Storage of water in the voids of abandoned mines and in fractured rocks
Tóm tắt
This paper describes the characteristics that abandoned mines and fractured igneous and metamorphic rocks must have before they can be utilized as water reservoirs. The geometries of the networks produced by the interconnections of the fractures in rock are frequently irregular and unknown and the experimental results reported indicate that the flow of ground water through these fractures is equally unpredictable. The behaviour of water in a hypothetical reservoir cannot be predicted solely by modelling or tests limited to small areas of the reservoir. An analogy is shown to exist between networks of fractures in hard rocks and mining networks and the possibility of solving problems of water storage in fractured rock by the use of results obtained from mining experience is discussed. Two reservoirs are described, one located in rock fractured by the action of an extinct volcano and the other in an abandoned mine in the same rock. The examples show how knowledge of existing reservoirs can be used to aid correct choice of method. Finally, evaluation criteria based on specified factors are presented, allowing informed selection of methods to be made. These water storage systems have potential application in many Third World countries where long dry spells are encountered.
Tài liệu tham khảo
Ahlbom K., Andersson J. E., Nordqvist R., Ljunggren C., TirÈn S. and Voss C. 1991. Fjallveden study site. Scope of activities and main results. SKB Technical Report TR 91-52, Stockholm.
Atkinson P., Celati R., Corsi R., Kucuk F. and Romey H. J., Thermodynamic behaviour of the Bagnore geothermal field. Geothermics, Vol. 7, No. 2-4, Pisa, Itlay, pp. 185–208.
Banks D., Rohr-Torp E. and Skarphagen H. 1994. Ground water resources in hard rock; experiences from the Hvaler study, Southeastern Norway. Applied Hidrogeology, 2, pp. 33–42.
Burdon D.J. and Fuganti A. 1973. Some general characteristics of ground water movement in plutonic, metamorphic and volcanic rock formation. Atti del 2 Convegno Internazionale sulle Acque Sotterranee, Palermo, Italy.
Calamai A., Cataldi R., Squarci P. and Taffi L. 1970. Geology, geophysics and hydrogeology of the Monte Amiata geothermal fields. Geothermics, special issue 1, Pisa, Italy, pp. 1–9.
Dagan G. 1979. Models of groundwater flow in statistically homogeneous formations. Water Resources Research, Vol. 17, No. 1.
Deana F. 1990. La desertificazione del Sahel: una tragedia evitabile? L'ingegnere italiano, Anno XXII, N. 211, pp. 18–24. In Italian.
De Col F. and Sammarco O. 1982. Le frane di Niccioleta: circostanze ed effetti prodotti. Internal Report I. BuMines 112-82, Corpo delle Miniere, Distretto di Grosseto, p. 15. In Italian.
Ferioli F. and Ferioli G. 1994. Le alluvioni, Ë veramente impossibile prevenirle? Quarry and Construction, Anno XXXII, N. 12, pp. 55–56. In Italian.
Gustafson G., Stanfors R. and Wikberg P. 1989. Swedish Hard Rock Laboratory. Evaluation of 1988 year pre-investigations and description of the target area, the island of Aspo. SKB Technical Report 89-16, Stockholm.
Gustafson G. and Krasny J. 1994. Crystalline rock aquifers: their occurrence, use and importance. Applied Hydrogeology, 2, pp 64–75.
Jacobacci A., Martelli G. and Nappi G. 1967. Note Illustrative della Carta Geologica d'Italia: Foglio 129, S. Fiora. Ministero dell'Industria, Direzione Generale delle Miniere, Servizio Geologico d'Italia, Roma, p. 61. (In Italian)
Moye D. G. 1967. Diamond drilling for foundation exploration. Civ. Eng. Trans. Inst. of Engineers, Australia, April, pp. 95–100.
Latino C. and Sammarco O. Thermodynamic characteristics of endogeneous fluids in relation to their utilization on a wider scale in electricity generation. 1981. Proc. Third International Conference on Energy Use Management: Beyond the Energy Crisis, Opportunity and Cahallange. Bergamon Press, Berlin (West), Germany, Vol. 2, pp. 913–921.
Sammarco O. 1986. Spontaneous inrushes of water in under ground mines. International Journal of Mine Water, Vol. 5, No. 2, pp. 29–42.
Sammarco O. 1988. Inrush prevention in an underground mine. International Journal of Mine Water. Vol. 7, No. 4, pp. 43–52.
Sammarco O. 1990. Abandoning mines: Hydrodynamic evolution controlled in order to avoid surface damage. Proc. Acid Mine Water in Pyritic Environments, Lisboa, Portugal, pp. 277–289.
Sammarco O. 1990. Sull'utilizzazione di miniere in sotterraneo abbandonate per stoccaggio d'acqua. Proc. Problemi di Geo-Ingegneria: Ingegneria degli Acquiferi, Geofluid, Piacenza, Italy, pp. 19–27. In Italian.
Sammarco O. 1992. Alimentazione idrica per la regione di Dodoma, Tanzania. Riflessioni preliminari. Proc. Problemi di Geo-Ingegneria: Ingegneria degli Scavi Sotto Falda, Geofluid, Piacenza, Itlay, pp. 3–9. In Italian.
Sammarco O. 1993. Delayed water irruptions: events and circumstances. Proc. Environmental Management Geo-Water and Engineering Aspects, A.A. Balkema, Wollongong, Australia, pp. 651–656.
Sammarco O. 1993. Karst and thermal water in an underground mine during and after exploitation. Proc. The First African Symposium on Mine Drainage and Environment Protection from Mine Waste Water Disposal, Konkola Division, Chililabombwe, Zambia, pp. 671–682.
Sammarco O. 1994. Irregularities in mine drainage: causes and consequences. Proc. 5th International Mine Water Congress: Mine Water and the Environment, Nottingham, United Kingdom, Vol. 1, pp. 171–181.
Sammarco O. 1994. Criteri di scelta e fattori determinanti per la realizzazione dell'acquedotto di Kinusi, regione di Dodoma, Tanzania. Proc. Giornate di Studio: Problemi di Geo-Ingegneria: Ingegneria degli Scavi Sotto Falda, Geofluid, Piacenza, Italy. pp. 3–15. In Italian.
Witherspoon P. A., 1986. Flow of groundwater in fractured rocks. Bulletin of the International Association of Engineering Geology, No. 34, pp. 103–115.