Analysis of English Nonsense Syllable Recognition in Noise

Allen, J.: How do humans process and recognize speech? IEEE Trans. Speech Audio Processing 2: 567–577 (1994).

Alwan, A.; Zhu, Q., Lo, J.: Human and machine recognition of speech sounds in noise. Proc. 13th World Multiconf. on Systems, Cybernetics, and Information, pp. 218–223 (2001).

Bahl, L.R.; Jelinek, F.; Mercer, R.L.: A maximum likelihood approach to continuous speech recognition. IEEE Trans. Pattern Analysis Machine Intelligence PAMI-5, pp. 179–190 (1983).

Barrett, R.: A grammar of Sipakapense Maya; PhD diss. University of Texas, Austin (1999).

Beckman, J.N.: Positional faithfulness; PhD diss. University of Massachusetts, Amherst (1998).

Beddor, P.S.; Evans-Romaine, D.: Acoustic-perceptual factors in phonological assimilations: a study of syllable-final nasals. Riv. Ling. 7: 145–174 (1995).

Benkí, J.R.: Evidence for phonological categories from speech perception; PhD diss. University of Massachusetts, Amherst (1998).

Benkí, J.R.: Place of articulation and first formant transition pattern both affect perception of voicing in English. J. Phonet. 29: 1–22 (2001). Benkí, J.R.: Quantitative evaluation of lexical status, word frequency, and neighborhood density as context effects in spoken word recognition. J. acoust. Soc. Am. 113: 1689–1705 (2003).

Boothroyd, A.; Nittrouer, S.: Mathematical treatment of context effects in phoneme and word recognition. J. acoust. Soc. Am. 84: 101–114 (1988).

Chang, S.C.; Plauché, M.; Ohala, J.: Markedness and consonant confusion asymmetries; in Hume, Johnson, The role of speech perception in phonology (Academic Press, San Diego 2001).

Clarke, F.R.: Constant-ratio rule for confusion matrices in speech communication. J. acoust. Soc. 29: 515–520 (1957).

Clements, G.N.; Keyser, S.J.: CV phonology: a generative theory of the syllable (MIT Press, Cambridge 1983).

Cooper, F.S.; Liberman, A.M.; Delattre, P.; Gerstman, L.: Some experiments on the perception of speech sounds. J. acoust. Soc. Am. 24: 597–606 (1952).

Cover, T.M.; Thomas, J.A.: Elements of information theory (Wiley, New York 1991).

Cox, F.: Vowel change in Australian English. Phonetica 56: 1–27 (1999).

Crothers, J.: Typology and universals of vowel systems; in Greenberg, Ferguson, Moravcsik, Universals of human language, vol. 2: Phonology (Stanford University Press, Stanford 1978). Delattre et al., 1955.

Delgutte, B.; Kiang, N.Y.S.: Speech coding in the auditory nerve. III. Voiceless fricative consonants. J. acoust. Soc. Am. 75: 887–896 (1984a).

Delgutte, B.; Kiang, N.Y.S.: Speech coding in the auditory nerve. IV. Sounds with consonant-like dynamic characteristics. J. acoust. Soc. Am. 75: 897–907 (1984b). Fant, G.: On the predictability of formant levels and spectrum envelopes from formant frequencies; in For Roman Jakobson (Mouton, The Hague 1956).

Fant, G.: Acoustic theory of speech production. The Hague, Netherlands: Mouton (1960).

Fairbanks, G.; Grubb, P.: A psychophysical investigation of vowel formants. J. Speech Hear. Res. 4: 203–219 (1961).

Fletcher, H.: Speech and hearing in communication (Van Nostrand, New York 1953).

Fourgeron, C.; Keating, P.A.: Articulatory strengthening at edges of prosodic domains. J. acoust. Soc. Am. 101: 3728–3740 (1997).

French, N.R.; Carter, C.W.; Koenig, W.: The words and sounds of telephone conversations. Bell Syst. Tech. J. 9: 290–324 (1930).

Fujimura, O.; Macchi, M.J.; Streeter, L.A.: Perception of stop consonants with conflicting transitional cues: a cross-linguistic study. Lg. and Speech 21: 227–346 (1978).

Goldstein, L.: Vowel shifts and articulatory-acoustic relations; in Cohen, van den Broecke, Proc. 10th Int. Congr. Phonet. Sci., pp. 267–273 (Foris, Dordrecht 1983).

Gordon, M.; Heath, J.: Sex, sound symbolism, and sociolinguistics. Curr. Anthrop. 39: 421–449 (1998).

