Socio-technical lock-in hinders crop diversification in France
Tóm tắt
Crop diversification is considered as a major lever to increase the sustainability of arable farming systems, allowing reduced inputs (irrigation water, pesticides, fertilizers), increasing the heterogeneity of habitat mosaics, or reducing yield gap associated with too frequent returns of the same species. To free up paths of collective action, this article highlights obstacles to crop diversification, existing at various levels of the value chains. We used a threefold approach: (i) a cross-cutting analysis of impediments to the development of 11 diversifying crops (5 species of grain legumes, alfalfa, flax, hemp, linseed, mustard, sorghum), based on published documents and on 30 interviews of stakeholders in French value chains; (ii) a detailed study (55 semi-structured surveys, including 39 farmers) of three value chains: pea and linseed for animal feed, hemp for insulation and biomaterials; and (iii) a bibliometric analysis of the technical journals and websites (180 articles) to characterize the nature of information diffused to farmers. We highlight that the development of minor crops is hindered by a socio-technical lock-in in favor of the dominant species (wheat, rapeseed, maize, etc.). We show for the first time that this lock-in is characterized by strongly interconnected impediments, occurring at every link of the value chains, such as lack of availability of improved varieties and methods of plant protection, scarcity of quantified references on crop successions, complexity of the knowledge to be acquired by farmers, logistical constraints to harvest collection, and difficulties of coordination within the emerging value chains. On the basis of this lock-in analysis, that could concern other European countries, the article proposes levers aimed at encouraging actors to incorporate a greater diversity of crops into their productive systems: adaptation of standards and labelling, better coordination between stakeholders to fairly share added value within value chains, and combination of genetic, agronomic, technological, and organizational innovations.
Tài liệu tham khảo
Amigues JP, Debaeke P, Itier B, et al (2006) Sécheresse et agriculture. Réduire la vulnérabilité de l’agriculture à un risque accru de manque d’eau. Expertise scientifique collective. Paris INRA 76 p. https://www6.paris.inra.fr/depe/Projets/Secheresse-et-agriculture
Arthur B (1989) Competing technologies, increasing returns, and lock-in by historical events. Econ J 99(394):116–131
Benett AJ, Bending GD, Chandler D, Hilton S, Mills P (2012) Meeting the demand for crop production: the challenge of yield decline in crops grown in short rotations. Biol Rev 87:52–71
Blesh J, Wolf SA (2014) Transitions to agroecological farming systems in the Mississippi River basin: toward an integrated socioecological analysis. Agric Hum Values (2014) 31:621–635. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10460-014-9517-3
Bonneuil C, Thomas F (2009) Gènes, pouvoirs et profits. Recherche publique et régimes de production des savoirs de Mendel aux OGM. QUAE, Paris 619 p
Chantre E, Cardona A (2014) Trajectories of French field crop farmers moving toward sustainable farming practices: change, learning, and links with the advisory services. Agroecol Sust Food Syst 38(5):573–602. https://doi.org/10.1080/21683565.2013.876483
Charrier F, Magrini MB, Charlier A, Fares M, Le Bail M, Messéan A, Meynard JM (2013) Alimentation animale et organisation des filières : une comparaison pois protéagineux-lin oléagineux pour comprendre les facteurs freinant ou favorisant les cultures de diversification. OCL 20(4):D403. https://doi.org/10.1051/ocl/2013007
Conley TG, Udry CR (2010) Learning about a new technology: pineapple in Ghana. Am Econ Rev 100(1):35–69 http://www.aeaweb.org/articles.php?doi=10.1257/aer.100.1.35
Cowan R, Gunby P (1996) Sprayed to death: path dependence, lock-in and pest control strategies. Econ J 106:521–542. https://doi.org/10.2307/2235561
