Soot formation during biomass gasification: A critical review
Tài liệu tham khảo
Karl, 2018, Steam gasification of biomass in dual fluidized bed gasifiers: a review, Renew Sustain Energy Rev, 98, 64, 10.1016/j.rser.2018.09.010
Heidenreich, 2015, New concepts in biomass gasification, Prog Energ Combust, 46, 72, 10.1016/j.pecs.2014.06.002
Richardson, 2012, A short overview on purification and conditioning of syngas produced by biomass gasification: catalytic strategies, process intensification and new concepts, Prog Energ Combust, 38, 765, 10.1016/j.pecs.2011.12.001
Wijayanta, 2012, Optimized combustion of biomass volatiles by varying O2 and CO2 levels: a numerical simulation using a highly detailed soot formation reaction mechanism, Bioresour Technol, 110, 645, 10.1016/j.biortech.2012.01.068
Gong, 2017, Refractory failure in entrained-flow gasifier: vision-based macrostructure investigation in a bench-scale OMB gasifier, Appl Energy, 205, 1091, 10.1016/j.apenergy.2017.08.095
Son, 2011, Gasification and power generation characteristics of woody biomass utilizing a downdraft gasifier, Biomass Bioenergy, 35, 4215, 10.1016/j.biombioe.2011.07.008
Simonsson, 2016, Soot concentrations in an atmospheric entrained flow gasifier with variations in fuel and burner configuration studied using diode-laser extinction measurements, Energy Fuel, 30, 2174, 10.1021/acs.energyfuels.5b02561
Bates, 2017, Steam-air blown bubbling fluidized bed biomass gasification (BFBBG): multi-scale models and experimental validation, AIChE J, 63, 1543, 10.1002/aic.15666
Wiinikka, 2017, Pure oxygen fixed-bed gasification of wood under high temperature (>1000 °C) freeboard conditions, Appl Energy, 191, 153, 10.1016/j.apenergy.2017.01.054
Josephson, 2018, Modeling soot formation from solid complex fuels, Combust Flame, 196, 265, 10.1016/j.combustflame.2018.06.020
Josephson, 2019, Reduction of a detailed soot model for simulations of pyrolysing solid fuels, Combust Theor Model, 1
Trubetskaya, 2020, Prediction of fast pyrolysis products yields using lignocellulosic compounds and ash contents, Appl Energy, 257, 10.1016/j.apenergy.2019.113897
Billaud, 2016, Influence of H2O, CO2 and O2 addition on biomass gasification in entrained flow reactor conditions: experiments and modelling, Fuel, 166, 166, 10.1016/j.fuel.2015.10.046
Qin, 2012, Biomass gasification behavior in an entrained flow reactor: gas product distribution and soot formation, Energy Fuel, 26, 5992, 10.1021/ef300960x
Senneca, 2018, Pyrolysis and thermal annealing of coal and biomass in CO2-rich atmospheres, Energy Fuel, 32, 10701, 10.1021/acs.energyfuels.8b02417
Göktepe, 2016, Does distance among biomass particles affect soot formation in an entrained flow gasification process?, Fuel Process Technol, 141, 99, 10.1016/j.fuproc.2015.06.038
Johansson, 2017, Radical–radical reactions, pyrene nucleation, and incipient soot formation in combustion, Proc Combust Inst, 36, 799, 10.1016/j.proci.2016.07.130
Yuan, 2019, Study on soot nucleation and growth from PAHs and some reactive species at flame temperatures by ReaxFF molecular dynamics, Chem Eng Sci, 195, 748, 10.1016/j.ces.2018.10.020
Mao, 2017, Formation of incipient soot particles from polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons: a ReaxFF molecular dynamics study, Carbon, 121, 380, 10.1016/j.carbon.2017.06.009
Richter, 2005, Detailed modeling of PAH and soot formation in a laminar premixed benzene/oxygen/argon low-pressure flame, Proc Combust Inst, 30, 1397, 10.1016/j.proci.2004.08.088
Richter, 2000, Formation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and their growth to soot—a review of chemical reaction pathways, Prog Energ Combust, 26, 565, 10.1016/S0360-1285(00)00009-5
Haynes, 1981, Soot formation, Prog Energ Combust, 7, 229, 10.1016/0360-1285(81)90001-0
Thomson, 2018, A radical approach to soot formation, Science, 361, 978, 10.1126/science.aau5941
Wang, 2019, Soot formation in laminar counterflow flames, Prog Energ Combust, 74, 152, 10.1016/j.pecs.2019.05.003
Johansson, 2018, Resonance-stabilized hydrocarbon-radical chain reactions may explain soot inception and growth, Science, 361, 997, 10.1126/science.aat3417
Frenklach, 1991, Detailed modeling of soot particle nucleation and growth, Symposium (International) on Combustion, 23, 1559, 10.1016/S0082-0784(06)80426-1
Frenklach, 2002, Reaction mechanism of soot formation in flames, Phys Chem Chem Phys, 4, 2028, 10.1039/b110045a
Shukla, 2012, A novel route for PAH growth in HACA based mechanisms, Combust Flame, 159, 3589, 10.1016/j.combustflame.2012.08.007
Baroncelli, 2019, Investigating the effect of oxy-fuel combustion and light coal volatiles interaction: a mass spectrometric study, Combust Flame, 204, 320, 10.1016/j.combustflame.2019.03.017
