (2003) Isoplot 3.00: A Geochronological Toolkit for Microsoft Excel, Berkeley Geochronology Center. Special publication no. 4 Ma BJ, Wu SG, Fan JK (2015a) An overview of slab window. Mar Geol Front 31:1–10 Ma Q, Xu YG, Zheng JP, Griffin WL, Hong LB, Ma L (2016) Coexisting Early Cretaceous high-Mg andesites and adakitic rocks in the North China Craton: the role of water in intraplate magmatism and cratonic destruction. J Petrol 57(7):1279–1308 Ma Q, Zheng JP, Xu YG, Griffin WL, Zhang RS (2015b) Are continental “adakites” derived from thickened or foundered lower crust? Earth Planet Sci Lett 419:125–133 Macpherson CG, Dreher ST, Thirlwall MF (2006) Adakites without slab melting: high pressure differentiation of island arc magma, Mindanao, the Philippines. Earth Planet Sci Lett 243:581–593 Maniar PD, Piccoli PM (1989) Tectonic Discrimination of Granitoids GSA Bull 101:635–643 Martin H (1999) The adakitic magmas: modern analogues of Archaean granitoids. Lithos 46(3):411–429 Martin H, Smithies RH, Rapp R, Moyen JF, Champion D (2005) An overview of adakite, tonalite-trondhjemite-granodiorite (TTG), and sanukitoid: relationships and some implications for crustal evolution. Lithos 79:1–24 McDonough WF, Sun SS (1995) The composition of the Earth. Chem Geol 120:223–253 Middlemost EAK (1994) Naming materials in the magma/igneous rock system. Earth-Sci Rev 37:215–224 Miller RG, O’Nions RK (1985) Source of Precambrian chemical and clastic sediments. Nature 314:325–330 Moyen JF (2009) High Sr/Y and La/Yb ratios: The meaning of the “adakitic signature.” Lithos 112:556–574 Moyen JF, Stevens G (2006) Experimental constraints on TTG petrogenesis: implications for Archean Geodynamics, in: Benn K, Mareschal JC, Condie KC (Eds.) Archean Geodynamics and Environments: Geophysical Monograph 164. American Geophysical Union, Washington, DC Nagel TJ, Hoffmann E, Münker C (2012) Generation of eoarchean tonalite - trondhjemite - granodiorite series from thickened mafic arc crust. Geology 40(4):375–378 Papoutsa A, Pe-Piper G (2014) Geochemical variation of amphiboles in A-type granites as an indicator of complex magmatic systems: Wentworth pluton, Nova Ccotia, Canada. Chem Geol 384:120–134 Peccerillo A, Taylor DR (1976) Geochemistry of Eocene calc-alkaline volcanic rocks from the Kaitamonu area, Northern Turkey. Contrib Mineral Petrol 58:63–91 Peng YB, Yu SY, Zhang JX, Li SZ, Tong LX, Sun DY, Tong LX, Sun DY (2017) Early paleozoic arc magmatism and metamorphism in the northern qilian block, western china: petrological and geochronological constraints. Geol J 52(S1):339–364 Prouteau G, Scaillet B, Pichavant M, Maury R (2001) Evidence for mantle metasomatism by hydrous silicic melts derived from subducted oceanic crust. Nature 40:197–200 Qin HP, Wu CL, Wang CS, Lei M, Liu CH, Li MZ (2014) LA- ICP- MS zircon U- Pb characteristical of Xiagucheng granite in North Qilian. Acta Geol Sin 88(10):1832–1842 Rapp RP, Long X, Shimizu N (2002) Experimental constraints on the origin of potassium-rich adakites in eastern China. Acta Petrol Sin 18:293–302 Richards JP (2011) High Sr/Y arc magmas and porphyry Cu ± Mo ± Au deposits: Just add water. Econ Geol 106(7):1075–1081 Richards JP (2015) Tectonic, magmatic, and metallogenic evolution of the Tethyan orogen: From subduction to collision. Ore Geol Rev 70:323–345 Ridolfi F, Renzulli A, Puerini M (2010) Stability and chemical equilibrium of amphibole in calc-alkaline magmas: an overview, new thermobarometric formulations and application to subduction-related volcanoes. Contrib Mineral Petrol 160:45–66 Sen C, Dunn T (1994) Dehydration melting of a basaltic