Role of the built environment on mode choice decisions: additional evidence on the impact of density
Tóm tắt
Density is a key component in the recent surge of mixed-use neighborhood developments. Empirical research has shown an inconsistent picture on the impact of density. In particular, it is unclear whether it is the density or the variables that go long with density that affect people’s travel behavior. Many existing studies on density neglect confounding factors, for example, residential self-selection, generalized travel cost, accessibility, and access to transit stations. In addition, most still use a single trip as their observation unit, even though trip chaining is well recognized. The goal of this paper is to assess the role of density in affecting mode choice decisions in home-based work tours, while controlling for confounding factors. Using the dataset collected in the New York Metropolitan Region, we estimated a simultaneous two-equation system comprising two mutually interacting dependent variables: car ownership and the propensity to use auto. The results confirm the role of density after controlling for the confounding factors; in particular, employment density at work exerts more influence than residential density at home. The study also demonstrates the importance of using tour as the analysis unit in mode choice decisions. The study advances the field by analyzing the role of the built environment on home-based work tours. New knowledge is obtained in the relative contribution of density vs. a set of correlated factors, including generalized travel cost, accessibility, and access to transit stations.
Tài liệu tham khảo
citation_journal_title=Transport. Res. D; citation_title=Land-use interaction: empirical findings in North America, and their implications for modeling; citation_author=D.A. Badoe, E.J. Miller; citation_volume=5; citation_publication_date=2000; citation_pages=235-263; citation_doi=10.1016/S1361-9209(99)00036-X; citation_id=CR1
citation_journal_title=Urban Stud.; citation_title=Can land use policy really affect travel behavior? a study of the link between non-work and land use characteristics; citation_author=M. Boarnet, S. Sarmiento; citation_volume=35; citation_publication_date=1998; citation_pages=1155-1169; citation_doi=10.1080/0042098984538; citation_id=CR2
citation_journal_title=Fed. Reserve Bank New York; citation_title=The evolution of commuting patterns in the New York City Metro Area; citation_author=J. Bram, A. McKay; citation_volume=11; citation_issue=10; citation_publication_date=2005; citation_pages=1-7; citation_id=CR3
citation_journal_title=Transportation; citation_title=Do changes in neighborhood characteristics lead to changes in travel behavior? A structural equations modeling approach; citation_author=X. Cao, P. Mokhtarian, S. Handy; citation_volume=34; citation_issue=5; citation_publication_date=2007; citation_pages=535-556; citation_doi=10.1007/s11116-007-9132-x; citation_id=CR4
Census Bureau
http://www.census.gov/
(2000)
Census Transportation Planning Package
http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/ctpp/
(2000)
citation_journal_title=Transport. Policy; citation_title=Transit-based housing in California: evidence on ridership impacts; citation_author=R. Cervero; citation_volume=1; citation_issue=3; citation_publication_date=1994; citation_pages=174-183; citation_doi=10.1016/0967-070X(94)90013-2; citation_id=CR7
citation_journal_title=Transport. Res. D; citation_title=Travel demand and three Ds: density, diversity, and design; citation_author=R. Cervero, K. Kockelman; citation_volume=2; citation_issue=3; citation_publication_date=1997; citation_pages=199-219; citation_doi=10.1016/S1361-9209(97)00009-6; citation_id=CR8
citation_journal_title=Transport. Res. Rec.; citation_title=How density and mixed uses at the workplace affect personal commercial travel and commute mode choice; citation_author=D. Chatman; citation_volume=1831; citation_publication_date=2003; citation_pages=193-201; citation_doi=10.3141/1831-22; citation_id=CR9
citation_journal_title=J. Transport Geogr.; citation_title=Does the built environment make a difference? Additional evidence from the daily activity and travel behavior of homemakers living in New York City and suburbs; citation_author=C. Chen, C. McKnight; citation_volume=15; citation_issue=5; citation_publication_date=2007; citation_pages=380-395; citation_doi=10.1016/j.jtrangeo.2006.11.010; citation_id=CR10
citation_journal_title=Transport. Res. D; citation_title=Does neighborhood design influence travel? A behavioral analysis of travel diary and GIS data; citation_author=R. Crane, R. Crepeau; citation_volume=3; citation_issue=4; citation_publication_date=1998; citation_pages=225-238; citation_doi=10.1016/S1361-9209(98)00001-7; citation_id=CR11
citation_journal_title=Transport. Res. Rec.; citation_title=Incorporating nonmotorized modes in a mode choice Model; citation_author=S. Penha Sanches, F. Arruda; citation_volume=1818; citation_publication_date=2002; citation_pages=89-93; citation_doi=10.3141/1818-14; citation_id=CR12