Liu, 2015, Investigating the role of CH2 radicals in the HACA mechanism, J Phys Chem, 119, 3261, 10.1021/jp5124162
Hansen, 2017, Investigating repetitive reaction pathways for the formation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in combustion processes, Combust Flame, 180, 250, 10.1016/j.combustflame.2016.09.013
Zhang, 2016, Role of carbon-addition and hydrogen-migration reactions in soot surface growth, J Phys Chem, 120, 683, 10.1021/acs.jpca.5b10306
Elvati, 2017, Oxygen driven soot formation, Proc Combust Inst, 36, 825, 10.1016/j.proci.2016.09.019
Raj, 2010, A study on the coagulation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon clusters to determine their collision efficiency, Combust Flame, 157, 523, 10.1016/j.combustflame.2009.10.003
Martin, 2019, Nanostructure of gasification charcoal (biochar), Environ Sci Technol, 53, 3538, 10.1021/acs.est.8b06861
Vander Wal, 2004, Soot nanostructure: dependence upon synthesis conditions, Combust Flame, 136, 129, 10.1016/j.combustflame.2003.09.008
Teini, 2011, Observations of nascent soot: molecular deposition and particle morphology, Combust Flame, 158, 2045, 10.1016/j.combustflame.2011.03.005
Apicella, 2019, The effect of temperature on soot properties in premixed ethylene flames, Combust Sci Technol, 191, 1558, 10.1080/00102202.2019.1566228
Apicella, 2019, Laser-induced structural modifications of differently aged soot investigated by HRTEM, Combust Flame, 204, 13, 10.1016/j.combustflame.2019.02.026
Kholghy, 2016, The core–shell internal nanostructure of soot – a criterion to model soot maturity, Carbon, 100, 508, 10.1016/j.carbon.2016.01.022
Dillstrom, 2017, The effect of reaction mechanisms on the formation of soot precursors in flames, Combust Theor Model, 21, 23, 10.1080/13647830.2016.1211741
Fitzpatrick, 2007, Emission of oxygenated species from the combustion of pine wood and its relation to soot formation, Process Saf Environ, 85, 430, 10.1205/psep07020
Fitzpatrick, 2008, Mechanistic aspects of soot formation from the combustion of pine wood, Energy Fuel, 22, 3771, 10.1021/ef800456k
Merchan-Merchan, 2015, Soot formation in diffusion oxygen-enhanced biodiesel flames, Fuel, 156, 129, 10.1016/j.fuel.2015.04.011
Du, 1991, The influence of carbon dioxide and oxygen as additives on soot formation in diffusion flames, Symposium (International) on Combustion, 23, 1501, 10.1016/S0082-0784(06)80419-4
Naseri, 2017, Detailed modeling of CO2 addition effects on the evolution of soot particle size distribution functions in premixed laminar ethylene flames, Combust Flame, 183, 75, 10.1016/j.combustflame.2017.04.028
Renard, 2009, Flame structure studies of rich ethylene–oxygen–argon mixtures doped with CO2, or with NH3, or with H2O, Proc Combust Inst, 32, 631, 10.1016/j.proci.2008.06.035
Apicella, 2017, Separation and characterization of carbonaceous particulate (soot and char) produced from fast pyrolysis of coal in inert and CO2 atmospheres, Fuel, 201, 118, 10.1016/j.fuel.2016.11.049
Senneca, 2016, Effects of CO2 on submicronic carbon particulate (soot) formed during coal pyrolysis in a drop tube reactor, Combust Flame, 172, 302, 10.1016/j.combustflame.2016.07.023
Chhiti, 2013, Soot formation and oxidation during bio-oil gasification: experiments and modeling, J Energy Chem, 22, 701, 10.1016/S2095-4956(13)60093-5
Skjøth-Rasmussen, 2004, Formation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and soot in fuel-rich oxidation of methane in a laminar flow reactor, Combust Flame, 136, 91, 10.1016/j.combustflame.2003.09.011
Zhao, 2020, Study on soot evolution under different hydrogen addition conditions at high temperature by ReaxFF molecular dynamics, Fuel, 262, 10.1016/j.fuel.2019.116677
Houben, 2005, Tar reduction through partial combustion of fuel gas, Fuel, 84, 817, 10.1016/j.fuel.2004.12.013
Xu, 2020, Chemical effects of hydrogen addition on soot formation in counterflow diffusion flames: dependence on fuel type and oxidizer composition, Combust Flame, 213, 14, 10.1016/j.combustflame.2019.11.011
Guo, 2009, On the effect of carbon monoxide addition on soot formation in a laminar ethylene/air coflow diffusion flame, Combust Flame, 156, 1135, 10.1016/j.combustflame.2009.01.006
Du, 1995, Soot formation in strained diffusion flames with gaseous additives, Combust Flame, 102, 11, 10.1016/0010-2180(95)00043-6
Toth, 2019, Real-time, in situ, atomic scale observation of soot oxidation, Carbon, 145, 149, 10.1016/j.carbon.2019.01.007
He, 2020, Utilization of biomass ash for upgrading petroleum coke gasification: effect of soluble and insoluble components, Energy, 192, 10.1016/j.energy.2019.116642
Ghiassi, 2016, Kinetics of soot oxidation by molecular oxygen in a premixed flame, Energy Fuel, 30, 3463, 10.1021/acs.energyfuels.5b02942