composition amphibolite at 1.5 and 2.0 GPa: implications for the origin of adakites. Contrib Mineral Petrol 117:394–409 Shi RD, Yang JS, Wu CL, Iizuka T, Hirata T (2006) Island arc volcanic rocks in the North Qaidam UHP belt, northern Tibet Plateau: evidence for ocean–continent subduction preceding continent–continent subduction. J Asian Earth Sci 28:151–159 Song SG, Niu YL, Su L, Wei CJ, Zhang LF (2014a) Adakitic (tonalitic-trondhjemitic) magmas resulting from eclogite decompression and dehydration melting during exhumation in response to continental collision. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 130:42–62 Song SG, Niu YL, Su L, Xia XH (2013) Tectonics of the North Qilian orogen. NW China Gondwana Res 23(4):1378–1401 Song SG, Niu YL, Su L, Zhang C, Zhang LF (2014b) Continental orogenesis from ocean subduction, continent collision/subduction, to orogen collapse, and orogen recycling: the example of the North Qaidam UHPM belt, NW China. Earth-Sci Rev 129:59–84 Song SG, Niu YL, Zhang LF, Wei CJ, Liou JG, Su L (2009) Tectonic evolution of early Paleozoic HP metamorphic rocks in the North Qilian Mountains, NW China: new perspectives. J Asian Earth Sci 35:334–353 Stern CR, Kilian R (1996) Role of the subducted slab, mantle wedge and continental crust in the generation of adakites from the Andean austral volcanic zone. Contrib Mineral Petrol 123:263–281 Streck MJ, Leeman WP, Chesley J (2007) High-magnesian andesite from Mount Shasta: a product of magma mixing and contamination, not a primitive mantle melt. Geology 35:351–354 Tao L, Zhang HF, Yang H, Gao Z, Pan FB, Luo BJ (2018) Initial back-arc extension: evidence from petrogenesis of early Paleozoic MORB-like gabbro at the southern Central Qilian block, NW China. Lithos 322:166–178 Tatsumi Y, Hanyu T (2003) Geochemical modeling of dehydration and partial melting of subducting lithosphere: toward a comprehensive understanding of high-Mg andesite formation in the Setouchi volcanic belt. SW Japan Geochem Geophys Geosyst 4(9):1–19 Tung KA, Yang HY, Liu DY, Zhang JX, Yang HJ, Shau YH, Tseng CY (2013) The Neoproterozoic granitoids from the Qilian block, NW China: evidence for a link between the Qilian and South China Blocks. Precambrian Res 235:163–189 Tung KA, Yang HY, Liu DY, Zhang JX, Yang HJ, Shau YH, Tseng CY (2012) The amphibolite-facies metamorphosed mafic rocks from the Maxianshan area, Qilian block, NW China: a record of early Neoproterozoic arc magmatism. J Asian Earth Sci 46:177–189 Tung KA, Yang HY, Yang HJ, Smith A, Liu D, Zhang J (2016) Magma sources and petrogenesis of the early-middle paleozoic backarc granitoids from the central part of the Qilian Block, NW china. Gondwana Res 38:197–219 von Blanckenburg F, Huw Davies J (1995) Slab breakoff: a model for syncollisional magmatism and tectonics in the Alps. Tectonics 14:120–131 Wan YS, Xu ZQ, Yang JS, Zhang JX (2003) The Precambrian high-grade basement of the Qilian Terrane and neighboring areas: its age and compositions. Acta Geol Sin 24:319–324 Wang J, Kéiko H, Hattori KR, Stern CR (2007a) Metasomatism of sub-arc mantle peridotites below southernmost South America: reduction of fO2 by slab-melt. Contrib Mineral Petrol 153(5):607–624 Wang KX, Yu CD, Yan J, Liu XD, Liu WH, Pan JY (2019) Petrogenesis of Early Silurian granitoids in the Longshoushan area and their implications for the extensional environment of the North Qilian Orogenic Belt, China. Lithos 342–343:152–174 Wang N, Wu CL, Lei M, Chen HJ (2018) Petrogenesis and tectonic implications of the Early Paleozoic granites in the western segment of the North Qilian orogenic belt, China. Lithos 