Greenberg, S.: The ear as a speech analyzer. J. Phonet. 16: 139–150 (1988).

Hajek, J.: Universals of sound change in nasalization. Publ. Philological Soc. 31 (Blackwell, Oxford 1997).

Hillenbrand, J.M.; Clark, M.J.; Nearey, T.M.: Effects of consonant environment on vowel formant patterns. J. acoust. Soc. Am. 109: 748–763 (2001).

Hillenbrand, J.M.; Getty, L.A.; Clark, M.J.; Wheeler, K.: Acoustic characteristics of American English vowels. J. acoust. Soc. Am. 97: 3099–3111 (1995).

Hume, E.; Johnson, K.: A model of the interplay of speech perception and phonology; in Hume, Johnson, The role of speech perception in phonology (Academic Press, San Diego 2001).

Hura, S.L.; Lindblom, B.; Diehl, R.: On the role of perception in shaping phonological assimilation rules. Lang. Speech 35: 59–72 (1992).

Itô, J.: Syllable theory in prosodic phonology; PhD diss. University of Massachusetts, Amherst (Garland, New York 1986).

Jakobson, R.: Kindersprache, Aphasie und allgemeine Lautgesetze (Sprakvetenskapliga Sallskapets i Uppsala Forhandlingar 1940–1942, Almqvist and Wiksell, Uppsala 1941). Reprinted in Jakobson, Selected writings 1 (Mouton, The Hague, 1962).

Jenison, R.L.; Greenberg, S.; Kluender, K.R.; Rhode, W.S.: A composite model of the auditory periphery for the processing of speech based on the filter response functions of single auditory-nerve fibers. J. acoust. Soc. Am. 90: 773–786 (1991).

Kenstowicz, M.; Kisseberth, C.: Generative phonology (Academic Press, San Diego 1979).

Kiang, N.Y.S.; Moxon, E.C.: Tails of tuning curves of auditory-nerve fibers. J. acoust. Soc. Am. 55: 620–630 (1974).

Kiang, N.Y.S.; Watanabe, T.; Thomas, E.C.; Clark, L.F.: Discharge patterns of single fibers in the cat’s auditory nerve. MIT Res. Monogr. No. 35 (MIT Press, Cambridge 1965). Kingston, J.: Keeping and losing contrasts. Proc. 28th Annu. Meet. Berkeley Ling. Soc., Berkeley 2002 (Berkeley Linguistics Society, Berkeley, in press). Kirk, C.J.: Phonological constraints on the segmentation of continuous speech; PhD diss. University of Massachusetts, Amherst (2001).

Klein, W.; Plomp, R.; Pols, L.C.W.: Vowel spectra, vowel spaces, and vowel identification. J. acoust. Soc. Am. 48: 999–1009 (1970).

Kluender, K.R.: Effects of first formant onset properties on voicing judgments result from processes not specific to humans. J. acoust. Soc. Am. 90: 83–96 (1991).

Kluender, K.R.; Lotto, A.J.; Jenison, R.L.: Perception of voicing for syllable-initial stops at different intensities: does synchrony capture signal voiceless stop consonants? J. acoust. Soc. Am. 97: 2552–2567 (1995).

Krakow, R.: The articulatory organization of syllables: a kinematic analysis of labial and velar gestures; PhD diss. Yale University, New Haven (1989).

Krakow, R.: Nonsegmental influences on velum movement patterns: syllables, sentences, stress, and speaking rate; in Huffman, Krakow, Nasals, nasalization, and the velum (Phonetics and phonology V), (Academic Press, San Diego 1993).

Krakow, R.: Physiological organization of syllables: a review. J. Phonet. 27: 23–54 (1999).

Kucera, F.; Francis, W.: Computational analysis of present day American English (Brown University Press, Providence 1967.

Labov, W.: Principles of linguistic change, vol. I: Internal factors (Blackwell, Cambridge 1994). Labov, W., Yaeger, M.; Steiner, R.: A quantitative study of sound change in progress (US Regional Study, Philadelphia 1972).

Lenzo, K.: t2p: Text-to-phoneme converter builder software. Retrieved from <http://www-2.cs.cmu.edu/~lenzo/ t2p/> (1998).

Liberman, A.M.; Delattre, P.C.; Cooper, F.S.: Some cues for the distinction between voiced and voiceless stops in initial position. Lang. Speech 1: 153–167 (1958).