citation_journal_title=Transport. Res. Rec.; citation_title=Destination and mode choice model for nonmotorized travel; citation_author=R. Eash; citation_volume=1674; citation_publication_date=1999; citation_pages=1-8; citation_doi=10.3141/1674-01; citation_id=CR13
citation_journal_title=Transport. Res. Rec.; citation_title=Travel and the built environment: a synthesis; citation_author=R. Ewing, R. Cervero; citation_volume=1780; citation_publication_date=2001; citation_pages=87-114; citation_doi=10.3141/1780-10; citation_id=CR14
citation_journal_title=Transport. Res. Rec.; citation_title=Impacts of mixed use and density on utilization of three modes of travel: single-occupant vehicle, transit, walking; citation_author=L.D. Frank, G. Pivo; citation_volume=1466; citation_publication_date=1994; citation_pages=44-52; citation_id=CR15
citation_journal_title=J. Am. Plann. Assoc.; citation_title=Gross density and new urbansim; citation_author=D. Gordon, S. Vipond; citation_volume=71; citation_issue=1; citation_publication_date=2005; citation_pages=41-54; citation_doi=10.1080/01944360508976404; citation_id=CR16
citation_title=Econometric Analysis; citation_publication_date=2003; citation_id=CR17; citation_author=W.H. Greene; citation_publisher=Prentice Hall. Upper Saddle River
citation_title=Land use impacts of transportation investments: highway and transit; citation_inbook_title=The Geography of Urban Transportation; citation_publication_date=2004; citation_pages=237-273; citation_id=CR18; citation_author=G. Giuliano; citation_publisher=The Guilford Press
Handy, S.: Travel behavior issues related to neo-traditional developments-a review of the research. Presented at TMIP Conference on Urban Design, Telecommuting, and Travel Behavior, FHWA, U.S. Department of Transportation (1996)
citation_title=Describing disaggregate flows: individual and household patterns; citation_inbook_title=The Geography of Urban Transportation; citation_publication_date=1986; citation_pages=154-178; citation_id=CR20; citation_author=S. Hanson; citation_author=M. Schwab; citation_publisher=The Guilford Press
citation_title=The context of urban travel: concepts and recent trends; citation_inbook_title=The Geography of Urban Transportation; citation_publication_date=2004; citation_pages=1-29; citation_id=CR21; citation_author=S. Hanson; citation_publisher=The Guilford Press
citation_journal_title=Transportation; citation_title=Trip chaining as a barrier to the propensity to use public transit; citation_author=D. Henscher, A. Reyes; citation_volume=27; citation_publication_date=2000; citation_pages=341-361; citation_doi=10.1023/A:1005246916731; citation_id=CR22
Hitchcock, J.: A Primer on the Use of Density in Land Use Planning (Papers on Planning and Design, No.4). University of Toronto, Toronto (1994)
citation_journal_title=Prof. Geogr.; citation_title=Spatial dimensions of urban commuting: a review of major issues and their implications for future geographic research; citation_author=M. Horner; citation_volume=56; citation_issue=2; citation_publication_date=2004; citation_pages=160-173; citation_id=CR24
Hsu, P., Reuscher, T.: Summary of Travel Trends: 2001 National Household Travel Survey. Oak Ridge National Laboratory and MoacroSys Research and Technology. U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration (2004)
citation_journal_title=Transportation; citation_title=A micro-analysis of land use and travel in five neighborhoods in the San Francisco Bay Area; citation_author=R. Kitamura, P. Mokhtarian, L. Laidet; citation_volume=24; citation_publication_date=1997; citation_pages=125-158; citation_doi=10.1023/A:1017959825565; citation_id=CR26
citation_journal_title=Transport. Res. Rec.; citation_title=Travel mode choice of the elderly – effects of personal, household, neighborhood, and trip characteristics; citation_author=S. Kim, G. Ulfarsson; citation_volume=1894; citation_publication_date=2004; citation_pages=117-126; citation_doi=10.3141/1894-13; citation_id=CR27
citation_journal_title=Transport. Res. Rec.; citation_title=Travel behavior as a function of accessibility, land-use mixing, and land-use balance: evidence from the San Francisco Bay Area; citation_author=K. Kockelman; citation_volume=1607; citation_publication_date=1997; citation_pages=116-125; citation_doi=10.3141/1607-16; citation_id=CR28
citation_journal_title=J. Am. Plann. Assoc.; citation_title=Residential relocation and changes in urban travel; citation_author=K. Krizek; citation_volume=69; citation_issue=3; citation_publication_date=2003; citation_pages=265-281; citation_doi=10.1080/01944360308978019; citation_id=CR29
citation_journal_title=J. Am. Plann. Assoc.; citation_title=Activity, travel and the allocation of time; citation_author=D. Levinson, A. Kumar; citation_volume=61; citation_issue=4; citation_publication_date=1995; citation_pages=458-470; citation_doi=10.1080/01944369508975657; citation_id=CR30
citation_journal_title=Transportation; citation_title=Space, money, life-stage, and the allocation of time; citation_author=D. Levinson; citation_volume=26; citation_publication_date=1999; citation_pages=141-171; citation_doi=10.1023/A:1005175512892; citation_id=CR31
citation_title=Limited-Dependent and Qualitative Variables in Econometrics. Econometric Society Monographs No. 3; citation_publication_date=1983; citation_id=CR32; citation_author=G.S. Maddala; citation_publisher=Cambridge University Press
