Landscape sustainability science: ecosystem services and human well-being in changing landscapes

Springer Science and Business Media LLC - Tập 28 - Trang 999-1023 - 2013
Jianguo Wu1,2,3
1School of Life Sciences & Global Institute of Sustainability, Arizona State University, Tempe, USA
2Center for Human-Environment System Sustainability (CHESS), State Key Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes and Resource Ecology (ESPRE), Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
3Sino-US Center for Conservation, Energy, and Sustainability Science (SUCCESS), Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, China

Tóm tắt

The future of humanity depends on whether or not we have a vision to guide our transition toward sustainability, on scales ranging from local landscapes to the planet as a whole. Sustainability science is at the core of this vision, and landscapes and regions represent a pivotal scale domain. The main objectives of this paper are: (1) to elucidate key definitions and concepts of sustainability, including the Brundtland definition, the triple bottom line, weak and strong sustainability, resilience, human well-being, and ecosystem services; (2) to examine key definitions and concepts of landscape sustainability, including those derived from general concepts and those developed for specific landscapes; and (3) to propose a framework for developing a science of landscape sustainability. Landscape sustainability is defined as the capacity of a landscape to consistently provide long-term, landscape-specific ecosystem services essential for maintaining and improving human well-being. Fundamentally, well-being is a journey, not a destination. Landscape sustainability science is a place-based, use-inspired science of understanding and improving the dynamic relationship between ecosystem services and human well-being in changing landscapes under uncertainties arising from internal feedbacks and external disturbances. While landscape sustainability science emphasizes place-based research on landscape and regional scales, significant between landscape interactions and hierarchical linkages to both finer and broader scales (or externalities) must not be ignored. To advance landscape sustainability science, spatially explicit methods are essential, especially experimental approaches that take advantage of designed landscapes and multi-scaled simulation models that couple the dynamics of landscape services (ecosystem services provided by multiple landscape elements in combination as emergent properties) and human well-being.

Tài liệu tham khảo

Adger WN (2006) Vulnerability. Global Environ Change Hum Policy Dimens 16(3):268–281 Ahern J (2013) Urban landscape sustainability and resilience: the promise and challenges of integrating ecology with urban planning and design. Landscape Ecol. doi:10.1007/s10980-012-9799-z Antrop M (2006) Sustainable landscapes: contradiction, fiction or utopia? Landsc Urban Plan 75:187–197 Arrow K, Dasgupta P, Goulder L, Daily G, Ehrlich P, Heal G, Levin S, Mäler K-G, Schneider S, Starrett D, Walker B (2004) Are we consuming too much? J Econ Perspect 18:147–172 Bagstad KJ, Johnson GW, Voigt B, Villa F (2012) Spatial dynamics of ecosystem service flows: a comprehensive approach to quantifying actual services. Ecosyst Serv. doi:10.1016/j.ecoser.2012.07.012 Baker JP, Hulse DW, Gregory SV, White D, Van Sickle J, Berger PA, Dole D, Schumaker NH (2004) Alternative futures for the Willamette River Basin, Oregon. Ecol Appl 14:313–324 Barrett TL, Farina A, Barrett GW (2009a) Aesthetic landscapes: an emergent component in sustaining societies. Landscape Ecol 24(8):1029–1035 Barrett TL, Farina A, Barrett GW (2009b) Positioning aesthetic landscape as economy. Landscape Ecol 24(3):299–307 Benson SG, Dundis SP (2003) Understanding and motivating health care employees: integrating Maslow’s hierarchy of needs, training and technology. J Nurs Manag 11:315–320 Bettencourt LMA, Kaur J (2011) Evolution and structure of sustainability science. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 108:19540–19545 Bohnet I, Roebeling P, Williams K, Holzworth D, van Grieken M, Pert P, Kroon F, Westcott D, Brodie J (2011) Landscapes Toolkit: an integrated modelling framework to assist stakeholders in exploring options for sustainable landscape development. Landscape Ecol 26(8):1179–1198 Bolte JP, Hulse DW, Gregory SV, Smith C (2006) Modeling biocomplexity—actors, landscapes and alternative futures. Environ Model Softw 22:570–579 Braat LC, de Groot R (2012) The ecosystem services agenda: bridging the worlds of natural science and economics, conservation and development, and public and private policy. Ecosyst Serv 1(1):4–15 Bryan BA, Crossman ND, King D, Meyer WS (2011) Landscape futures analysis: assessing the impacts of environmental targets under alternative spatial policy options and future scenarios. Environ Model Softw 26:83–91 Charles CW (ed) (2009) Thresholds of climate change in ecosystems, synthesis and assessment product 4.2. The U.S. Climate Change Science Program, Washington, DC Clark WC, Dickson NM (2003) Sustainability science: the emerging research program. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 100:8059–8061 Coelho P, Mascarenhas A, Vaz P, Dores A, Ramos TB (2010) A framework for regional sustainability assessment: developing indicators for a Portuguese region. Sustain Dev 18:211–219 Costanza R, Daly HE (1992) Natural capital and sustainable development. Conserv Biol 6(1):37–46 Costanza R, Patten BC (1995) Defining and predicting sustainability. Ecol Econ 15(3):193–196 Costanza R, d’Arge R, de Groot R, Farber S, Grasso M, Hannon B, Limburg K, Naeem S, O’Neill RV, Paruelo J, Raskin RG, Sutton P, van den Belt M (1997) The value of the world’s ecosystem services and natural capital. Nature 387:253–260 Crow MM (2010) Sustainability as a founding principle of the United States. In: Moore KD, Nelson MP (eds) Moral ground: ethical action for a planet in peril. Trinity University Press, San Antonio, pp 301–305 Cumming GS (2011) Spatial resilience: integrating landscape ecology, resilience, and sustainability. Landscape Ecol 26(7):899–909 Cumming GS, Olsson P, Chapin FS III, Holling CS (2013) Resilience, experimentation, and scale mismatches in social–ecological landscapes. Landscape Ecol. doi:10.1007/s10980-012-9725-4 Daily GC (ed) (1997) Nature’s services: societal dependence on natural ecosystems. Island Press, Washington, DC Daly HE (1973) Toward a steady-state economy. W. H. Freeman and Company, San Francisco Daly HE (1995) On Wilfred Beckerman’s critique of sustainable development. Environ Values 4:49–55 Daly HE (1997) Georgescu-Roegen versus Solow/Stiglitz. Ecol Econ 22(3):261–266 Dasgupta P (2009) The welfare economic theory of green national accounts. Environ Resour Econ 42(1):3–38 De Groot R (2006) Function-analysis and valuation as a tool to assess land use conflicts in planning for sustainable, multi-functional landscapes. Landsc Urban Plan 75:175–186 De Groot RS, Wilson MA, Boumans RMJ (2002) A typology for the classification, description and valuation of ecosystem functions, goods and services. Ecol Econ 41(3):393–408 de Groot R, Brander L, van der Ploeg S, Costanza R, Bernard F, Braat L, Christie M, Crossman N, Ghermandi A, Hein L (2012) Global estimates of the value of ecosystems and their services in monetary units. Ecosyst Serv 1(1):50–61 Dominati E, Patterson M, Mackay A (2010) A framework for classifying and quantifying the natural capital and ecosystem services of soils. Ecol Econ 69(9):1858–1868 Du Pisani JA (2006) Sustainable development—historical roots of the concept. Environ Sci 3:83–96 Dunnett N, Clayden A (2007) Resources: the raw materials of landscape. In: Benson JF, Roe M (eds) Landscape and sustainability. Routledge, New York, pp 196–221 