Camacho, 2015, Kinetics of nascent soot oxidation by molecular oxygen in a flow reactor, Proc Combust Inst, 35, 1887, 10.1016/j.proci.2014.05.095
Ma, 2013, Soot oxidation kinetics: a comparison study of two tandem ion-mobility methods, J Phys Chem C, 117, 10723, 10.1021/jp400477v
Arnal, 2012, Influence of water vapor addition on soot oxidation at high temperature, Energy, 43, 55, 10.1016/j.energy.2012.03.036
Chang, 2018, Effect of CO2 on the characteristics of soot derived from coal rapid pyrolysis, Combust Flame, 197, 328, 10.1016/j.combustflame.2018.05.033
Jaramillo, 2014, Soot oxidation kinetics under pressurized conditions, Combust Flame, 161, 2951, 10.1016/j.combustflame.2014.04.016
Kelesidis, 2019, Estimating the internal and surface oxidation of soot agglomerates, Combust Flame, 209, 493, 10.1016/j.combustflame.2019.08.001
Echavarria, 2011, Studies of soot oxidation and fragmentation in a two-stage burner under fuel-lean and fuel-rich conditions, Proc Combust Inst, 33, 659, 10.1016/j.proci.2010.06.149
Echavarria, 2012, Burnout of soot particles in a two-stage burner with a JP-8 surrogate fuel, Combust Flame, 159, 2441, 10.1016/j.combustflame.2012.03.011
Neeft, 1997, Kinetics of the oxidation of diesel soot, Fuel, 76, 1129, 10.1016/S0016-2361(97)00119-1
Seong, 2012, Studies of soot oxidative reactivity using a diffusion flame burner, Combust Flame, 159, 1864, 10.1016/j.combustflame.2012.01.009
Abián, 2012, Soot reactivity in conventional combustion and oxy-fuel combustion environments, Energy Fuel, 26, 5337, 10.1021/ef300670q
Josephson, 2017, Modeling soot oxidation and gasification with bayesian statistics, Energy Fuel, 31, 11291, 10.1021/acs.energyfuels.7b00899
Vander Wal, 2003, Soot oxidation: dependence upon initial nanostructure, Combust Flame, 134, 1, 10.1016/S0010-2180(03)00084-1
Vander Wal, 2010, Fingerprinting soot (towards source identification): physical structure and chemical composition, J Aerosol Sci, 41, 108, 10.1016/j.jaerosci.2009.08.008
Alfè, 2010, The effect of temperature on soot properties in premixed methane flames, Combust Flame, 157, 1959, 10.1016/j.combustflame.2010.02.007
Alfè, 2009, Structure–property relationship in nanostructures of young and mature soot in premixed flames, Proc Combust Inst, 32, 697, 10.1016/j.proci.2008.06.193
Russo, 2013, Probing structures of soot formed in premixed flames of methane, ethylene and benzene, Proc Combust Inst, 34, 1885, 10.1016/j.proci.2012.06.127
Apicella, 2015, Soot nanostructure evolution in premixed flames by high resolution electron transmission microscopy (HRTEM), Proc Combust Inst, 35, 1895, 10.1016/j.proci.2014.06.121
Russo, 2012, The effect of temperature on the condensed phases formed in fuel-rich premixed benzene flames, Combust Flame, 159, 2233, 10.1016/j.combustflame.2012.02.014
D'Anna, 2007, Effect of fuel/air ratio and aromaticity on sooting behavior of premixed heptane flames, Energy Fuel, 21, 2655, 10.1021/ef070159y
Singh, 2019, The role of fuel chemistry in dictating nanostructure evolution of soot toward source identification, Aerosol Sci Tech, 54, 66, 10.1080/02786826.2019.1675864
Vander Wal, 2007, HRTEM Study of diesel soot collected from diesel particulate filters, Carbon, 45, 70, 10.1016/j.carbon.2006.08.005
Wicke, 1987, Porosity changes in soot resulting from oxygen atom adsorption at 298 K, Carbon, 25, 791, 10.1016/0008-6223(87)90153-9
Macián, 2019, Internal pore diffusion and adsorption impact on the soot oxidation in wall-flow particulate filters, Energy, 179, 407, 10.1016/j.energy.2019.04.200
Khosousi, 2015, Detailed modelling of soot oxidation by O2 and OH in laminar diffusion flames, Proc Combust Inst, 35, 1903, 10.1016/j.proci.2014.05.152
Deng, 2020, Differences in soot produced from rapid pyrolysis of xylan, cellulose and lignin under pulverized-fuel conditions, Fuel, 265, 116991, 10.1016/j.fuel.2019.116991
Wang, 2017, Effect of potassium-doping and oxygen concentration on soot oxidation in O2/CO2 atmosphere: a kinetics study by thermogravimetric analysis, Energy Convers Manag, 149, 686, 10.1016/j.enconman.2017.01.003
Trubetskaya, 2018, Potassium and soot interaction in fast biomass pyrolysis at high temperatures, Fuel, 225, 89, 10.1016/j.fuel.2018.03.140
Li, 2014, A unified intermediate and mechanism for soot combustion on potassium-supported oxides, Sci Rep, 4
Neeft, 1996, Catalysts for the oxidation of soot from diesel exhaust gases. I. An exploratory study, Appl Catal B Environ, 8, 57, 10.1016/0926-3373(95)00057-7
Serve, 2019, Impact of the support on the catalytic activity of Ag nanoparticles for soot combustion, Catal Today
He, 2014, Behaviors of radical fragments in tar generated from pyrolysis of 4 coals, Fuel, 134, 375, 10.1016/j.fuel.2014.05.064