David PA (1985) Clio and the economics of qwerty. Am Econ Rev 75:332–337 Available on http://www.links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0002-8282%28198505%2975%3A2%3C332%3ACATEOQ%3E2.0.CO%3B2-I
Duc G, Blancard S, Hénault C et al (2010) Potentiels et leviers pour développer la production et l’utilisation des protéagineux dans le cadre d’une agriculture durable en Bourgogne. Innov Agron 11:157–173 http://www6.inra.fr/ciag/Revue/Volume-11-Decembre-2010
Eip-agri (2015) EIP-AGRI Network 2015, pp. 8. https://ec.europa.eu/eip/agriculture/sites/agri-eip/files/eip-agribrochurenetwork2015enweb.pdf
Fares M (2006) Renegotiation design and contract solutions to the hold-up problem. J Econ Surv 20:731–756
Fares M, Magrini MB, Triboulet P (2012) Transition agroécologique, innovation et effets de verrouillage : le rôle de la structure organisationnelle des filières. Cah Agric 21:34–45. https://doi.org/10.1684/agr.2012.0539
Filippi M, Frey O, Mauget R (2008) Les coopératives agricoles face à l’internationalisation et à la mondialisation des marchés. Recma 310:31–51
Fuzeau V, Dubois G, Thérond O, Allaire G (2012) Diversification des cultures dans l'agriculture française – état des lieux et dispositifs d'accompagnement. Études et documents Du Service de l'Économie, de l'Évaluation et de l'Intégration du Développement Durable (SEEIDD) du Commissariat Général au Développement Durable (CGDD), N°67
Geels FW (2002) Technological transitions as evolutionary reconfiguration processes: a multi-level perspective and a case-study. Res Policy 31:1257–1274. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0048-7333(02)00062-8
Geves (2018) Le catalogue official des espèces et varieties cultivées en France. https://www.geves.fr/catalogue/ (consulté le 15 mars 2018)
Hart O, Holmstrom B (1987) The theory of contracts. In: Bewley T (ed) Advances in economic theory: fifth world congress. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp 71–155
IPES-Food. 2016. From uniformity to diversity: a paradigm shift from industrial agriculture to diversified agroecological systems. International panel of experts on sustainable food systems. www.ipes-food.org
Jeuffroy MH, Baranger E, Carrouée B, de Chezelles E, Gosme M, Hénault C, Schneider A, Cellier P (2013) Nitrous oxide emissions from crop rotations including wheat, rapeseed and dry peas. Biogeosciences 10:1787–1797. https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-10-1787-2013
Jordan NR, Dorn K, Runck B, Ewing P, Williams A, Anderson KA, Felice L, Haralson K, Goplen J, Altendorf K, Fernandez A, Phippen W, Sedbrook J, Marks M, Wolf K, Wyse D, Johnson G (2016) Sustainable commercialization of new crops for the agricultural bioeconomy. Elem Sci Anth 4:000081. https://doi.org/10.12952/journal.elementa.000081
Kallis G, Norgaard RB (2010) Coevolutionary ecological economics. Ecol Econ 69(4):690–699
Kremen C, Miles A (2012) Ecosystem services in biologically diversified versus conventional farming systems: benefits, externalities, and trade-offs. Ecol Soc. 17(4)
Lamine C (2011) Transition pathways towards a robust ecologization of agriculture and the need for system redesign. Cases from organic farming and IPM. J Rural Stud 27:209–219. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrurstud.2011.02.001
Levidow L, Pimbert M, Vanloqueren G (2014) Agroecological research: conforming—or transforming the dominant agro-food regime? Agroecol Sust Food Syst 38(10):1127–1155
Liebman L, Schulte LA (2015) Enhancing agroecosystem performance and resilience through increased diversification of landscapes and cropping systems. Elem Sci Anth 3:000041. https://doi.org/10.12952/journal.elementa.000041
Louhichi K, Ciaian P, Espinosa M, Colen L, Perni A, Gomez y Paloma S (2017) Does the crop diversification measure impact EU farmers’ decisions? An assessment using an Individual Farm Model for CAP Analysis (IFM-CAP). Land Use Policy 66:250–264. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2017.04.010