Duraiappah AK (2011) Ecosystem services and human well-being: do global findings make any sense? Bioscience 61:7–8 Elkington J (2004) Enter the triple bottom line. In: Henriques A, Richardson J (eds) The triple bottom line: does it all add up?. Earthscan, London, pp 1–16 Folke C, Carpenter S, Walker B, Scheffer M, Elmqvist T, Gunderson L, Holling CS (2004) Regime shifts, resilience, and biodiversity in ecosystem management. Annu Rev Ecol Evol Syst 35:557–581 Forman RTT (1990) Ecologically sustainable landscapes: the role of spatial configuration. In: Zonneveld IS, Forman RTT (eds) Changing landscapes: an ecological perspective. Springer-Verlag, New York, pp 261–278 Forman RTT (1995) Land mosaics: the ecology of landscapes and regions. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge Forman RTT (2008) The urban region: natural systems in our place, our nourishment, our home range, our future. Landscape Ecol 23(3):251–253 Fu BJ, Wang S, Su CH, Forsius M (2013) Linking ecosystem processes and ecosystem services. Curr Opin Environ Sustain. doi:10.1016/j.cosust.2012.12.002 Gallopin GC (2006) Linkages between vulnerability, resilience, and adaptive capacity. Global Environ Change Hum Policy Dimens 16:293–303 Gobster PH, Nassauer JI, Daniel TC, Fry G (2007) The shared landscape: what does aesthetics have to do with ecology? Landscape Ecol 22(7):959–972 Golley FB, Bellot J (1991) Interactions of landscape ecology, planning and design. Landsc Urban Plan 21(1–2):3–11 Gorman D (2010) Maslow’s hierarchy and social and emotional wellbeing. Aborig Isl Health Work J 33:27–29 Hagerty MR (1999) Testing Maslow’s hierarchy of needs: national quality-of-life across time. Soc Indic Res 46:249–271 Haggbloom SJ, Warnick R, Warnick JE, Jones VK, Yarbrough GL, Russell TM, Borecky CM, McGahhey R, Powell JL, Beavers J, Monte E (2002) The 100 most eminent psychologists of the 20th century. Rev Gen Psychol 6(2):139–152 Haines-Young R (2000) Sustainable development and sustainable landscapes: defining a new paradigm for landscape ecology. Fennia 178:7–14 Holland A (1997) Substitutability: or, why strong sustainability is weak and absurdly strong sustainability is not absurd. In: Foster J (ed) Valuing nature?. Ethics, Economics and the Environment, Routledge, pp 119–134 Holling CS (1973) Resilience and stability of ecological systems. Annu Rev Ecol Evol Syst 4:1–23 Holling CS (1996) Engineering resilience versus ecological resilience. In: Schulze P (ed) Engineering within ecological constraints. National Academy Press, Washington, DC, pp 31–44 Holling CS (2001) Understanding the complexity of economic, ecological, and social systems. Ecosystems 4:390–405 Holling CS (2004) From complex regions to complex worlds. Ecol Soc 9(1):11. http://www.ecologyandsociety.org/vol9/iss1/art11 Hulse D, Branscomb A, Enright C, Bolte J (2009) Anticipating floodplain trajectories: a comparison of two alternative futures approaches. Landscape Ecol 24(8):1067–1090 Jenerette G, Shen W (2012) Experimental landscape ecology. Landscape Ecol 27(9):1237–1248 Johnson GW, Bagstad KJ, Snapp RR, Villa F (2012) Service patch attribution networks (SPANs): a network flow approach to ecosystem service assessment. Int J Agric Environ Inf Syst 3:54–71 Kareiva P, Tallis H, Ricketts TH, Daily GC, Polasky S (eds) (2011) Natural capital: theory and practice of mapping ecosystem services. Oxford University Press, Oxford Kates RW (2003) Overarching themes of the conference: sustainability science. Transition to sustainability in the 21st century: the contribution of science and technology. National Academies Press, Washington, DC, pp 140–145 Kates RW (2011) What kind of a science is sustainability science? Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 108:19449–19450 Kates RW, Clark WC, Corell R, Hall JM, Jaeger CC, Lowe I, McCarthy JJ, Schellnhuber HJ, Bolin B, Dickson NM, Faucheux S, Gallopin GC, Grubler A, Huntley B, Jager J, Jodha NS, Kasperson RE, Mabogunje A, Matson P, Mooney H, Moore B III, O’Riordan T, Svedin U (2001) Sustainability science. Science 292:641–642 Kates RW, Parris TM, Leiserowitz A (2005) What is sustainable development? Goals, indicators, values, and practice. Environ Sci Policy Sustain Dev 47(3):8–21 Kidd CV (1992) The evolution of sustainability. J Agric Environ Ethics 5:1–26 Kinzig AP, Pacala SW, Tilman D (eds) (2002) The functional consequences of biodiversity. Princeton University Press, Princeton Kofinas GP, Chapin FS (2009) Sustaining livelihoods and human well-being during social–ecological change. In: Chapin FS, Kofinas GP, Folke C (eds) Principles of ecosystem stewardship: resilience-based natural resource management in a changing world. Springer, New York, pp 55–75 Koltko-Rivera ME (2006) Rediscovering the later version of Maslow’s hierarchy of needs: self-transcendence and opportunities for theory, research, and unification. Rev Gen Psychol 10:302–317 Koniak G, Noy-Meir I, Perevolotsky A (2011) Modelling dynamics of ecosystem services basket in Mediterranean landscapes: a tool for rational management. Landscape Ecol 26(1):109–124 Lenzholzer S, Duchhart I, Koh J (2013) ‘Research through designing’ in landscape architecture. Landsc Urban Plan 113:120–127 Levin SA (1998) Ecosystems and the biosphere as complex adaptive systems. Ecosystems 1:431–436 Levin SA (1999) Fragile dominion: complexity and the commons. Perseus Books, Reading Levin SA (2012) The challenge of sustainability: lessons from an evolutionary perspective. In: Weinstein MP, Turner RE (eds) Sustainability science: the emerging paradigm and the urban environment. Springer, New York, pp 431–437 Levin SA, Clark WC (eds) (2010) Toward a science of sustainability: report from toward a science of sustainability conference. Princeton Environmental Institute, Princeton Levin SA, Lubchenco J (2008) Resilience, robustness, and marine ecosystem-based management. Bioscience 58(1):27–32 Levin SA, Paine RT (1974) Disturbance, patch formation and community structure. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 71(7):2744–2747 Loucks OL (1994) Sustainability in urban ecosystems: beyond an object of study. In: Platt RH, Rowntree RA, Muick PC (eds) The ecological city. University of Massachusetts Press, Amherst, pp 49–65 Lovell ST, Johnston DM (2009) Creating multifunctional landscapes: how can the field of ecology inform the design of the landscape? Front Ecol Environ 7(4):212–220 Macintyre S, Maciver S, Sooman A (1993) Area, class and health; should we be focusing on places or people? J Soc Policy 22:213–234 Macintyre S, Ellaway A, Cummins S (2002) Place effects on health: how can we conceptualise, operationalise and measure them? Soc Sci Med 55(1):125–139 Mander U, Muller F, Wrbka T (2005) Functional and structural landscape indicators: upscaling and downscaling problems. Ecol Ind 5:267–272 Marshall JD, Toffel MW (2005) Framing the elusive concept of sustainability: a sustainability hierarchy. Environ Sci Technol 39:673–682 Maslow A (1954) Motivation and personality. Harper and Row, New York MEA (2005) Ecosystems and human well-being: current state and trends. Island Press, Washington, DC Meadows DH (ed) (1998) Indicators and information systems for sustainable development. Sustainability Institute, Hartland Four Corners Meadows DH (2001) Dancing with systems. Whole earth (Winter edition). http://www.gperform.org/Meadows.pdf Morse S, Vogiatzakis I, Griffiths G (2011) Space and sustainability: potential for landscape as a spatial unit for assessing sustainability. Sustain Dev 19:30–48 Musacchio LR (2009) The scientific basis for the design of landscape sustainability: a conceptual framework for translational landscape research and practice of designed landscapes and the six Es of landscape sustainability. Landscape Ecol 24(8):993–1013 Musacchio LR (2011) The grand challenge to