Wang, 2017, Lignocellulosic biomass pyrolysis mechanism: a state-of-the-art review, Prog Energ Combust, 62, 33, 10.1016/j.pecs.2017.05.004
Font, 2013, Model for biomass gasification including tar formation and evolution, Energy Fuel, 27, 2693, 10.1021/ef4004297
Zeng, 2011, On the rank-dependence of coal tar secondary reactions, Proc Combust Inst, 33, 1707, 10.1016/j.proci.2010.06.028
Fletcher, 1997, Soot in coal combustion systems, Prog Energ Combust, 23, 283, 10.1016/S0360-1285(97)00009-9
Leijenhorst, 2015, Entrained flow gasification of straw- and wood-derived pyrolysis oil in a pressurized oxygen blown gasifier, Biomass Bioenergy, 79, 166, 10.1016/j.biombioe.2014.11.020
Font, 2013, Modelling of tar formation and evolution for biomass gasification: a review, Appl Energy, 111, 129, 10.1016/j.apenergy.2013.04.082
Apicella, 2020, Insights on the role of primary and secondary tar reactions in soot inception during fast pyrolysis of coal, Fuel, 275, 10.1016/j.fuel.2020.117957
Trubetskaya, 2016, Effects of several types of biomass fuels on the yield, nanostructure and reactivity of soot from fast pyrolysis at high temperatures, Appl Energy, 171, 468, 10.1016/j.apenergy.2016.02.127
Anis, 2011, Tar reduction in biomass producer gas via mechanical, catalytic and thermal methods: a review, Renew Sustain Energy Rev, 15, 2355, 10.1016/j.rser.2011.02.018
Woolcock, 2013, A review of cleaning technologies for biomass-derived syngas, Biomass Bioenergy, 52, 54, 10.1016/j.biombioe.2013.02.036
Qin, 2012, High-temperature entrained flow gasification of biomass, Fuel, 93, 589, 10.1016/j.fuel.2011.10.063
Evans, 1987, Molecular characterization of the pyrolysis of biomass, Energy Fuel, 1, 123, 10.1021/ef00002a001
Morf, 2002, Mechanisms and kinetics of homogeneous secondary reactions of tar from continuous pyrolysis of wood chips, Fuel, 81, 843, 10.1016/S0016-2361(01)00216-2
Zheng, 2019, Dynamic profiles of tar products during Naomaohu coal pyrolysis revealed by large-scale reactive molecular dynamic simulation, Fuel, 253, 910, 10.1016/j.fuel.2019.05.085
Jarvis, 2011, Elucidation of biomass pyrolysis products using a laminar entrained flow reactor and char particle imaging, Energy Fuel, 25, 324, 10.1021/ef100832d
Wu, 2011, Experimental investigation of tar conversion under inert and partial oxidation conditions in a continuous reactor, Energy Fuel, 25, 2721, 10.1021/ef200297s
Jess, 1996, Mechanisms and kinetics of thermal reactions of aromatic hydrocarbons from pyrolysis of solid fuels, Fuel, 75, 1441, 10.1016/0016-2361(96)00136-6
Nowakowska, 2014, Detailed kinetic study of anisole pyrolysis and oxidation to understand tar formation during biomass combustion and gasification, Combust Flame, 161, 1474, 10.1016/j.combustflame.2013.11.024
Anis, 2013, Thermocatalytic treatment of biomass tar model compounds via radio frequency, Bioresour Technol, 136, 117, 10.1016/j.biortech.2013.02.049
Abu El-Rub, 2008, Experimental comparison of biomass chars with other catalysts for tar reduction, Fuel, 87, 2243, 10.1016/j.fuel.2008.01.004
Hosokai, 2011, Reforming of volatiles from the biomass pyrolysis over charcoal in a sequence of coke deposition and steam gasification of coke, Energy Fuel, 25, 5387, 10.1021/ef2003766
Hosokai, 2008, Mechanism of decomposition of aromatics over charcoal and necessary condition for maintaining its activity, Fuel, 87, 2914, 10.1016/j.fuel.2008.04.019
Fuentes-Cano, 2013, Decomposition kinetics of model tar compounds over chars with different internal structure to model hot tar removal in biomass gasification, Chem Eng J, 228, 1223, 10.1016/j.cej.2013.03.130
He, 2019, Effect of torrefaction on pinewood pyrolysis kinetics and thermal behavior using thermogravimetric analysis, Bioresour Technol, 280, 104, 10.1016/j.biortech.2019.01.138
He, 2019, CO2 gasification of char from raw and torrefied biomass: reactivity, kinetics and mechanism analysis, Bioresour Technol, 293, 122087, 10.1016/j.biortech.2019.122087
Wang, 2018, Soot formation during biomass pyrolysis: effects of temperature, water-leaching, and gas-phase residence time, J Anal Appl Pyrol, 134, 484, 10.1016/j.jaap.2018.07.015
Wilson, 2013, soot formation from the combustion of biomass pyrolysis products and a hydrocarbon fuel,n-decane: an aerosol time of flight mass spectrometer (ATOFMS) study, Energy Fuel, 27, 1668, 10.1021/ef3019386
Williams, 2012, Pollutants from the combustion of solid biomass fuels, Prog Energ Combust, 38, 113, 10.1016/j.pecs.2011.10.001
Trubetskaya, 2016, Effect of fast pyrolysis conditions on biomass solid residues at high temperatures, Fuel Process Technol, 143, 118, 10.1016/j.fuproc.2015.11.002