312–313:89–107 Wang Q, Li XH, Jia XH, Wyman D, Tang GJ, Li ZX, Ma L, Yang YH, Jiang ZQ, Gou GN (2012) Late Early Cretaceous adakitic granitoids and associated magnesian and potassium-rich mafic enclaves and dikes in the Tunchang-Fengmu area, Hainan Province (South China): partial melting of lower crust and mantle, and magma hybridization. Chem Geol 328:222–243 Wang Q, Wyman DA, Xu JF, Zhao ZH, Jian P, Xiong XL, Bao ZW, Li CF, Bai ZH (2006a) Petrogenesis of Cretaceous adakitic and shoshonitic igneous rocks in the Luzong area, Anhui Province (Eastern China): implications for geodynamics and Cu–Au mineralization. Lithos 89:424–446 Wang Q, Wyman DA, Xu JF, Jian P, Zhao ZH, Li C, Xu W, Ma JL, He B (2007b) Early Cretaceous adakitic granites in the Northern Dabie Complex, central China: implications for partial melting and delamination of thickened lower crust. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 71:2609–2636 Wang Q, Xu JF, Jian P, Bao ZW, Zhao ZH, Li CF, Xiong XL, Ma JL (2006b) Petrogenesis of adakitic porphyries in an extensional tectonic setting, Dexing, South China: implications for the genesis of porphyry copper mineralization. J Petrol 47:119–144 Wang T, Wang Z, Yan Z, Ma Z, He S, Fu C, Wang D (2016) Geochronological and Geochemical evidence of amphibolite from the Hualong Group, northwest China: implication for the early Paleozoic accretionary tectonics of the Central Qilian belt. Lithos 248:12–21 Whitney DL, Evan BW (2010) Abbreviations for names of rock-forming minerals. Am Mineral 95:18–187 Wong A, Ton SYM, Wortel MJR (1997) Slab detachment in continental collision zones: an analysis of controlling parameters. Geophys Res Lett 24:2095–2098 Woodhead JD, Hergt JM, Davidson JP, Eggins SM (2001) Hafnium isotope evidence for ‘conservative’ element mobility during subduction zone processes. Earth Planet Sci Lett 192(3):331–346 Wu CL, Xu XY, Gao QM, Li XM, Lei M, Gao YH, Frost RB, Wooden JL (2010) Early Palaezoie granitoid magmatism and tectonic evolution in North Qilian, NW China. Acta Petrol Sin 26:1027–1044 Wu FY, Sun DY, Li HM, Jahn BM, Wilde S (2002) A-type granites in northeastern China: age and geochemical constraints on their petrogenesis. Chem Geol 234(1–2):105–126 Wu FY, Yang YH, Xie LW, Yang JH, Xu P (2006) Hf isotopic compositions of the standard zircons and baddeleyites used in U-Pb geochronology. Chem Geol 234:105–126 Wu YB, Zheng YF (2004) Genesis of zircon and its constraints on interpretation of U-Pb age. Chin Sci Bull 49:1554–1569 Xia LQ, Li XM, Yu JY, Wang GQ (2016) Mid−Late Neoproterozoic to Early Paleozoic volcanism and tectonic evolution of the Qilian Mountain. Geology in China 43(4):1087–1138 Xiong Q, Zheng JP, Griffin WL, O’Reilly SY, Zhao JH (2011) Zircons in the Shenglikou ultrahigh-pressure garnet peridotite massif and its country rocks from the North Qaidam terrane (western China): Meso-Neoproterozoic crust–mantle coupling and early Paleozoic convergent plate-margin processes. Precambrian Res 187:33–57 Xiong XL, Adam J, Green TH (2005) Rutile stability and rutile/melt HFSE partitioning during partial melting of hydrous basalt: implications for TTG genesis. Chem Geol 218:339–359 Xu JF, Shinjo R, Defant MJ, Wang QA, Rapp RP (2002) Origin of Mesozoic adakitic intrusive rocks in the Ningzhen area of east China: Partial melting of delaminated lower continental crust? Geology 30:1111–1114 Xu WC (2007) U-Pb Zircon Geochronology, Geochemical and Sr-Nd-Hf Isotopic Compositions of the Hualong Group in Qilian Mountains: Constraints on Tectonic Evolution of Crustal Basement. China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, pp 