Liljencrantz, J.; Lindblom, B.: Numerical simulation of vowel quality systems: the role of perceptual contrast. Language 48: 839–862 (1972).

Lindblom, B.: Spectrographic study of vowel reduction. J. acoust. Soc. Am. 35: 1773–1781 (1963).

Lindblom, B.: Experiments in sound structure. Plenary address, 8th Int. Congr. Phonet. Sci., Leeds 1975. Rev. Phonét. appl. 51: 154–189 (1979).

Lindblom, B.: Phonetic universals in vowel systems; in Ohala, Jaeger, Experimental phonology (Academic Press, New York 1986).

Lindblom, B.; Guion, S.; Hura, S.; Moon, S.-J.; Willerman, R.: Is sound change adaptive? Riv. Ling. 7: 5–37 (1995).

Lippmann, R.P.: Speech recognition by machines and humans. Speech Commun. 22: 1–15 (1997).

Lisker, L.: Closure duration and the intervocalic voiced-voiceless distinction in English. Language 33: 42–49 (1957).

Lisker, L.; Abramson, A.S.: A cross-language study of voicing in initial stops: acoustical measurements. Word 20: 384–422 (1964).

Lombardi, L.: Why place and voice are different: constraint-specific alternations in optimality theory; in Lombardi, Segmental phonology in optimality theory: constraints and representations (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 2001).

Lotto, A.J., Kluender, K.R.: Synchrony capture hypothesis fails to account for effects of amplitude on voicing perception. J. acoust. Soc. Am. 111: 1056–1062 (2002).

Luce, P.A.; Pisoni, D.B.: Recognizing spoken words: the neighborhood activation model. Ear Hear. 19: 1–36 (1998).

Macmillan, N.A.; Creelman, C.D.: Detection theory: a user’s guide (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 1991).

Manuel, S.Y.: Some phonetic bases for the relative malleability of syllable-final versus syllable-initial consonants. Proc. 12th Int. Congr. Phonet. Sci., vol. 5, pp. 118–121 (University of Provence, Aix-en-Provence 1991).

Miller, G.A.; Heise, G.A.; Lichten, W.: The intelligibility of speech as a function of the context of the test material. J. exp. Psychol. 41: 329–335 (1951).

Miller, G.A.; Niceley, P.E.: An analysis of perceptual confusions among some English consonants. J. acoust. Soc. Am. 27: 338–352 (1955).

Miller, J.L.: Nonindependence of feature processing in initial consonants. J. Speech Hear. Res. 20: 519–528 (1977).

Nearey, T.N.: The segment as a unit of speech perception. J. Phonet. 18: 347–373 (1990).

Nearey, T.N.: Speech perception as pattern recognition. J. acoust. Soc. Am. 101: 3241–3254 (1997).

Newman, S.: Yokuts language of California. Viking Fund Publ. Anthrop. vol. 2 (New York 1944).

Nooteboom, S.: Perceptual confusions among Dutch vowels presented in noise. IPO Annu. Progr. Rep., vol. 3, pp. 68–71 (Instituut voor Perceptie Onderzoek, Eindhoven 1968).

Nusbaum, H.C.; Pisoni, D.B.; Davis, C.K.: Sizing up the Hoosier mental lexicon: measuring the familiarity of 20,000 words. Research on Speech Perception Progress Report, No. 10 (Speech Research Laboratory, Psychology Department, Indiana University, Bloomington 1984).

Ohala, J.: The listener as a source of sound change. Papers from the parasession on language and behavior (Chicago Linguistics Society, Chicago 1981).

Ohala, J.J.: Alternatives to the sonority hierarchy for explaining segmental sequential constraints. Papers from the regional meetings, vol. 2, pp. 319–338 (Chicago Linguistic Society, Chicago 1990).

Ohala, J.J.; Kawasaki, H.: Prosodic phonology and phonetics. Phon. Yb. 1: 113–127 (1984).

Paradis, C.; Prunet, J.-F.: The special status of coronals: internal and external evidence (Academic Press, New York 1991).

Peterson, G.E.; Barney, H.L.: Control methods used in a study of the vowels. J. acoust. Soc. Am. 24: 175–184 (1952).

Pickett, J.M.: Perception of vowels heard in noises of various spectra. J. acoust. Soc. Am. 29: 613–620 (1957).

Plauché, M.C.: Acoustic cues in the directionality of stop consonant confusions; PhD diss. University of California, Berkeley (2001).

