Melanophryniscus admirabilis tadpoles’ responses to sulfentrazone and glyphosate-based herbicides: an approach on metabolism and antioxidant defenses

Adamu KM, Kori-Siakpere O (2011) Effects of sub lethal concentrations of tobacco (Nicotiana tobaccum) leaf dust on some biochemical parameters of hybrid catfish (Clarias gariepinus and Heterobranchus bidorsalis). Braz Arch Biol Technol 54:183–196. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1516-89132011000100023 Albinati RCB, Costa GB, Neves AP (1998) Efeito da densidade populacional de girinos de (Rana catesbeiana Shaw, 1802) sobre o tempo de metamorfose e peso do ímagos. Arq Esc Med Vet UFBA 19:75–86 Albuquerque AF, Ribeiro JS, Kummrow F, Nogueira AJA, Montagner CC, Umbuzeiro GA (2016) Pesticides in Brazilian freshwaters: a critical review. Environ Sci Process Impacts 18:779–787. https://doi.org/10.1039/c6em00268d AmphibiaWeb (2020) Amphibian species lists. University of California, Berkeley http://amphibiaweb.org. Accessed 03 July 2020 Annett R, Habibi HR, Hontela A (2014) Impact of glyphosate and glyphosate-based herbicides on the freshwater environment. J Appl Toxicol 34:458–479. https://doi.org/10.1002/jat.2997 ANVISA—Agência Nacional de Vigilância Sanitaria (2005) Nota técnica sobre livre comércio de agrotóxicos e impactos à saúde humana. http://www.anvisa.gov.br. Accessed 03 July 2020 Audo MC, Mann TM, Polk TL, Loudenslager CM, Diehl WJ, Altig R (1995) Food deprivation during different periods of tadpole (Hyla chrysoscelis) ontogeny affects metamorphic performance differently. Oecologia 103:518–522. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00328691 Avigliano L, Fassiano AV, Medesani DA, De Molina MR, Rodríguez EM (2014) Effects of glyphosate on growth rate, metabolic rate and energy reserves of early juvenile crayfish, Cherax quadricarinatus. M Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 92:631–635. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00128-014-1240-7 Barata C, Lekumberri M, Vila-Escalé M, Prat N, Porte C (2005) Trace metal concentration, antioxidant enzyme activities and susceptibility to oxidative stress in the tricoptera larvae Hydropsyche exocellata from the Llobregat river basin (NE Spain). Aquat Toxicol 74:3–19. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquatox.2005.04.002 Beckie HJ, Flower KC, Ashworth MB (2020) Farming without glyphosate? Plants 9. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants9010096 Bókony V, Mikó Z, Mórick ÁM, Kruzselvi D, Hettyey A (2017) Chronic exposure to a glyphosate-based herbicide makes toad larvae more toxic. Proc R Soc B 284:20170493. https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2017.0493 Botta F, Lavison G, Couturier G, Alliot F, Moreau-Guigon E, Fauchon N, Guery B, Chevreuil M, Blanchoud H (2009) Transfer of glyphosate and its degradate AMPA to surface waters through urban sewerage systems. Chemosphere 77:133–139. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2009.05.008 Boveris A, Cadenas E (1982) Production of superoxide radicals and hydrogen peroxide in mitochondria. In: Oberley LW (ed) Superoxide dismutase. CRC Press, Florida, pp 15–30 Boveris A, Chance B (1973) The mitochondrial generation of hydrogen peroxide. General properties and effect of hyperbaric oxygen. Biochem J 134:707–716. https://doi.org/10.1042/bj1340707 Boyland E, Chasseaud LF (1969) The role of glutathione and glutathione S-transferases in mercapturic acid biosynthesis. Adv Enzymol Relat Areas Mol Biol 32:172–129. https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470122778.ch5 Buege JA, Aust SD (1978) Microsomal lipids peroxidation. Meth Enzymol 52:302–310. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0076-6879(78)52032-6 Collins JP, Storfer A (2003) Global amphibian declines: sorting the hypotheses. Divers Distrib 9:89–98. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1472-4642.2003.00012.x Couture G, Legris J, Langevin R (1995) Evaluation des impacts du glyphosate utilisedans le milieu forestier. Ministere des Ressources Naturelles, Direction de Penviron- ment forestier, Service du suivi environnemental, Charles- bourg, Quebec, Canada. Coltro ML, Silva PR, Valgas ANN, Miguel C, Freitas BS, Oliveira GT (2017) Influence of the herbicide Facet® on corticosterone levels, plasma metabolites, and antioxidant system in the liver and muscle of American bullfrog tadpoles. Water Air Soil Pollut 228:241. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11270-017-3404-7 CONCEA—Conselho Nacional de Controle de Experimentação Animal (2013) Diretrizes da Prática de Eutanásia do CONCEA. Ministério da Ciência, Tecnologia e Inovação, Brasília Costa MJ, Monteiro DA, Oliveira-Neto AL, Rantin FT, Kalinin AL (2008) Oxidative stress biomarkers and heart function in bullfrog tadpoles exposed to roundup original. Ecotoxicology 17:153–163. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10646-007-0178-5 Costantini D (2014) Oxidative stress and hormesis in evolutionary ecology and physiology. Springer, New York Dowling DK, Simmons LW (2009) Reactive oxygen species as universal constraints in life-history evolution. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 276 (1663):1737–1745 Di-Bernardo M, Maneyro R, Grillo H (2006) New species of Melanophryniscus (Anura: Bufonidae) from Rio Grande do Sul, Southern Brazil. J Herpetol 40:261–266. https://doi.org/10.1670/05-008.1 Dornelles MF, Oliveira GT (2014) Effect of atrazine, glyphosate, and quinclorac on biochemical parameters, lipid peroxidation and survival in bullfrog tadpoles (Lithobates catesbeianus). Arch Envirom Contam Toxicol 66:415–429. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00244-013-9967-4 Dornelles MF, Oliveira GT (2016) Toxicity of atrazine, glyphosate, and quinclorac in bullfrog tadpoles exposed to concentrations below legal limits. Environ Sci Pollut Res 23:610–1620. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-015-5388-4 Dutra de Armas E, Rosim Monteiro RT, Valler Amâncio A, Lopes Correa RM, Guercio MA (2005) Uso de agrotóxicos em cana-de-açúcar na bacia do rio Corumbataí e o risco de poluição hídrica. Quim Nova 28:975–982. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0100-40422005000600008 Edwards W M, Triplett G B, Kramer RM (1980) A watershed study of glyphosate transport in runoff. J. Environ. Qual., 9, 661-665 Emater-RS. 2001. Relatório de ações e resultados 2001. Escritório municipal de Arvorezinha – RS. Endemann M, Hristoforoglu K, Stauber TE, Wilhelm E (2001) Assessment of age-related polyploidy in Quercus robur L. somatic embryos and regenerated plants using DNA flow cytometry. Biol Plant 44:339–345. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1012426306493 Ezemonye L, Tongo I (2009) Lethal and sublethal effects of atrazine to amphibian larvae. Jordan J Biol Sci 2:29–36 Fonte LFM, Abadie M, Mendes T, Zank C, Borges-Martins M (2014) The times they are a-changing: how a multi-institutional effort stopped the construction of a hydroelectric power plant that threatened a critically endangered red-belly toad in southern Brazil. FrogLog 22:18–21 Freitas JS, Teresa FB, de Almeida EA (2017) Influence of temperature on the antioxidant responses and lipid peroxidation of two species of tadpoles (Rhinella schneideri and Physalaemus nattereri) exposed to the herbicide sulfentrazone (Boral 500SC®). Comp Biochem Phys C Toxicol Pharmacol 197:32–44 Galbraith DW, Harkins KR, Maddox JM, Ayres NM, Sharma DP, Firoozabady E (1983) Rapid flow cytometric analysis of the cell-cycle in intact plant-tissues. Science 220:1049–1051 Gehrke VR, Camargo ER, Avilla LA (2020) Sulfentrazone: Environmental Dynamics and Selectivity. Planta Daninha 38 Gill JPK, Sethi N, Mohan A, Datta S, Girdhar M (2018) Glyphosate toxicity for animals. Environ Chem Lett 16:401–426. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10311-017-0689-0 Gosner KLA (1960) Simplified table for staging anuran embryos and larvae with notes on identification. Herpetologica 16:183–190 Govindarajulu PP (2008) Literature review of impacts of glyphosate herbicide on amphibians: what risks can the silvicultural use of this herbicide pose for amphibians in BC? B.C. Ministry of Environment, Victoria, BC Wildlife Report No. R-28 Grant T, Colombo P, Verrastro L, Saporito RA (2012) The occurrence of defensive alkaloids in non-integumentary tissues of the Brazilian red-belly toad Melanophryniscus simplex (Bufonidae). Chemoecology 22(3):169–178. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00049-012-0107-9 Gripp HS, Freitas JS, Almeida EA, Bisinoti MC, Moreira AB (2017) Biochemical effects of fipronil and its metabolites on lipid peroxidation and enzymatic antioxidant defense in tadpoles (Eupemphix nattereri: Leiuperidae). Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 136:173–179. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2016.10.027 Grube A, Donaldson D, Kiely T, Wu L (2011) Pesticides industry sales and usage. US EPA, Washington, DC Guo H, Yin L, Zhang S, Feng W (2010) The toxic mechanism of high lethality of herbicide butachlor in marine flatfish flounder, Paralichthys olivaceus. J Ocean Univ China 9:257–264. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11802-010-1693-1 Habig WH, Jakoby WB (1981) Glutathione S-transferases (rat and human). Meth Enzymol 77:218–234. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0076-6879(81)77029-0 Halliwell B, Gutteridge JMC (2007) Free radicals in biology and medicine. Oxford University Press, New York Hammer Ø, Harper DAT, Ryan PD (2001) PAST: paleontological statistics software package for education and data analysis. Palaeontol Electron 4:1–9 Hantak MM, Grant T, Reinsch S, Loring M, Toyooka N, Saporito RA (2013) Dietary alkaloid sequestration in a poison frog: an experimental test of alkaloid uptake in Melanophryniscus stelzneri (Bufonidae). J Chem Ecol 39:1400–1406. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10886-013-0361-5 Hazarika A, Sarkar SN, Hajare S, Kataria M, Malik JK (2003) Influence of malathion pretreatment on the toxicity of anilofos in male rats: a biochemical interaction study. Toxicology 185:1–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0300-483X(02)00574-7 Hermes-Lima M (2004) Oxygen in biology and biochemistry: role of free radicals. In: Storey KB (ed) Functional metabolism: regulation and adaptation. Hoboken, New York, pp 319–368 ICMBio—Instituto Chico Mendes de Conservação da Biodiversidade (2012) Sumário Executivo do Plano de Ação Nacional para Conservação de Répteis e Anfíbios Ameaçados da Região Sul do Brasil. Centro Nacional de Pesquisa e Conservação de Répteis e Anfíbios (RAN), Brasília http://www.icmbio.gov.br/portal/images/stories/docs-plano-de-acao/pan-herpetofauna-sul/sumarioherpetofaunasul-web.pdf. Accessed 03 July 2020 ICMBio—Instituto Chico Mendes de Conservação da Biodiversidade (2018). Livro Vermelho da Fauna Brasileira Ameaçada de Extinção: Volume V—Anfíbios. In: Instituto Chico Mendes de Conservação da Biodiversidade (Org.). Livro Vermelho da Fauna Brasileira Ameaçada de Extinção. Brasília: ICMBio IUCN (2013) The International Union for Conservation of Nature. Amphibians on the IUCN red list of threatened species. http://www.iucnredlist.org. Accessed 03 July 2020 Jeckel MA, Grant T, Saporito RA (2015) Sequestered and synthesized chemical defenses in the poison frog Melanophryniscus moreirae. J Chem Ecol 41:505–512. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10886-015-0578-6 Jones L, Gossett DR, Banks SW, McCallum ML (2010) Antioxidant defense system in tadpoles of the American bullfrog (Lithobates catesbeianus) exposed to paraquat. J Herpetol 44:222–228. https://doi.org/10.1670/07-243.1 Legris J, Couture G (1989) Residus de glyphosate dans l'eau et les sediments suite a des pulverisations terrestres en milieu forestier en 1986. Publication #3322. Gouvernement du Quebec, Ministere de l'Energie et des Ressources, Direction de la Conservation, Charlesbourg, Quebec, Canada Lima ES, Abdalla DSP (2001) Peroxidação lipídica: mecanismos e avaliação em amostras biológicas. Braz J Pharm Sci 37:293–303 Llesuy SF, Milei J, Molina H, Boveris A, Milei S (1985) Comparison of lipid peroxidation and myocardia damage induced by adriamycin and 4′-epiadrimicin in mice. Tumor 71:241–249 Marcelo Hermes-Lima, Kenneth B. Storey, (1993) In vitro oxidative inactivation of glutathione S-transferase from a freeze tolerant reptile. Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry 124 (2):149-158 Margarido TCS, Felicio AA, Rossa-Feres DC, Almeida EA (2013) Biochemical biomarkers in Scinax fuscovarius tadpoles exposed to a commercial formulation of the pesticide fipronil. Mar Environ Res 91:61–67. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marenvres.2013.02.001 Melo CAD, Medeiros WN, Tuffi Santos LD, Ferreira FA, Ferreira GL, Paes FASV, Reis MR (2010) Residual effect of sulfentrazone, isoxaflutole and oxyfluorfen in three soils. Planta Daninha 28:835–842. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0100-83582010000400017 Menon J, Rozman R (2007) Oxidative stress, tissue remodeling and regression during amphibian metamorphosis. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 145:625–631. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cbpc.2007.02.011 Miller JI (1997) Pesticide fact sheet, registration of a new chemical. US Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC Modesto KA, Martinez CBR (2010) Roundup® causes oxidative stress in liver and inhibits acetylcholinesterase in muscle and brain of the fish Prochilodus lineatus. Chemosphere 78:294–299. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2009.10.047 Monaghan P, Neil B, Metcalfe NB, Torres R (2009) Oxidative stress as a mediator of life history trade-offs: mechanisms, measurements and interpretation. Ecology Letters 12:75–92. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1461-0248.2008.01258.x Montgomery MP, Kamel F, Saldana TM, Alavanja MCR, Sandler DP (2008) Incident diabetes and pesticide exposure among licensed pesticide applicators: agricultural health study 1993–2003. Am J Epidemiol 167:1235–1246. https://doi.org/10.1093/aje/kwn028 Moutinho MF, de Almeida ED, Espíndola ELG, Daam MA, Schiesari L (2020) Herbicides employed in sugarcane plantations have lethal and sublethal effects to larval Boana pardalis (Amphibia, Hylidae). Ecotoxicology. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10646-020-02226-z Newton M, Horner LM, Cowell JE, White DE, Cole EC (1994) Dissipation of Glyphosate and Aminomethylphosphonic Acid in North American Forests. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 42 (8):1795-1802 Nunes C, Silva A, Soares E, Ganias K (2011) The use of hepatic e somatic indices e histological information to characterize the reproductive dynamics of Atlantic sardine Sardina pilchardus from the Portuguese coast. Mar. Coast. Fish. 3: 127-144 Ojha A, Yaduvanshi SK, Srivastava N (2011) Effect of combined exposure of commonly used organophosphate pesticides on lipid peroxidation and antioxidant enzymes in rat tissues. Pestic Biochem Physiol 99:148–156. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pestbp.2010.11.011 Orlofske SA, Hopkins WA (2009) Energetics of metamorphic climax in the pickerel frog (Lithobates palustris). Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 154:191–196. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cbpa.2009.06.001 Oruç EÖ, Usta D (2007) Evaluation of oxidative stress responses and neurotoxicity potential of diazinon in different tissues of Cyprinus carpio. Environ Toxicol Pharmacol 23:48–55. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.etap.2006.06.005 Peres F, Moreira JC (2003) É veneno ou é remédio? Agrotóxicos, saúde e ambiente. SciELO—Editora Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro Pérez GL, Vera MS, Miranda LA (2011) Effects of herbicide glyphosate and glyphosate-based formulations on aquatic ecosystems. In: Kortekamp A (ed) Herbicides and environment. https://www.intechopen.com/books/herbicides-and-environment/effects-of-herbicide-glyphosate-and-glyphosate-based-formulations-on-aquatic-ecosystems. Accessed 18 July 2020 Persch TSP, Weimer RN, Freitas BS, Oliveira GT (2017) Metabolic parameters and oxidative balance in juvenile Rhamdia quelen exposed to rice paddy herbicides: Roundup®, Primoleo®, and Facet®. Chemosphere 174:98–109. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.01.092 Persch TSP, Silva PR, dos Santos SHD, de Freitas BS, Oliveira GT (2018) Changes in intermediate metabolism and oxidative balance parameters in sexually matured three-barbeled catfishes exposed to herbicides from rice crops (Roundup®, Primoleo® and Facet®). Environ Toxicol Pharmacol 58:170–179. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.etap.2018.01.004 Peruzzo PJ, Porta AA, Ronco AE (2008) Levels of glyphosate in surface waters, sediments and soils associated with direct sowing soybean cultivation in North Pampasic region of Argentina. Environ Pollut 156:61–66. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2008.01.015 Relyea RA (2005) The impact of insecticides and herbicides on the biodiversity and productivity of aquatic communities. Ecol Appl 15:618–627. https://doi.org/10.1890/03-5342 Rodrigues BN, de Almeida FS (1998) Guia de herbicidas. Iapar, São Paulo Santos EA, Correia MN, Silva JRM, Velini ED, Passos ABRJ, Durigan JC (2015) Herbicide detection in groundwater in Córrego Rico-SP watershed. Planta Daninha 33(1):147–155. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0100-83582015000100017 Santos JC, Tarvin RD, O’Connell LA (2016a) A review of chemical defense in poison frogs (Dendrobatidae): ecology, pharmacokinetics, and autoresistance. In: Buesching CD (ed) Chemical signals in vertebrates. Springer, New York Santos LFJ, Oliveira-Bahia VRL, Nakaghi LSO, De Stefani MV, Gonçalves AM, Pizauro Junior JM (2016b) Ontogeny of the digestive enzymes of tadpoles of Lithobates catesbeianus. Copeia 104(4):838–842. https://doi.org/10.1643/CG-16-432 Schier M, Chandel N (2014) Function in redox signaling and oxidative stress. Curr Biol 24(10):R453–R462. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2014.03.034 Schiesari L, Grillitsch B, Grillitsch H (2007) Biogeographic biases in research and their consequences for linking amphibian declines to pollution. Conserv Biol 21:465–471. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1523-1739.2006.00616.x Segalla MV, Caramaschi U, Cruz CAG, Grant T, Haddad CFB, Garcia PCA, Berneck BVM, Langone JA (2016) Brazilian amphibians—list of species. Herpetol Bras 3:37–48 Sies H (2018) On the history of oxidative stress: Concept and some aspects of current development. Current Opinion in Toxicology 7:122–126 SINDAG—Sindicato Nacional das Indústrias de Defensivos Agrícolas (2011) Dados de produção e consumo de agrotóxicos. http://www.sindag.com.br. Accessed 03 July 2020 STATISTICA Enterprise- Statsoft South America. Software Statistica. Statsoft, v.6.0, 2011 Strong RJ, Halsall CJ, Ferenčík M, Jones KC, Shore RF, Martin FL (2016) Biospectroscopy reveals the effect of varying water quality on tadpole tissues of the common frog (Rana temporaria). Environ Pollut 213:322–337. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2016.02.025 Sun Y, Yin G, Zhang J, Yu H, Wang X (2007) Bioaccumulation and ROS generation in liver of freshwater fish, goldfish Carassius auratus under HC Orange no. 1 exposure. Environ Toxicol 22:256–263. https://doi.org/10.1002/tox.20262 Taysse L, Chambras C, Marionnet D, Bosgiraud C, Deschaux P (1998) Basal level and induction of cytochrome P450, EROD, UDPGT, and GST activities in carp (Cyprinus carpio) immune organs (spleen and head kidney). Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 60:300–305. https://doi.org/10.1007/s001289900625 Thorngren JL, Harwood AD, Murphy TM, Hartz KEH, Fung CY, Lydy MJ (2017) Fate and risk of atrazine and sulfentrazone to nontarget species at an agriculture site. Environ Toxicol and Chem 36(5):1301–1310. https://doi.org/10.1002/etc.3664 Tsahar E, Arad Z, Izhaki I, Guglielmo CG (2006) The relationship between uric acid and its oxidative product allantoin: a potential indicator for the evaluation of oxidative stress in birds. J Comp Physiol B Biochem Syst Environ Physiol 176:653–661. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00360-006-0088-5 Umminger BL (1977) Relation of whole blood sugar concentration in vertebrate to standard metabolic rate. Comp Biochem Physiol—Part A Physiol 56:457–460. https://doi.org/10.1016/0300-9629(77)90267-5 Van Handel E (1965) Estimation of glycogen in small amount soft tissue. Anal Biochem 11:256–265 van der Oost R, Beyer J, Vermeulen NPE (2003) Fish bioaccumulation and biomarkers in environmental risk assessment: a review. Environmental Toxicology and Pharmacology 13 (2):57-149 Vasconcellos M A de (2015) Conservação do sapinho-admirável-de-barriga-vermelha, Melanophryniscus admirabilis (anura: bufonidae) : estudo de ecologia populacional. Dissertation, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul Wagner N, Reichenbercher W, Teichmann Z, Tappeser B, Lottersy S (2013) Questions concerning the potential impact of glyphosate-based herbicides on amphibians. Environ Toxicol Chem 32(8):1688–1700. https://doi.org/10.1002/etc.2268 Walker CH (2014) Ecotoxicology: effects of pollutants on the natural environment. CRC Press, New York Wilkens ALL, Valgas AAN, Oliveira GT (2019) Effects of ecologically relevant concentrations of Boral® 500 SC, Glifosato® Biocarb, and a blend of both herbicides on markers of metabolism, stress, and nutritional condition factors in bullfrog tadpoles. Environ Sci Poll Res 26:23242–23256. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-019-05533-z Yin X, Jiang S, Yu J, Zhu G, Wu H, Mao C (2014) Effects of spirotetramat on the acute toxicity, oxidative stress, and lipid peroxidation in Chinese toad (Bufo bufo gargarizans) tadpoles. Environ Toxicol Pharmacol 37:1229–1235. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.etap.2014.04.016 Zanette J, Monserrat JM, Bianchini A (2015) Biochemical biomarkers in barnacles Balanus improvisus: pollution and seasonal effects. Mar Environ Res 103:74–79. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marenvres.2014.11.001 Zhang W, Chen L, Xu Y, Deng Y, Zhang L, Qin Y, Wang Z, Liu R, Zhou Z, Diao J (2019) Amphibian (Rana nigromaculata) exposed to cyproconazole: changes in growth index, behavioral endpoints, antioxidant biomarkers, thyroid and gonad development. Aquat Toxicol 208:62–70. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquatox.2018.12.015 Zhu L, Mu X, Wang K, Chai T, Yang Y, Qiu L, Wang C (2015) Cyhalofop-butyl has the potential to induce developmental toxicity, oxidative stress and apoptosis in early life stage of zebrafish (Danio rerio). Environ Pollut 203:40–49. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2015.03.044