Trubetskaya, 2018, Characterization and reactivity of soot from fast pyrolysis of lignocellulosic compounds and monolignols, Appl Energy, 212, 1489, 10.1016/j.apenergy.2017.12.068
Tumolva, 2010, Morphological and elemental classification of freshly emitted soot particles and atmospheric ultrafine particles using the TEM/EDS, Aerosol Sci Tech, 44, 202, 10.1080/02786820903518907
Torvela, 2014, Effect of wood combustion conditions on the morphology of freshly emitted fine particles, Atmos Environ, 87, 65, 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2014.01.028
Xiao, 2017, Effect of the interaction between sodium and soot on fine particle formation in the early stage of coal combustion, Fuel, 206, 546, 10.1016/j.fuel.2017.06.023
Ross, 2005, A study of different soots using pyrolysis–GC–MS and comparison with solvent extractable material, J Anal Appl Pyrol, 74, 494, 10.1016/j.jaap.2004.11.011
Atiku, 2016, The impact of fuel properties on the composition of soot produced by the combustion of residential solid fuels in a domestic stove, Fuel Process Technol, 151, 117, 10.1016/j.fuproc.2016.05.032
Brown, 1998, Modeling soot derived from pulverized coal, Energy Fuel, 12, 745, 10.1021/ef9702207
Hiroyasu, 1976, Models for combustion and formation of nitric oxide and soot in direct injection diesel engines, SAE Trans, 85, 513
Kazakov, 1998, Modeling of soot formation during DI diesel combustion using a multi-step phenomenological model, SAE Trans, 107, 1016
Tao, 2009, Nine-step phenomenological diesel soot model validated over a wide range of engine conditions, Int J Therm Sci, 48, 1223, 10.1016/j.ijthermalsci.2008.08.014
Pang, 2012, Simulation of temporal and spatial soot evolution in an automotive diesel engine using the Moss–Brookes soot model, Energy Convers Manag, 58, 171, 10.1016/j.enconman.2012.01.015
Brookes, 1999, Predictions of soot and thermal radiation properties in confined turbulent jet diffusion flames, Combust Flame, 116, 486, 10.1016/S0010-2180(98)00056-X
Fenimore, 1967, Oxidation of soot by hydroxyl radicals, J Phys Chem, 71, 593, 10.1021/j100862a021
Omidvarborna, 2015, Recent studies on soot modeling for diesel combustion, Renew Sustain Energy Rev, 48, 635, 10.1016/j.rser.2015.04.019
Lau, 1993, The impact of soot on the combustion characteristics of coal particles of various types, Combust Flame, 95, 1, 10.1016/0010-2180(93)90048-8
Xu, 2017, Transient model for soot formation during the combustion of single coal particles, Proc Combust Inst, 36, 2131, 10.1016/j.proci.2016.06.146
Feng, 2019, Coal-derived soot behaviors in O2/N2 and O2/CO2 atmospheres, studied through a 1-D transient coal combustion model, Energy Fuel, 33, 3620, 10.1021/acs.energyfuels.9b00310
Feng, 2019, Soot cloud size of a single coal particle in air/oxy combustion under forced convection, Int J Greenh Gas Con, 90, 10.1016/j.ijggc.2019.102794
Ergut, 2006, PAH formation in one-dimensional premixed fuel-rich atmospheric pressure ethylbenzene and ethyl alcohol flames, Combust Flame, 144, 757, 10.1016/j.combustflame.2005.07.019
Wijayanta Ats, 2010, Detailed reaction mechanisms of coal volatile combustion: comparison between without soot and soot models, J Novel Carbon Resource Sci, 2, 8
Wijayanta, 2012, Numerical investigation on combustion of coal volatiles under various O2/CO2 mixtures using a detailed mechanism with soot formation, Fuel, 93, 670, 10.1016/j.fuel.2011.10.003
Krestinin, 1998, Polyyne model of soot formation process, Symposium (International) on Combustion, 27, 1557, 10.1016/S0082-0784(98)80564-X
Niksa, 2017, FLASHCHAIN theory for rapid coal devolatilization kinetics. 9. Decomposition mechanism for tars from various coals, Energy Fuel, 31, 9080, 10.1021/acs.energyfuels.7b01349
Li, 2018, Characteristics and mechanism of soot formation during the fast pyrolysis of biomass in an entrained flow reactor, Energy Fuel, 32, 11477, 10.1021/acs.energyfuels.8b00752
Michelsen, 2017, Probing soot formation, chemical and physical evolution, and oxidation: a review of in situ diagnostic techniques and needs, Proc Combust Inst, 36, 717, 10.1016/j.proci.2016.08.027
Desgroux, 2013, Study of the formation of soot and its precursors in flames using optical diagnostics, Proc Combust Inst, 34, 1713, 10.1016/j.proci.2012.09.004
Ögren, 2018, Development of a vision-based soft sensor for estimating equivalence ratio and major species concentration in entrained flow biomass gasification reactors, Appl Energy, 226, 450, 10.1016/j.apenergy.2018.06.007
Tree, 2000, Two-color transmittance measurements in a pulverized coal reactor, Proc Combust Inst, 28, 2361, 10.1016/S0082-0784(00)80648-7
Stimpson, 2013, Line of sight soot volume fraction measurements in air- and oxy-coal flames, Proc Combust Inst, 34, 2885, 10.1016/j.proci.2012.07.060