Plauché, M.; Delogu, C.; Ohala, J.: Asymmetries in consonant confusion. Proc. Eurospeech ’97: 5th Eur. Conf. on Speech Commun. Technol., vol. 4, pp. 2187–2190 (1997).

Prince, A.; Smolensly, P.: Optimality theory: constraint interaction in generative grammar (Rutgers University, New Brunswick and University of Colorado, Boulder, unpublished manuscript, 1993).

Recasens, D.: Coarticulatory patterns and degrees of coarticulatory resistance in Catalan CV sequences. Lang. Speech 28: 97–114 (1985).

Recasens, D.: An electropalatographic and acoustic study of consonant-to-vowel coarticulation. J. Phonet. 19: 177–192 (1991).

Recasens, D.: Lingual coarticulation; in Hardcastle, Hewlett, Coarticulation: theory, data and techniques (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 1999).

Repp, B.H.: Perceptual integration and differentiation of spectral information of spectral cue for intervocalic stop consonants. Percept. Psychophys. 24: 471–485 (1978).

Repp, B.H.: Bidirectional context effects in the perception of VC-CV sequences. Percept. Psychophys. 33: 147–155 (1983).

Savin, H.: Word-frequency effects and errors in the perception of speech. J. acoust. Soc. Am. 35: 200–206 (1963).

Schroeder, M.R.: Reference signal for signal quality studies. J. acoust. Soc. Am. 44: 1735–1736 (1968).

Shannon, C.E.: A mathematical theory of communication. Bell Syst. tech. J. 27: 379–423, 623–656 (1948).

Sinex, D.G.: Auditory nerve fiber representation of cues to voicing in syllable-final stop contexts. J. acoust. Soc. Am. 90: 2441–2449 (1995).

Sinex, D.G.; Geisler, C.D.: Responses of auditory-nerve fibers to consonant-vowel syllables. J. acoust. Soc. Am. 73: 602–615 (1983).

Smith, R.L.: Adaptation, saturation and physiological masking in single auditory-nerve fibers. J. acoust. Soc. Am. 65: 166–178 (1979).

Smits, R.: Temporal distribution of information for human consonant recognition VCV utterances. J. Phonet. 28: 111–135 (2000).

Sommers, M.S.; Kirk, K.I.; Pisoni, D.B.: Some considerations in evaluating spoken word recognition by normal-hearing, noise-masked normal-hearing, and cochlear implant listeners. I: The effects of response format. Ear Hear. 18: 89–99 (1997).

Son, R.J.J.H. van; Pols, L.C.W.: Perisegmental speech improves consonant and vowel identification. Speech Commun. 29: 1–22 (1999). Steele, R.D.: The segmental phonology of contemporary standard Polish; PhD diss. Harvard University (1973).

Steiber, Z.: A historical phonology of the Polish language (Winter Universitätsverlag, Heidelberg 1973).

Stemberger, J.P.: Vocalic underspecification in English language production. Language 68: 492–524 (1992).

Steriade, D.: Directional asymmetries in assimilation: a directional account; in Hume, Johnson, The role of speech perception in phonology (Academic Press, San Diego 2001).

Steriade, D.: Phonetics in phonology: the case of laryngeal neutralization (University of California, Los Angeles, unpublished manuscript; <http://web.mit.edu/linguistics/www/steriade.home.html>, 1997).

Stevens, K.N.: On the quantal nature of speech. J. Phonet. 17: 3–45 (1989).

Stevens, K.N.; Blumstein, S.E.: The search for invariant acoustic correlates of phonetic features; in Eimas, Miller, Perspectives on the study of speech (Erlbaum, Hillsdale 1981).

Stevens, K.N.; House, A.S.: Perturbations of vowel articulations by consonantal context: an acoustical study. J. Speech Hear. Res. 6: 111–128 (1963).

Sweet, H.: History of English sounds (Clarendon Press, Oxford 1888).

Wang, M.D.; Bilger, R.C.: Consonant confusions in noise: a study of perceptual features. J. acoust. Soc. Am. 54: 1248–1266 (1973).

Whalen, D.W.: Vowel and consonant judgments are not independent when cued by the same information. Percept. Psychophys. 46: 284–292 (1989).

Wright, R.: Perceptual cues in contrast maintenance; in Hume, Johnson, The role of speech perception in phonology (Academic Press, San Diego 2001).

Young, E.D.; Sachs, M.B.: Representation of steady-state vowels in the temporal aspects of the discharge patterns of the populations of auditory-nerve fibers. J. acoust. Soc. Am. 66: 1381–1403 (1979).