operationalize landscape sustainability and the design-in-science paradigm. Landscape Ecol 26(1):1–5 Naeem S, Bunker DE, Hector A, Loreau M, Perrings C (eds) (2009) Biodiversity, ecosystem functioning, and human wellbeing: an ecological and economic perspective. Oxford University Press, Oxford Nassauer JI, Opdam P (2008) Design in science: extending the landscape ecology paradigm. Landscape Ecol 23(6):633–644 Naveh Z (2007) Landscape ecology and sustainability. Landscape Ecol 22(10):1437–1440 Neale AC, Jones KB, Nash MS, Van Remortel KD, Wickham JD, Riitters KH, O’Neill RV (2003) Application of landscape models to alternative futures analyses. In: Rapport DJ, Lasley WL, Rolston DE, Nielsen NO, Qualset CO, Damania AB (eds) Managing for healthy ecosystems. Lewis Publishers, Boca Raton, pp 577–587 Newman P, Beatley T, Boyer H (2009) Resilient cities: responding to peak oil and climate change. Island Press, Washington, DC NRC (1999) Our common journey: a transition toward sustainability. National Academy Press, Washington, DC O’farrell PJ, Anderson PML (2010) Sustainable multifunctional landscapes: a review to implementation. Curr Opin Environ Sustain 2(1–2):59–65 Odum EP, Barrett GW (2005) Fundamentals of ecology. Brooks/Cole, Southbank Palmer MA, Febria CM (2012) The heartbeat of ecosystems. Science 336:1393–1394 Perrings C (2005) Economics and the value of biodiversity and ecosystem services. In: De Luc J-P (ed) Proceedings of the international conference on biodiversity science and governance. Museum National d’Histoire Naturelle, Paris, pp 109–118 Perrings C (2007) Future challenges. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 104:15179–15180 Potschin M, Haines-Young R (2006) “Rio + 10”, sustainability science and Landscape Ecology. Landsc Urban Plan 75:162–174 Potschin M, Haines-Young R (2013) Landscape, sustainability and the place-based analysis of ecosystem services. Landscape Ecol. doi:10.1007/s10980-012-9756-x Power N, Sekar K (2011) Benchmarking sustainable landscapes—green mark for parks. CityGreen 3:82–87 Raudsepp-Hearne C, Peterson GD, Tengo M, Bennett EM, Holland T, Benessaiah K, MacDonald GK, Pfeifer L (2010) Untangling the environmentalist’s paradox: why is human well-being increasing as ecosystem services degrade? Bioscience 60:576–589 Rees WE (2002) Globalization and sustainability: conflict or convergence? Bull Sci Technol Soc 22(4):249–268 Reitan PH (2005) Sustainability science—and what’s needed beyond science. Sustain Sci Pract Policy 1:77–80 Selman P (2007) Landscape and sustainability at the national and regional scales. In: Benson JF, Roe M (eds) Landscape and sustainability. Routledge, New York, pp 104–117 Selman P (2008) What do we mean by sustainable landscape? Sustain Sci Pract Policy 4(2):23–28 Selman P (2009) Planning for landscape multifunctionality. Sustain Sci Pract Policy 5(2):45–52 Simon HA (1962) The architecture of complexity. Proc Am Philos Soc 106(6):467–482 Steffen W, Persson Å, Deutsch L, Zalasiewicz J, Williams M, Richardson K, Crumley C, Crutzen P, Folke C, Gordon L, Molina M, Ramanathan V, RockstrÖm J, Scheffer M, Schellnhuber HJ, Svedin U (2011) The Anthropocene: from global change to planetary stewardship. Ambio 40:739–761 Steinitz C, Binford M, Cote P, Edwards T Jr, Ervin S, Forman RTT, Johnson C, Kiester R, Mouat D, Olson D, Shearer A, Toth R, Wills R (1996) Biodiversity and landscape planning: alternative future for the region of Camp Pendleton, California. Harvard University Graduate School of Design, Cambridge Stiglitz J, Sen A, Fitoussi J-P (2009) Report by the commission on the measurement of economic performance and social progress. Commission on the Measurement of Economic Performance and Social Progress, Paris Swaffield S (2013) Empowering landscape ecology—connecting science to governance through design values. Landscape Ecol. doi:10.1007/s10980-012-9765-9 Termorshuizen JW, Opdam P (2009) Landscape