Simonsson, 2018, Influence of potassium chloride and other metal salts on soot formation studied using imaging LII and ELS, and TEM techniques, Combust Flame, 190, 188, 10.1016/j.combustflame.2017.11.020
Simonsson, 2015, Wavelength dependence of extinction in sooting flat premixed flames in the visible and near-infrared regimes, Appl Phys B-lasers O., 119, 657, 10.1007/s00340-015-6079-z
Sepman, 2017, Real-time in situ multi-parameter TDLAS sensing in the reactor core of an entrained-flow biomass gasifier, Proc Combust Inst, 36, 4541, 10.1016/j.proci.2016.07.011
Sepman, 2016, Development of TDLAS sensor for diagnostics of CO, H2O and soot concentrations in reactor core of pilot-scale gasifier, Appl Phys B-lasers O., 122, 10.1007/s00340-016-6319-x
Hayashi, 2013, Soot formation characteristics in a lab-scale turbulent pulverized coal flame with simultaneous planar measurements of laser induced incandescence of soot and Mie scattering of pulverized coal, Proc Combust Inst, 34, 2435, 10.1016/j.proci.2012.10.002
Shaddix, 2009, Particle imaging of ignition and devolatilization of pulverized coal during oxy-fuel combustion, Proc Combust Inst, 32, 2091, 10.1016/j.proci.2008.06.157
Gustafsson, 2011, Characterization of particulate matter in the hot product gas from indirect steam bubbling fluidized bed gasification of wood pellets, Energy Fuel, 25, 1781, 10.1021/ef101710u
Gall, 2017, Online measurements of alkali metals during start-up and operation of an industrial-scale biomass gasification plant, Energy Fuel, 32, 532, 10.1021/acs.energyfuels.7b03135
Weiland, 2014, Online characterization of syngas particulates using aerosol mass spectrometry in entrained-flow biomass gasification, Aerosol Sci Tech, 48, 1145, 10.1080/02786826.2014.965772
Risberg, 2014, Influence from fuel type on the performance of an air-blown cyclone gasifier, Fuel, 116, 751, 10.1016/j.fuel.2013.08.008
Rissler, 2013, Effective density characterization of soot agglomerates from various sources and comparison to aggregation theory, Aerosol Sci Tech, 47, 792, 10.1080/02786826.2013.791381
Nilsson, 2013, Sampling and characterization of sub-micrometer high-temperature particles present in the product gas from a circulating fluidized-bed biomass gasifier, Energy Fuel, 27, 3290, 10.1021/ef400444t
Nilsson, 2011, Laboratory evaluation of a gasifier particle sampling system using model compounds of different particle morphology, Biomass Convers Bior, 1, 75, 10.1007/s13399-011-0010-6
Morris, 2011, Soot, unburned carbon and ultrafine particle emissions from air- and oxy-coal flames, Proc Combust Inst, 33, 3415, 10.1016/j.proci.2010.05.059
Malik, 2011, Methodology for sampling and characterizing internally mixed soot-tar particles suspended in the product gas from biomass gasification processes, Energy Fuel, 25, 1751, 10.1021/ef101426v
Gustafsson, 2011, Characterization of particulate matter in the hot product gas from atmospheric fluidized bed biomass gasifiers, Biomass Bioenergy, 35, S71, 10.1016/j.biombioe.2011.02.053
Gustafsson, 2010, Method for high-temperature particle sampling in tar-rich gases from the thermochemical conversion of biomass, Energy Fuel, 24, 2042, 10.1021/ef9012196
Gustafsson, 2007, Physical and chemical characterization of aerosol particles formed during the thermochemical conversion of wood pellets using a bubbling fluidized bed gasifier, Energy Fuel, 21, 3660, 10.1021/ef7002552
Wierzbicka, 2005, Particle emissions from district heating units operating on three commonly used biofuels, Atmos Environ, 39, 139, 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2004.09.027
Wiinikka, 2018, Particle formation during pressurized entrained flow gasification of wood powder: effects of process conditions on chemical composition, nanostructure, and reactivity, Combust Flame, 189, 240, 10.1016/j.combustflame.2017.10.025
Wiinikka, 2014, Characterisation of submicron particles produced during oxygen blown entrained flow gasification of biomass, Combust Flame, 161, 1923, 10.1016/j.combustflame.2014.01.004
Ehara, 1998, Measurement of density distribution of aerosol particles by successive classification of particles according to their mass and diameter, J Aerosol Sci, 29, S19, 10.1016/S0021-8502(98)00086-X
McMurry, 2002, The relationship between mass and mobility for atmospheric particles: a new technique for measuring particle density, Aerosol Sci Tech, 36, 227, 10.1080/027868202753504083
Canagaratna, 2007, Chemical and microphysical characterization of ambient aerosols with the aerodyne aerosol mass spectrometer, Mass Spectrom Rev, 26, 185, 10.1002/mas.20115
Onasch, 2012, Soot particle aerosol mass spectrometer: development, validation, and initial application, Aerosol Sci Tech, 46, 804, 10.1080/02786826.2012.663948