20–21 Xu ZQ, Yang JS, Wu CL, Li HB, Zhang JX, Qi XX, Song SG, Qiu HJ (2006) Timing and mechanism of formation and exhumation of the Northern Qaidam ultrahighpressure metamorphic belt. J Asian Earth Sci 28:160–173 Yan Z, Aitchison J, Fu CL, Guo XQ, Niu ML, Xia WJ, Li JL (2015) Hualong Complex, South Qilian terrane: U-Pb and Lu–Hf constraints on Neoproterozoic micro-continental fragments accreted to the northern Proto-Tethyan margin. Precambrian Res 266:65–85 Yang H, Zhang H, Luo B, Gao Z, Guo L, Xu W (2016) Generation of peraluminous granitic magma in a post-collisional setting: a case study from the eastern Qilian Orogen, NE Tibetan plateau. Gondwana Res 36:28–45 Yang H, Zhang HF, Luo BJ, Zhang J, Xiong ZL, Guo L, Pan FB (2015) Early Paleozoic intrusive rocks from the eastern Qilian orogen, NE Tibetan Plateau: petrogenesis and tectonic significance. Lithos 224:13–31 Yang H, Zhang HF, Luo BJ, Gao Z, Tao L (2018) Petrogenesis of early Paleozoic diorites and mafic-intermediate dykes from the eastern Qilian orogen, NE Tibetan Plateau: implication for lithospheric processes. J Geol Soc Lond 175:525–542 Yang H, Zhang HF, Xiao WJ, Tao L, Gao Z, Luo BJ, Zhang LQ (2021) Multiple Early Paleozoic granitoids from the southeastern Qilian orogen, NW China: Magma responses to slab roll-back and break-off. Lithos 380–381: 105910 Yang JS, Xu ZQ, Li HB, Wu CL, Cui JW, Zhang JX, Chen W (1998) Discovery of eclogite at northern margin of Qaidam Basin, NW China. Chin Sci Bull 43:1755–1760 Yong Y, Xiao WJ, Yuan C, Yan Z, Li JL (2008) Geochronology and geochernistry of Paleozoic granitic plutons from the eastern Central Qilian and their tectonic implications. Acta Petrol Sin 24:855–866 Yu JY, Li XM, Ma ZP, Wang GQ, Tang Z, Sun JM, Wu P (2012) Zircon U-Pb dating of the Yishichun mafic–ultramafic complex in southern Qilian and its geological significance. Geol J China Univ 18:158–163 Zhang GB, Song SG, Zhang L, Niu YL (2008) The subducted oceanic crust within continental-type UHP metamorphic belt in the North Qaidam, NW China: evidence from petrology, geochemistry and geochronology. Lithos 104:99–118 Zhang HF, Jin LL, Zhang L, Yuan HL, Zhou L, Zhang BR (2006) Pb and Nd isotopic compositions of basement and granitoid in the Qilianshan: constraints on tectonic affinity. Earth Sci J China Univ Geosci 31(1):57–65 Zhang Q, Wang Y, Qian Q, Yang JH, Wang YL, Zhao TP, Guo GJ (2001) The characteristics and tectonic–metallogenic significances of the adakites in Yanshan period from eastern China. Acta Petrol Sin 17:236–244 Zhang YQ, Song SG, Yang LM, Su L, Niu YL, Allen MB, Xu X (2017) Basalts and picrites from a plume-type ophiolite in the South Qilian accretionary belt, Qilian Orogen: accretion of a Cambrian oceanic plateau? Lithos 278–281:97–110 Zhang ZW, Li WY, Gao YB, Li C, Ripley EM, Kamo S (2014) Sulfide mineralization associated with arc magmatism in the Qilian Block, western China: zircon U-Pb age and Sr–Nd–Os–S isotope constraints from the Yulonggou and Yaqu gabbroic intrusions. Mineral Deposita 49:279–292 Zhang ZW, Li WY, Wang YL, Gao YB (2015) The genesis study on Xiashentang basic-ultrabasic intrusion associated with Ni-Cu mineralization in Hualong, Southern Qilian Mountains: zircon geochronology, geochemistry and Sr-Nd isotopic constraints. Acta Petrol Sin 31(9):2539–2548 Zhao JH, Zhou MF (2007) Neoproterozoic adakitic plutons and arc magmatism along the western margin of the Yangtze block, South China. J Geol 115:675–689 Zhu KY, Li ZX, Xu XS, Wilde SA (2014) A Mesozoic Andean-type orogenic cycle in southeastern China as recorded by granitoid evolution. Am J Sci 314:187–234