services as a bridge between landscape ecology and sustainable development. Landscape Ecol 24(8):1037–1052 Turner MG (2005) Landscape ecology: what is the state of the science? Annu Rev Ecol Evol Syst 36:319–344 Turner BL II (2010) Vulnerability and resilience: coalescing or paralleling approaches for sustainability science? Global Environ Change Hum Policy Dimens 20(4):570–576 Turner MG, Gardner RH (1991) Quantitative methods in landscape ecology: the analysis and interpretation of landscape heterogeneity. Springer-Verlag, New York Turner MG, Gardner RH, O’Neill RV (2001) Landscape ecology in theory and practice: pattern and process. Springer-Verlag, New York Turner BL II, Kasperson RE, Matson P, McCarthy JJ, Corell RW, Christensen L, Eckley N, Kasperson JX, Luers A, Martello ML, Polsky C, Pulsipher A, Schiller A (2003) A framework for vulnerability analysis in sustainability science. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 100(14):8074–8079 Turner BL II, Janetos AC, Verburg PH, Murray AT (2013a) Land system architecture: using land systems to adapt and mitigate global environmental change. Global Environ Change 23:395–397 Turner MG, Donato DC, Romme WH (2013b) Consequences of spatial heterogeneity for ecosystem services in changing forest landscapes: priorities for future research. Landscape Ecol. doi:10.1007/s10980-012-9741-4 UNU-IHDP, UNEP (2012) Inclusive wealth report 2012—measuring progress toward sustainability. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge Verburg PH, Koomen E, Hilferink M, Perez-Soba M, Lesschen JP (2012) An assessment of the impact of climate adaptation measures to reduce flood risk on ecosystem services. Landscape Ecol 27(4):473–486 Vince G (2011) An epoch debate. Science 333(6052):32–35 Walker B, Salt D (2006) Resilience thinking: sustaining ecosystems and people in a changing world. Island Press, Washington, DC Wallace KJ (2007) Classification of ecosystem services: problems and solutions. Biol Conserv 139(3–4):235–246 WCED (1987) Our common future. Oxford University Press, New York Weisz H, Steinberger JK (2010) Reducing energy and material flows in cities. Curr Opin Environ Sustain 2:185–192 Wiens JA (2013) Is landscape sustainability a useful concept in a changing world? Landscape Ecol. doi:10.1007/s10980-012-9801-9 Wu J (1999) Hierarchy and scaling: extrapolating information along a scaling ladder. Can J Remote Sens 25(4):367–380 Wu J (2006) Landscape ecology, cross-disciplinarity, and sustainability science. Landscape Ecol 21(1):1–4 Wu J (2008) Changing perspectives on biodiversity conservation: from species protection to regional sustainability. Biodivers Sci 16:205–213 Wu J (2010) Urban sustainability: an inevitable goal of landscape research. Landscape Ecol 25(1):1–4 Wu J (2012) A landscape approach for sustainability science. In: Weinstein MP, Turner RE (eds) Sustainability science: the emerging paradigm and the urban environment. Springer, New York, pp 59–77 Wu J (2013) Key concepts and research topics in landscape ecology revisited: 30 years after the Allerton Park workshop. Landscape Ecol 20:1–11 Wu J, Hobbs R (2002) Key issues and research priorities in landscape ecology: an idiosyncratic synthesis. Landscape Ecol 17(4):355–365 Wu J, Loucks OL (1995) From balance-of-nature to hierarchical patch dynamics: a paradigm shift in ecology. Q Rev Biol 70:439–466 Wu J, Wu T (2012) Sustainability indicators and indices: an overview. In: Madu CN, Kuei C (eds) Handbook of sustainable management. Imperial College Press, London, pp 65–86 Wu J, Wu T (2013) Ecological resilience as a foundation for urban design and sustainability. In: Pickett STA, Cadenasso ML, McGrath BP (eds) Resilience in urban ecology and design: linking theory and practice for sustainable cities. Springer, New York, pp 211–230 Wu T, Kim Y-S (2013) Pricing ecosystem resilience in frequent-fire ponderosa pine forests. For Policy Econ 27:8–12