Magrini MB, Anton M, Cholez C, Corre-Hellou G, Duc G, Jeuffroy MH, Meynard JM, Pelzer E, Voisin AS, Walrand S (2016) Why are grain-legumes rarely present in cropping systems despite their environmental and nutritional benefits? Analyzing lock-in in the French agrifood system. Ecol Econ 126(2016):152–162. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2016.03.024
Magrini MB, Triboulet P, Bedoussac L (2013) Pratiques agricoles innovantes et logistique des coopératives agricoles. Une étude ex-ante sur l'acceptabilité de cultures associées blé dur-légumineuses. Econ Rurale 338:25–45
Martin C, Rouel J, Jouany JP, Doreau M, Chilliard Y (2008) Methane output and diet digestibility in response to feeding dairy cows crude linseed, extruded linseed, or linseed oil. J Anim Sci 86(10):2642–2650. https://doi.org/10.2527/jas.2007-0774
Meynard JM, Jeuffroy MH, Le Bail M, Lefèvre A, Magrini MB, Michon C (2017) Designing coupled innovations for the sustainability transition of agrifood systems. Agric Syst 157:330–339. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agsy.2016.08.002
Meynard, JM, Messean A, Charlier A, Charrier F, Fares M, Le Bail M, Magrini MB (2013) Freins et leviers à la diversification des cultures. Étude au niveau des exploitations agricoles et des filières Rapport d’étude INRA, p 256. https://www6.paris.inra.fr/depe/Projets/Diversification-des-cultures
Ponisio LC, M’Gonigle LK, Mace KC, Palomino J, de Valpine P, Kremen C (2015) Diversification practices reduce organic to conventional yield gap. Proc R Soc B 282:20141396. https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2014.1396
Rip A, Kemp RPM (1998) Technological change. In: Rayner S, Malone EL (eds) Human choice and climate change. Vol. II, Resources and technology. Battelle Press, Ohio, pp 327–399
Schneider A, Flénet F, Dumans P, Bonnin E, de Chezelles E, Jeuffroy MH, Hayer F, Nemecek T, Carrouée B (2010) Diversifier les rotations céréalières notamment avec du pois et du colza – Données récentes d’expérimentations et d’études. OCL 17:301–311. https://doi.org/10.1051/ocl.2010.0332
Schot J (1998) The usefulness of evolutionary models for explaining innovation. The case of the Netherlands in the nineteenth century. Hist Technol 14:173–200
Schot J, Geels FW (2008) Strategic niche management and sustainable innovation journeys: theory, findings, research agenda, and policy. Tech Anal Strat Manag 20(5):537–554
Schott C, Mignolet C, Meynard JM (2010) Les oléoprotéagineux dans les systèmes de culture : évolution des assolements et des successions culturales depuis les années 1970 dans le bassin de la Seine. OCL 17:276–291. https://doi.org/10.1051/ocl.2010.0334
Sol J, Beers PJ, Wals AEJ (2012) Social learning in regional innovation networks: trust, commitment and reframing as emergent properties of interaction. J Clean Prod 49:35–43. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2012.07.041
Vanloqueren G, Baret P (2008) Why are ecological, low-input, multi-resistant wheat cultivars slow to develop commercially? A Belgian agricultural ‘lock-in’ case study. Ecol Econ 66:436–446. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2007.10.007
Vanloqueren G, Baret PV (2009) How agricultural research systems shape a technological regime that develops genetic engineering but locks out agroecological innovations. Res Policy 38(6):971–983. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.respol.2009.02.008
Wilson C, Tisdell C (2001) Why farmers continue to use pesticides despite environmental, health and sustainability costs. Ecol Econ 39:449–462. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0921-8009(01)00238-5
Zander P, Amjath-Babu TS, Preissel S, Reckling M, Bues A, Schläfke N, Kuhlman T, Bachinger J, Uthes S, Stoddard F, Murphy-Bokern D, Watson C (2016) Grain legume decline and potential recovery in European agriculture: a review. Agron Sustain Dev 36:26. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13593-016-0365-y
Zimmer S, Liebe U, Didier JP, Heß J (2016) Luxembourgish farmers’ lack of information about grain legume cultivation. Agron Sustain Dev 36:2. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13593-015-0339-5