Magnetic Resonance Imaging of the Tumor Microenvironment in Radiotherapy: Perfusion, Hypoxia, and Metabolism

Horsman, 1998, Techniques to assess the oxygenation of human tumors. State of the art, Strahlenther Onkol, 174, 2 Stratford, 1994, Manipulation and exploitation of the tumour environment for therapeutic benefit, Int J Radiat Biol, 65, 85, 10.1080/09553009414550121 Chaplin, 1987, Intermittent blood flow in a murine tumor: Radiobiological effects, Cancer Res, 47, 597 Dewhirst, 2009, Relationships between cycling hypoxia, HIF-1, angiogenesis and oxidative stress, Radiat Res, 172, 653, 10.1667/RR1926.1 Matsumoto, 2010, Imaging cycling tumor hypoxia, Cancer Res, 70, 10019, 10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-10-2821 Yasui, 2010, Low-field magnetic resonance imaging to visualize chronic and cycling hypoxia in tumor-bearing mice, Cancer Res, 70, 6427, 10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-10-1350 Dewhirst, 2007, Intermittent hypoxia furthers the rationale for hypoxia-inducible factor-1 targeting, Cancer Res, 67, 854, 10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-06-4744 Thomlinson, 1955, The histological structure of some human lung cancers and the possible implications for radiotherapy, Br J Cancer, 9, 539, 10.1038/bjc.1955.55 Gatenby, 2004, Why do cancers have high aerobic glycolysis?, Nat Rev Cancer, 4, 891, 10.1038/nrc1478 Kim, 2006, HIF-1-mediated expression of pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase: A metabolic switch required for cellular adaptation to hypoxia, Cell Metab, 3, 177, 10.1016/j.cmet.2006.02.002 Gillies, 2007, Adaptive landscapes and emergent phenotypes: Why do cancers have high glycolysis?, J Bioenerg Biomembr, 39, 251, 10.1007/s10863-007-9085-y Tatum, 2006, Hypoxia: Importance in tumor biology, noninvasive measurement by imaging, and value of its measurement in the management of cancer therapy, Int J Radiat Biol, 82, 699, 10.1080/09553000601002324 Brown, 2004, Exploiting tumour hypoxia in cancer treatment, Nat Rev Cancer, 4, 437, 10.1038/nrc1367 Grau, 2008, Image-guided adaptive radiotherapy—Integration of biology and technology to improve clinical outcome, Acta Oncol, 47, 1182, 10.1080/02841860802282802 Grau, 2010, Biology-guided adaptive radiation therapy—Presence or future?, Acta Oncol, 49, 884, 10.3109/0284186X.2010.516010 Krishna, 2013, Magnetic resonance imaging of tumor oxygenation and metabolic profile, Acta Oncol, 52, 1248, 10.3109/0284186X.2013.819118 Horsman, 2012, Imaging hypoxia to improve radiotherapy outcome, Nat Rev Clin Oncol, 9, 674, 10.1038/nrclinonc.2012.171 Cooper, 2000, Tumour oxygenation levels correlate with dynamic contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging parameters in carcinoma of the cervix, Radiother Oncol, 57, 53, 10.1016/S0167-8140(00)00259-0 Mayr, 1996, Tumor perfusion studies using fast magnetic resonance imaging technique in advanced cervical cancer: A new noninvasive predictive assay, Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys, 36, 623, 10.1016/S0360-3016(97)85090-0 Yamashita, 2000, Dynamic contrast-enhanced MR imaging of uterine cervical cancer: Pharmacokinetic analysis with histopathologic correlation and its importance in predicting the outcome of radiation therapy, Radiology, 216, 803, 10.1148/radiology.216.3.r00se07803 Loncaster, 2002, Prediction of radiotherapy outcome using dynamic contrast enhanced MRI of carcinoma of the cervix, Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys, 54, 759, 10.1016/S0360-3016(02)02972-3 Mayr, 2009, Longitudinal changes in tumor perfusion pattern during the radiation therapy course and its clinical impact in cervical cancer, Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys, 77, 502, 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2009.04.084 Andersen, 2011, Dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI of cervical cancers: Temporal percentile screening of contrast enhancement identifies parameters for prediction of chemoradioresistance, Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys, 82, e485, 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2011.05.050 Halle, 2012, Hypoxia-induced gene expression in chemoradioresistant cervical cancer revealed by dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI, Cancer Res, 72, 5285, 10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-12-1085 Zhao, 2005, Tumor physiologic response to combretastatin A4 phosphate assessed by MRI, Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys, 62, 872, 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2005.03.009 Pacheco-Torres, 2011, Imaging tumor hypoxia by magnetic resonance methods, NMR Biomed, 24, 1, 10.1002/nbm.1558 Hoskin, 2007, Hypoxia in prostate cancer: Correlation of BOLD-MRI with pimonidazole immunohistochemistry-initial observations, Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys, 68, 1065, 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2007.01.018 Baudelet, 2002, How does blood oxygen level-dependent (BOLD) contrast correlate with oxygen partial pressure (pO2) inside tumors?, Magn Reson Med, 48, 980, 10.1002/mrm.10318 Jordan, 2006, Complex relationship between changes in oxygenation status and changes in R*2: The case of insulin and NS-398, two inhibitors of oxygen consumption, Magn Reson Med, 56, 637, 10.1002/mrm.20963 Hallac, 2013, Correlations of noninvasive BOLD and TOLD MRI with pO2 and relevance to tumor radiation response, Magn Reson Med Matsumoto, 2008, Low-field paramagnetic resonance imaging of tumor oxygenation and glycolytic activity in mice, J Clin Invest, 118, 1965 Matsumoto, 2006, Electron paramagnetic resonance imaging of tumor hypoxia: Enhanced spatial and temporal resolution for in vivo pO2 determination, Magn Reson Med, 55, 1157, 10.1002/mrm.20872 Saito, 2012, Longitudinal imaging studies of tumor microenvironment in mice treated with the mTOR inhibitor rapamycin, PLoS One, 7, e49456, 10.1371/journal.pone.0049456 Ardenkjaer-Larsen, 1998, EPR and DNP properties of certain novel single electron contrast agents intended for oximetric imaging, J Magn Reson, 133, 1, 10.1006/jmre.1998.1438 Matsumoto, 2011, Antiangiogenic agent sunitinib transiently increases tumor oxygenation and suppresses cycling hypoxia, Cancer Res, 71, 6350, 10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-11-2025 Ardenkjaer-Larsen, 2003, Increase in signal-to-noise ratio of >10,000 times in liquid-state NMR, Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 100, 10158, 10.1073/pnas.1733835100 Golman, 2003, Molecular imaging with endogenous substances, Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 100, 10435, 10.1073/pnas.1733836100 Albers, 2008, Hyperpolarized 13C lactate, pyruvate, and alanine: Noninvasive biomarkers for prostate cancer detection and grading, Cancer Res, 68, 8607, 10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-08-0749 Day, 2011, Detecting response of rat C6 glioma tumors to radiotherapy using hyperpolarized [1-13C]pyruvate and 13C magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging, Magn Reson Med, 65, 557, 10.1002/mrm.22698