Seasonal variation in salivary cortisol but not symptoms of depression and trait anxiety in pregnant women undergoing an elective caesarean section

Aiken, 2017, Long-term neurodevelopmental outcomes in small babies. Obstetrics, Gynaecology and Reproductive Medicine, 27, 235, 10.1016/j.ogrm.2017.06.001 Barker, 1990, The fetal and infant origins of adult disease, BMJ Br. Med. J., 301, 10.1136/bmj.301.6761.1111 Barnett, 1985, Professional and non-professional intervention for highly anxious primiparous mothers, Br. J. Psychiatry, 146, 287, 10.1192/bjp.146.3.287 Betrán, 2016, The increasing trend in caesarean section rates: global, regional and national estimates: 1990-2014, PLoS One, 11, 10.1371/journal.pone.0148343 Boerma, 2018, Global epidemiology of use of and disparities in caesarean sections, Lancet, 392, 1341, 10.1016/S0140-6736(18)31928-7 Boesch, 2015, Hair cortisol concentration is unaffected by basic military training, but related to sociodemographic and environmental factors, Stress, 18, 35, 10.3109/10253890.2014.974028 Bornstein, 2013, Sampling in developmental science: situations, shortcomings, solutions, and standards, Dev. Rev., 33, 357, 10.1016/j.dr.2013.08.003 Braig, 2015, Determinants of maternal hair cortisol concentrations at delivery reflecting the last trimester of pregnancy, Psychoneuroendocrinology, 52, 289, 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2014.12.006 Conde, 2014, 24-h urinary free cortisol from mid-pregnancy to 3-months postpartum: gender and parity differences and effects, Psychoneuroendocrinology, 50, 264, 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2014.08.013 Cox, 1987, Detection of postnatal depression: development of the 10-item Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale, Br. J. Psychiatry, 150, 782, 10.1192/bjp.150.6.782 Day, 2015, Season of birth is associated with birth weight, pubertal timing, adult body size and educational attainment: a UK Biobank study, Heliyon, 1, 10.1016/j.heliyon.2015.e00031 Disanto, 2012, Seasonal distribution of psychiatric births in England, PLoS One, 7, 10.1371/journal.pone.0034866 Eskild, 2018, Mothers who give birth to offspring with low birth weight may have increased risk for cardiovascular death, Bmj Evid. Med. Evans, 2007, Depressive symptoms during pregnancy and low birth weight at term, Br. J. Psychiatry, 191, 84, 10.1192/bjp.bp.105.016568 Evans, 2008, Pregnant women’s cortisol is elevated with anxiety and depression — but only when comorbid, Arch. Womens Ment. Health, 11, 239, 10.1007/s00737-008-0019-4 Fischer, 2017, Sociodemographic, lifestyle, and psychosocial determinants of hair cortisol in a South London community sample, Psychoneuroendocrinology, 76, 144, 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2016.11.011 Flamant, 2013, Short-term outcome and small for gestational age newborn management, J. Gynecol. Obstet. Biol. Reprod. (Paris), 42, 985, 10.1016/j.jgyn.2013.09.020 Flouris, 2009, Effect of seasonal programming on fetal development and longevity: links with environmental temperature, American Journal of Human Biology: The Official Journal of the Human Biology Association, 21, 214, 10.1002/ajhb.20818 Gardosi, 2012, Customised assessment of fetal growth potential: implications for perinatal care, Arch. Dis. Childhood-Fetal aNeonatal Ed., 97, F314, 10.1136/fetalneonatal-2012-301708 Gardosi, 2009, Adverse pregnancy outcome and association with small for gestational age birthweight by customized and population-based percentiles, Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol., 201, 28.e21, 10.1016/j.ajog.2009.04.034 Gardosi, J., Francis, A., 2016. Customised Centile Calculator, GROW 6.7.8.1(UK). Gillespie, 2018, Maternal parity and perinatal cortisol adaptation: the role of pregnancy-specific distress and implications for postpartum mood, Psychoneuroendocrinology, 97, 86, 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2018.07.008 Glover, 1999, Maternal stress or anxiety during pregnancy and the development of the baby, Pract. Midwife, 2, 20 Gluckman, 2004, The developmental origins of the metabolic syndrome, Trends Endocrinol. Metab., 15, 183, 10.1016/j.tem.2004.03.002 Government, W, 2017 Grant, 2008, Maternal anxiety during the transition to parenthood: a prospective study, J. Affect. Disord., 108, 101, 10.1016/j.jad.2007.10.002 Gynaecologists, R.C.o.O.a, 2013 Hadlow, 2014, The effects of season, daylight saving and time of sunrise on serum cortisol in a large population, Chronobiol. Int., 31, 243, 10.3109/07420528.2013.844162 Harmatz, 2000, Seasonal variation of depression and other moods: a longitudinal approach, J. Biol. Rhythms, 15, 344, 10.1177/074873000129001350 Heinonen, 2001, Weights of placentae from small-for-gestational age infants revisited, Placenta, 22, 399, 10.1053/plac.2001.0630 Hellhammer, 2009, Salivary cortisol as a biomarker in stress research, Psychoneuroendocrinology, 34, 163, 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2008.10.026 Henriksson, 2017, Seasonal patterns in self-reported peripartum depressive symptoms, Eur. Psychiatry, 43, 99, 10.1016/j.eurpsy.2017.03.001 Janssen, 2018, Persistence of anxiety symptoms after elective