Lemaire, 2009, Experimental comparison of soot formation in turbulent flames of Diesel and surrogate Diesel fuels, Proc Combust Inst, 32, 737, 10.1016/j.proci.2008.05.019
Martin, 2017, Giant fullerene formation through thermal treatment of fullerene soot, Carbon, 125, 132, 10.1016/j.carbon.2017.09.045
Zhang, 2006, Peculiarities of rapid pyrolysis of biomass covering medium- and high-temperature ranges, Energy Fuel, 20, 2705, 10.1021/ef060168r
Septien, 2013, Influence of steam on gasification of millimetric wood particles in a drop tube reactor: experiments and modelling, Fuel, 103, 1080, 10.1016/j.fuel.2012.09.011
Senneca, 2019, Fragmentation of pulverized coal in a laminar drop tube reactor: experiments and model, Proc Combust Inst, 37, 2849, 10.1016/j.proci.2018.08.057
Wang, 2018, Nano-scale soot particle formation during the high-temperature pyrolysis of waste plastics in an entrained flow reactor, Waste Biomass Valori, 10, 3857, 10.1007/s12649-018-0322-x
Umemoto, 2016, Proposal of a new soot quantification method and investigation of soot formation behavior in coal gasification, Fuel, 167, 280, 10.1016/j.fuel.2015.11.074
Chang, 2018, Understanding of formation mechanisms of fine particles formed during rapid pyrolysis of biomass, Fuel, 216, 538, 10.1016/j.fuel.2017.12.036
Pré, 2013, A new approach to characterize the nanostructure of activated carbons from mathematical morphology applied to high resolution transmission electron microscopy images, Carbon, 52, 239, 10.1016/j.carbon.2012.09.026
Toth, 2013, A novel framework for the quantitative analysis of high resolution transmission electron micrographs of soot II. Robust multiscale nanostructure quantification, Combust Flame, 160, 920, 10.1016/j.combustflame.2013.01.003
Commodo, 2019, On the early stages of soot formation: molecular structure elucidation by high-resolution atomic force microscopy, Combust Flame, 205, 154, 10.1016/j.combustflame.2019.03.042
Yehliu, 2011, A comparison of soot nanostructure obtained using two high resolution transmission electron microscopy image analysis algorithms, Carbon, 49, 4256, 10.1016/j.carbon.2011.06.003
Molinder, 2014, Characterization and cleanup of wastewater from pressurized entrained flow biomass gasification, ACS Sustainable Chem Eng, 2, 2063, 10.1021/sc500313x
Song, 2010, Characterisation of black carbon materials by pyrolysis–gas chromatography–mass spectrometry, J Anal Appl Pyrol, 87, 129, 10.1016/j.jaap.2009.11.003
Vitiello, 2019, Role of radicals in carbon clustering and soot inception: a combined EPR and Raman spectroscopic study, Combust Flame, 205, 286, 10.1016/j.combustflame.2019.04.028
He, 2020, Effect of partial rapid pyrolysis on bituminous properties: from structure to reactivity, Energy Fuel, 10.1021/acs.energyfuels.9b04439
Russo, 2015, Dehydrogenation and growth of soot in premixed flames, Proc Combust Inst, 35, 1803, 10.1016/j.proci.2014.05.024
Baldelli, 2020, On determining soot maturity: a review of the role of microscopy- and spectroscopy-based techniques, Chemosphere, 252, 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.126532
Russo, 2014, Infrared spectroscopy of some carbon-based materials relevant in combustion: qualitative and quantitative analysis of hydrogen, Carbon, 74, 127, 10.1016/j.carbon.2014.03.014
Ivleva, 2007, Raman microspectroscopic analysis of size-resolved atmospheric aerosol particle samples collected with an ELPI: soot, humic-like substances, and inorganic compounds, Aerosol Sci Tech, 41, 655, 10.1080/02786820701376391
Dong, 2020, Impact of sodium on the formation mechanism and physicochemical properties of coal-derived soot, Energy Fuel, 34, 1453, 10.1021/acs.energyfuels.9b03521
He, 2020, Effect of ash removal on structure and pyrolysis/gasification reactivity of a Chinese bituminous coal, International Journal of Coal Science & Technology, 7, 444, 10.1007/s40789-020-00353-w
Deng, 2017, Constructing nano-structure on silver/ceria-zirconia towards highly active and stable catalyst for soot oxidation, Chem Eng J, 313, 544, 10.1016/j.cej.2016.12.088
Pawlyta, 2015, Raman microspectroscopy characterization of carbon blacks: spectral analysis and structural information, Carbon, 84, 479, 10.1016/j.carbon.2014.12.030
Maslova, 2012, Determination of crystallite size in polished graphitized carbon by Raman spectroscopy, Phys Rev B, 86, 10.1103/PhysRevB.86.134205
Gómez-Barea, 2010, Modeling of biomass gasification in fluidized bed, Prog Energ Combust, 36, 444, 10.1016/j.pecs.2009.12.002
Öhrman, 2014, Analysis of trace compounds generated by pressurized oxygen blown entrained flow biomass gasification, Environ Prog Sustain, 33, 699, 10.1002/ep.11975
Weiland, 2013, Pressurized oxygen blown entrained-flow gasification of wood powder, Energy Fuel, 27, 932, 10.1021/ef301803s