citation_journal_title=Transportation; citation_title=A tour-based model of travel mode choice; citation_author=E. Miller, M. Roorda, J. Carrasco; citation_volume=32; citation_publication_date=2006; citation_pages=399-422; citation_doi=10.1007/s11116-004-7962-3; citation_id=CR33
citation_journal_title=Transport. Res. Rec.; citation_title=Urban forms and vehicular travel: some empirical findings; citation_author=E.J. Miller, A. Ibrahim; citation_volume=1617; citation_publication_date=1998; citation_pages=18-27; citation_doi=10.3141/1617-03; citation_id=CR34
MTA (New York Metropolitan Transportation Authority)
http://www.mta.nyc.ny.us
(2006)
New York Metropolitan Transportation Council (NYMTC) Hub Travel at a Glance (2004)
New Urban News October/November issue (2001)
Paaswell, R., Zupan, J.: New York and its Peer Cities. A Report to the Citizens Budget Commission, Region 2, University Transportation Research Center, New York (1999)
citation_journal_title=Transport. Res. Rec.; citation_title=Gender-based analysis of work trip mode choice of commuters in suburban Montreal, Canada, with stated preference data; citation_author=Z. Patterson, G. Ewing, M. Haider; citation_volume=1924; citation_publication_date=2005; citation_pages=85-93; citation_doi=10.3141/1924-11; citation_id=CR39
citation_journal_title=Transportation; citation_title=Modeling residential sorting effects to understand the impacts of the built environment on commute mode choice; citation_author=A.R. Pinjari, R. Pendyala, C.R. Bhat, P.A. Waddell; citation_volume=34; citation_issue=5; citation_publication_date=2007; citation_pages=557-573; citation_doi=10.1007/s11116-007-9127-7; citation_id=CR40
Pisarski, A.: Mobility, Congestion and Inter-modalism. Testimony before the United States Senate, Committee on Environment and Public Works, Washington D.C. March 2002.
http://epw.senate.gov/107th/Pisarski_031902.htm
(last accessed 6 November 2006) (2002)
citation_journal_title=Transportation; citation_title=The positive utility of the commute: modeling ideal commute time and relative desired commute amount; citation_author=L. Redmond, P. Mokhtarian; citation_volume=28; citation_publication_date=2001; citation_pages=179-205; citation_doi=10.1023/A:1010366321778; citation_id=CR42
Reilly, M., Landis, J.: The Influence of Built Form and Land Use on Mode Choice – Evidence from the 1996 Bay Area Travel Survey. University of California Transportation Research Center. Work Conducted at the Institute of Urban and Regional Development, University of California, Berkeley, IURD WP 2002 – 4(1) (2002)
citation_journal_title=Transport. Res. Rec.; citation_title=Household vehicle ownership and use: how much does residential density matter?; citation_author=P. Schimek; citation_volume=1552; citation_publication_date=1996; citation_pages=120-130; citation_doi=10.3141/1552-17; citation_id=CR44
citation_journal_title=Transport. Res. Rec.; citation_title=Effect of employment site characteristics on commute mode choice; citation_author=Y. Shiftan, Y. Barlach; citation_volume=1781; citation_publication_date=2002; citation_pages=19-25; citation_doi=10.3141/1781-03; citation_id=CR45
citation_journal_title=Environ. Plann. B; citation_title=Relationships between land use, socioeconomic factors, and travel patterns in Britain; citation_author=D. Stead; citation_volume=28; citation_publication_date=2001; citation_pages=488-528; citation_doi=10.1068/b2677; citation_id=CR46
citation_journal_title=J. Transport Geogr.; citation_title=Changing travel to work patterns in South East England; citation_author=H. Titheridge, P. Hall; citation_volume=14; citation_publication_date=2006; citation_pages=60-75; citation_doi=10.1016/j.jtrangeo.2005.06.006; citation_id=CR47
Toint, P., Cirillo, C.: An Activity-based Approach to the Belgian Travel Survey, vol. 7, 24 pp. FUNDP, Namur, Belgium, (2001)
citation_journal_title=Transportation; citation_title=The impact of urban from on automobile travel: disentangling causation from correlation; citation_author=C. Vance, R. Hedel; citation_volume=34; citation_issue=5; citation_publication_date=2007; citation_pages=575-588; citation_doi=10.1007/s11116-007-9128-6; citation_id=CR49
citation_journal_title=Transport. Res. A; citation_title=Space and time related determinants of public transport use in trip chains; citation_author=S. Vande Walle, T. Steenberghen; citation_volume=40; citation_publication_date=2006; citation_pages=151-162; citation_id=CR50
citation_journal_title=Transport. Res. B; citation_title=An explanation of the relationship between mode choice and complexity of trip chaining patterns; citation_author=X. Ye, R. Pendyala, G. Gottardi; citation_volume=41; citation_publication_date=2006; citation_pages=96-113; citation_doi=10.1016/j.trb.2006.03.004; citation_id=CR51
citation_journal_title=J. Am. Plann. Assoc.; citation_title=The role of land use in travel mode choice – evidence from Boston and Hong Kong; citation_author=M. Zhang; citation_volume=70; citation_issue=3; citation_publication_date=2004; citation_pages=344-360; citation_doi=10.1080/01944360408976383; citation_id=CR52