caesarean delivery, BJPsych Open, 4, 354, 10.1192/bjo.2018.48 Jensen, 2015, Secular trends in seasonal variation in birth weight, Early Hum. Dev., 91, 361, 10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2015.03.010 Jewell, 2010, Prevalence of self-reported postpartum depression specific to season and latitude of birth: evaluating the PRAMS data, Matern. Child Health J., 14, 261, 10.1007/s10995-009-0498-6 King, 2000, Sequence and seasonal effects of salivary cortisol, Behav. Med., 26, 67, 10.1080/08964280009595753 Kozinszky, 2015, Validation studies of the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale for the antenatal period, J. Affect. Disord., 176, 95, 10.1016/j.jad.2015.01.044 Lawlor, 2005, The association of ambient outdoor temperature throughout pregnancy and offspring birthweight: findings from the Aberdeen Children of the 1950s cohort, Bjog Int. J. Obstet. Gynaecol., 112, 647, 10.1111/j.1471-0528.2004.00488.x Lei, 2016, Seasonal variations in birth weight in Suzhou Industrial Park, Biomed. Environ. Sci., 29, 758 Matthey, 2006, Variability in use of cut-off scores and formats on the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale–implications for clinical and research practice, Arch. Womens Ment. Health, 9, 309, 10.1007/s00737-006-0152-x Meades, 2011, Anxiety measures validated in perinatal populations: a systematic review, J. Affect. Disord., 133, 1, 10.1016/j.jad.2010.10.009 Melrose, 2015, Seasonal affective disorder: an overview of assessment and treatment approaches, Depress. Res. Treat., 2015 Miller, 2016, The CIRCORT database: reference ranges and seasonal changes in diurnal salivary cortisol derived from a meta-dataset comprised of 15 field studies, Psychoneuroendocrinology, 73, 16, 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2016.07.201 Morken, 2014, Perinatal mortality by gestational week and size at birth in singleton pregnancies at and beyond term: a nationwide population-based cohort study, BMC Pregnancy Childbirth, 14, 172, 10.1186/1471-2393-14-172 Murray, 2000, Season and outdoor ambient temperature: effects on birth weight1, Obstet. Gynecol., 96, 689 Ngo, 2015, Delivery of a small-for-gestational-age infant and risk of maternal cardiovascular disease–a population-based record linkage study, Heart Lung Circ., 24, 696, 10.1016/j.hlc.2015.01.004 O’Donnell, 2014, The persisting effect of maternal mood in pregnancy on childhood psychopathology, Dev. Psychopathol., 26, 393, 10.1017/S0954579414000029 O’Connor, 2014, Diurnal cortisol patterns and psychiatric symptoms in pregnancy: short-term longitudinal study, Biol. Psychol., 96, 35, 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2013.11.002 Obel, 2005, Stress and salivary cortisol during pregnancy, Psychoneuroendocrinology, 30, 647, 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2004.11.006 Panthangi, 2009, Is seasonal variation another risk factor for postpartum depression?, J. Am. Board Fam. Med., 22, 492, 10.3122/jabfm.2009.05.080066 Persson, 2008, Seasonal variation in human salivary cortisol concentration, Chronobiol. Int., 25, 923, 10.1080/07420520802553648 Poeran, 2016, The impact of extremes in outdoor temperature and sunshine exposure on birth weight, J. Environ. Health, 78, 92 Roelfsema, 2017, Impact of age, sex and body mass index on cortisol secretion in 143 healthy adults, Endocr. Connect., 6, 500, 10.1530/EC-17-0160 Schoch-Ruppen, 2018, Women’s word use in pregnancy: associations with maternal characteristics, prenatal stress, and neonatal birth outcome, Front. Psychol., 9, 10.3389/fpsyg.2018.01234 Sit, 2011, Seasonal effects on depression risk and suicidal symptoms in postpartum women, Depress. Anxiety, 28, 400, 10.1002/da.20807 Smy, 2016, Hair cortisol as a hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis biomarker in pregnant women with asthma: a retrospective observational study, BMC Pregnancy Childbirth, 16, 176, 10.1186/s12884-016-0962-4 Sohn, 2016, Disappearing seasonality in birthweight, Am. J. Hum. Biol., 28, 767, 10.1002/ajhb.22864 Spielberger, 1983 Stordal, 2008, Monthly variation in prevalence rates of comorbid depression and anxiety in the general population at 63–65 North: the HUNT study, J. Affect. Disord., 106, 273, 10.1016/j.jad.2007.07.007 Strand, 2011, The influence of season and ambient temperature on birth outcomes: a review of the epidemiological literature, Environ. Res., 111, 451, 10.1016/j.envres.2011.01.023 Sylvén, 2011, Seasonality patterns in postpartum depression, Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol., 204 Urizar, 2018, Ethnic differences in stress-induced cortisol responses: increased risk for depression during pregnancy, Biol. Psychol., 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2018.12.005 Van den Bergh, 2017, Prenatal developmental origins of behavior and mental health: the influence of maternal stress in pregnancy, Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev., 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2017.07.003 Zhang, 2010, Defining normal and abnormal fetal growth: promises and challenges, Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol., 202, 522, 10.1016/j.ajog.2009.10.889