Santo, 2007, Conversion of biomass based slurry in an entrained flow gasifier, Chem Eng Technol, 30, 967, 10.1002/ceat.200700089
Hadi Jafari, 2019, Effect of process parameters on the performance of an air-blown entrained flow cyclone gasifier, Int J Sustain Energy, 1
Wang, 2007, Performance optimization of two-staged gasification system for woody biomass, Fuel Process Technol, 88, 243, 10.1016/j.fuproc.2006.10.002
Hindsgaul, 2000, Physical and chemical characterization of particles in producer gas from wood chips, Bioresour Technol, 73, 147, 10.1016/S0960-8524(99)00153-4
Heineken, 2016, Modeling tar recirculation in biomass fluidized bed gasification, Energy Fuel, 30, 3113, 10.1021/acs.energyfuels.6b00150
Zhang, 2010, Tar destruction and coke formation during rapid pyrolysis and gasification of biomass in a drop-tube furnace, Fuel, 89, 302, 10.1016/j.fuel.2009.08.045
Senneca, 2020, Thermal treatment of lignin, cellulose and hemicellulose in nitrogen and carbon dioxide, Fuel, 271, 10.1016/j.fuel.2020.117656
Cerciello, 2019, Comparison of primary volatiles from coal and biomass pyrolysis in N2 and CO2, Energy Fuel, 33, 12822, 10.1021/acs.energyfuels.9b03167
Sitek, 2019, Fine combustion particles released during combustion of unit mass of beechwood, Renew Energy, 140, 390, 10.1016/j.renene.2019.03.089
Schuetzle, 2015, The effect of oxygen on formation of syngas contaminants during the thermochemical conversion of biomass, Int J Energy Environ Eng, 6, 405, 10.1007/s40095-015-0187-8
Mastellone, 2010, Co-gasification of coal, plastic waste and wood in a bubbling fluidized bed reactor, Fuel, 89, 2991, 10.1016/j.fuel.2010.05.019
Deng, 2020, Mechanistic insights into effect of feeding rate on soot formation during rapid pyrolysis of biomass model components in a drop-tube furnace at high temperature, Proc Combust Inst
Heuer, 2016, Effects of oxy-fuel conditions on the products of pyrolysis in a drop tube reactor, Fuel Process Technol, 150, 41, 10.1016/j.fuproc.2016.04.034
Leskinen, 2014, Fine particle emissions in three different combustion conditions of a wood chip-fired appliance – particulate physico-chemical properties and induced cell death, Atmos Environ, 86, 129, 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2013.12.012
Mustafa, 2019, Rich biomass combustion: gaseous and particle number emissions, Fuel, 248, 221, 10.1016/j.fuel.2019.03.027
Fitzpatrick, 2009, The mechanism of the formation of soot and other pollutants during the co-firing of coal and pine wood in a fixed bed combustor, Fuel, 88, 2409, 10.1016/j.fuel.2009.02.037
Jones, 2017, Organic carbon emissions from the co-firing of coal and wood in a fixed bed combustor, Fuel, 195, 226, 10.1016/j.fuel.2017.01.061
Cortazar, 2018, Advantages of confining the fountain in a conical spouted bed reactor for biomass steam gasification, Energy, 153, 455, 10.1016/j.energy.2018.04.067
Pentananunt, 1990, Upgrading of biomass by means of torrefaction, Energy, 15, 1175, 10.1016/0360-5442(90)90109-F
Namioka, 2003, High tar reduction with porous particles for low temperature biomass gasification: effects of porous particles on tar and gas yields during sawdust pyrolysis, J Chem Eng Jpn, 36, 1440, 10.1252/jcej.36.1440
Saber, 2016, Active fuel particles dispersion by synthetic jet in an entrained flow gasifier of biomass: cold flow, Powder Technol, 302, 275, 10.1016/j.powtec.2016.08.071
Göktepe, 2017, Soot reduction in an entrained flow gasifier of biomass by active dispersion of fuel particles, Fuel, 201, 111, 10.1016/j.fuel.2016.09.039
Göktepe, 2016, Cold flow experiments in an entrained flow gasification reactor with a swirl-stabilized pulverized biofuel burner, Int J Multiphas Flow, 85, 267, 10.1016/j.ijmultiphaseflow.2016.06.016
Ögren, 2018, Influence of oxidizer injection angle on the entrained flow gasification of torrefied wood powder, Fuel Process Technol, 181, 8, 10.1016/j.fuproc.2018.09.005
Henao, 2019, Technical feasibility study of 200 kW gas microturbine coupled to a dual fluidized bed gasifier, Biomass Bioenergy, 130, 105369, 10.1016/j.biombioe.2019.105369
Umeki, 2017, Reduction of tar and soot formation from entrained-flow gasification of woody biomass by alkali impregnation, Energy Fuel, 31, 5104, 10.1021/acs.energyfuels.6b03480
Bach-Oller, 2019, On the role of potassium as a tar and soot inhibitor in biomass gasification, Appl Energy, 254, 10.1016/j.apenergy.2019.113488
Berdugo Vilches, 2018, Influence of in-bed catalysis by ash-coated olivine on tar formation in steam gasification of biomass, Energy Fuel, 32, 9592, 10.1021/acs.energyfuels.8b02153
Kuba, 2016, Mechanism of layer formation on olivine bed particles in industrial-scale dual fluid bed gasification of wood, Energy Fuel, 30, 7410, 10.1021/acs.energyfuels.6b01522