Support for Ex Vivo Organ Perfusion in Kidney and Liver Transplantation

Henry S, Guarrera JV. Protective effects of hypothermic ex vivo perfusion on ischemia/reperfusion injury and transplant outcomes. Transplant Rev (Orlando). 2012;26(2):163–75. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trre.2011.09.001. Collins GM, Bravo-Shugarman M, Terasaki P. Kidney preservation for transportation. Initial perfusion and 30 hours ice storage. Lancet. 1969;2(7632):1219–12. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(69)90753-3. Belzer FO, Southard JH. Principles of solid-organ preservation by cold storage. Transplantation. 1988;45(4):673–6. https://doi.org/10.1097/00007890-198804000-00001. Kaths JM, Paul A, Robinson LA, et al. Ex vivo machine perfusion for renal graft preservation. Transplant Rev (Orlando). 2018;32(1):1–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tre.2017.04.002. Kataria A, Magoon S, Makkar B, et al. Machine perfusion in kidney transplantation. Curr Opin Organ Transplant. 2019;24(4):378–84. https://doi.org/10.1097/MOT.0000000000000675. Jochmans I, Nicholson ML, Hosgood SA. Kidney perfusion: some like it hot others prefer to keep it cool. Curr Opin Organ Transplant. 2017;22(3):260–6. https://doi.org/10.1097/MOT.0000000000000405. Hamar M, Selzner M. Ex-vivo machine perfusion for kidney preservation. Curr Opin Organ Transplant. 2018;23(3):369–74. https://doi.org/10.1097/MOT.0000000000000524. Matsuno N, Sakurai E, Tamaki I, et al. The effect of machine perfusion preservation versus cold storage on the function of kidneys from non-heart-beating donors. Transplantation. 1994;57(2):293–4. Polyak MM, Arrington BO, Stubenbord WT, et al. The influence of pulsatile preservation on renal transplantation in 1990s. Transplantation. 2000;69(2):249–58. https://doi.org/10.1097/00007890-200001270-00010. Schold JD, Kaplan B, Howard RJ, et al. Are we frozen in time? Analysis of the utilization and efficacy of pulsatile perfusion in renal transplantation. Am J Transplant. 2005;5(7):1681–8. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-6143.2005.00910.x. Chatauret N, Coudroy R, Delpech PO, et al. Mechanistic analysis of nonoxygenated hypothermic perfusion’s protection on warm ischemia kidney uncovers greater eNOS phosphorylation and vasodilation. Am J Transplant. 2014;14(11):2500–14. https://doi.org/10.1111/ajt.12904. Nath J, Smith T, Patel K, et al. Metabolic differences between cold stored and machine perfused porcine kidneys: a 1H NMR based study. Cryobiology. 2017;74:115–20. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cryobiol.2016.11.006. Moers C, Smits JM, Maathuis M-HJ, et al. Machine perfusion or cold storage in deceased donor kidney transplantation. N Engl J Med. 2009;360(1):7–19. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa0802289. Jochmans I, Moers C, Smits JM, et al. Machine perfusion versus cold storage for the preservation of kidneys donated after cardiac death: a multicenter, randomized, controlled trial. Ann Surg. 2010;252(5):756–64. https://doi.org/10.1097/SLA.0b013e3181ffc256. Zhong Z, Lan J, Ye S, et al. Outcome improvement for hypothermic machine perfusion versus cold storage for kidneys from cardiac death donors. Artif Organs. 2017;41(7):647–53. https://doi.org/10.1111/aor.12828. Treckmann J, Moers C, Smits JM, et al. Machine perfusion versus cold storage for preservation of kidneys from expanded criteria donors after brain death. Transpl Int. 2011;24(6):548–54. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1432-2277.2011.01232x. Gallinat A, Moers C, Treckmann J, Smits JM, Leuvenink HGD, Lefering R, et al. Machine perfusion versus cold storage for the preservation of kidneys from donors ≥65 years allocated in the Eurotransplant Senior Programme. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2012;27(12):4458–63. https://doi.org/10.1093/ndt/gfs321. Jochmans I, Moers C, Smits JM, et al. The prognostic value of renal resistance during hypothermic machine perfusion of deceased donor kidneys. Am J Transplant. 2011;11(10):2214–20. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-6143.2011.03685.x. Bissolati M, Gazzetta PG, Caldara R, et al. Renal resistance trend during hypothermic machine perfusion is more predictive of postoperative outcome than biopsy score: preliminary experience in 35 consecutive kidney transplantations. Artif Organs. 2018;42(7):714–22. https://doi.org/10.1111/aor.13117. Bissolati M, Cerchione R, Terulla A, et al. Renal resistance trend during hypothermic machine perfusion correlates with preimplantation biopsy score in transplantation of kidneys from extended criteria donors. Transplant Proc. 2021;S0041–1345(21):00235–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.transproceed.2021.03.036. Tedesco-Silva H, Mello Offerni JC, Ayres Carneiro V, et al. Randomized trial of machine perfusion versus cold storage in recipients of deceased donor kidney transplants with high incidence of delayed graft function. Transplant Direct. 2017;3(5):e155. https://doi.org/10.1097/TXD.0000000000000672. Gallinat A, Amrillaeva V, Hoyer DP, et al. Reconditioning by end-ischemic hypothermic in-house machine perfusion: a promising strategy to improve outcome in expanded criteria donors kidney transplantation. Clin Transplant. 2017; 31(3). https://doi.org/10.1111/ctr.12904. Ruiz-Hernández M, Gómez-Dos Santos V, Díaz-Pérez D, et al. Experience with hypothermic machine perfusion in expanded criteria donors: functional outcomes. Transplant Proc. 2019;51(2):303–6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.transproceed.2018.09.020. ••Jochmans I, Brat A, Davies L, SijbrandHofker H, van de Leemkolk FEM, Leuvenink HGD, et al. Oxygenated versus standard cold perfusion preservation in kidney transplantation (COMPARE): a randomized, double-blind, paired, phase 3 trial. Lancet. 2020;396(10263):1653–62. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)32411-9Important study highlighting benefit of hypothermic oxygenated perfusion preservation in improving outcomes for DCD kidney grafts. Ravaioli M, de Pace V, Angeletti A, et al. Hypothermic oxygenated new machine perfusion system in liver and kidney transplantation of extended criteria donors: first Italian clinical trial. Sci Rep. 2020;10(1):6063. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-62979-9. Nicholson ML, Hosgood SA. Renal transplantation after ex vivo normothermic perfusion: the first clinical study. Am J Transplant. 2013;13(5):1246–52. https://doi.org/10.1111/ajt.12179. Hosgood SA, Thompson E, Moore T, Wilson CH, Nicholson ML. Normothermic machine perfusion for the assessment and transplantation of declined human kidneys from donation after circulatory death donors. Br J Surg. 2018;105(4):388–94. https://doi.org/10.1002/bjs.10733. Aufhauser DD Jr, Foley DP. Beyond ice and the cooler: machine perfusion strategies in liver transplantation. Clin Liver Dis. 2021;25(1):179–94. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cld.2020.08.013. Bonaccorsi-Riani E, Bruggenwirth IMA, Buchwald JE, et al. Machine perfusion: cold versus warm versus neither. Update on Clinical Trials. Semin Liver Dis. 2020;40(3):264–81. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0040-1713118. Boteon YL, Afford SC. Machine perfusion of the liver: which is the best technique to mitigate ischaemia-reperfusion injury? World J Transplant. 2019;9(1):14–20. https://doi.org/10.5500/wjt.v9.i1.14. Ghinolfi D, Lai Q, Dondossola D, et al. Machine perfusions in liver transplantation: the evidence-based position paper of the Italian Society of Organ and Tissue Transplantation. Liver Transpl. 2020;26(10):1298–315. https://doi.org/10.1002/lt.25817. Henry SD, Nachber E, Tulipan J, et al. Hypothermic machine preservation reduces molecular markers of ischemia/reperfusion injury in human liver transplantation. Am J Transplant. 2012;12(9):2477–86. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-6143.2012.04086.x. Guarrera JV, Henry SD, Chen SW, et al. Hypothermic machine preservation attenuates ischemia/reperfusion injury after liver transplantation. J Surg Res. 2011;167(2):e365–73. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jss.2010.01.038. Schlegel A, Rougemont O, Graf R, et al. Protective mechanisms of end-ischemic cold machine perfusion in DCD liver grafts. J Hepatol. 2013;58(2):278–86. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhep.2012.10.004. Guarrera JV, Henry SD, Samstein B, et al. Hypothermic machine preservation in human liver transplantation: the first clinical series. Am J Transplant. 2010;10(2):372–81. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-6143.2009.02932.x. Guarrera JV, Henry SD, Samstein B, et al. Hypothermic machine preservation facilitates successful transplantation of “orphan” extended criteria donor livers. Am J Transplant. 2015;15(1):161–9. https://doi.org/10.1111/ajt.12958. Dutkowski P, Schlegel A, de Oliveira M, et al. HOPE for human liver grafts obtained from donors after cardiac death. J Hepatol. 2014;60(4):765–72. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhep.2013.11.023. Dutkowski P, Polak WG, Muiesan P, et al. First comparison of hypothermic oxygenated perfusion versus static cold storage of human donation after cardiac death liver transplants. Ann Surg. 2015;262(5):764–70. https://doi.org/10.1097/SLA.0000000000001473. Schlegel A, Muller X, Kalisvaart M, et al. Outcomes of DCD liver transplantation using organs treated by hypothermic oxygenated perfusion before implantation. J Hepatol. 2019;70(1):50–7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhep.2018.10.005. Mueller M, Kalisvaart M, O’Rourke J, et al. Hypothermic oxygenated liver perfusion (HOPE) prevents tumor recurrence in liver transplantation from donation after circulatory death. Ann Surg. 2020;272(5):759–65. van Rijn, Karimian N, Matton APM, et al. Dual hypothermic oxygenated machine perfusion in liver transplants donated after circulatory death. Br J Surg. 2017;104(7):907-917. https://doi.org/10.1002/bjs.10515. Patrono D, Surra A, Catalano G, et al. Hypothermic oxygenated machine perfusion of liver grafts from brain-dead donors. Sci Rep. 2019;9(1):9337. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-45843-3. ••van Rijn, Schurink IJ, de Vries, et al. Hypothermic machine perfusion in liver transplantation – A randomized trial. N Engl J Med. 2021;384(15):1391-1401.https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa2031532Important study showing benefit of hypothermic oxygenated machine perfusion in lowering biliary strictures for DCD liver grafts. Patrono D, Catalano G, Rizza G, Lavorato N, Berchialla P, Gambella A, et al. Perfusate analysis during dual hypothermic oxygenated machine perfusion of liver grafts: correlations with donor factors and early outcomes. Transplantation. 2020;104(9):1929–42. Muller X, Schlegel A, Kron P, et al. Novel real-time prediction of liver graft function during hypothermic oxygenated machine perfusion before liver transplantation. Ann Surg. 2019;270(5):783–90. https://doi.org/10.1097/SLA.0000000000003513. Perera T, Mergental H, Stephenson B, et al. First human liver transplantation using a marginal allograft resuscitated by normothermic machine perfusion. Liver Transpl. 2016;22(1):120–4. https://doi.org/10.1002/lt.24369. Watson CJ, Kosmoliaptsis V, Randle LV, et al. Preimplant normothermic liver perfusion of a suboptimal liver donated after circulatory death. Am J Transplant. 2016;16(1):353–7. https://doi.org/10.1111/ajt.13448. Ravikumar R, Jassem W, Mergental H, et al. Liver transplantation after ex vivo normothermic machine preservation: a phase 1 (first-in-man) clinical trial. Am J Transplant. 2016;16(6):1779–87. https://doi.org/10.1111/ajt.13708. Selzner M, Goldaracena N, Echeverri J, et al. Normothermic ex vivo liver perfusion using steen solution as perfusate for human liver transplantation: first North American results. Liver Transpl. 2016;22(11):1501–8. https://doi.org/10.1002/lt.24499. ••Nasralla D, Coussios CC, Mergental H, Akhtar MZ, Butler AJ, Ceresa CDL, et al. A randomized trial of normothermic preservation in liver transplantation. Nature. 2018;557:50–6. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-018-0047-9Important study highlighting the benefit of normothermic machine perfusion in decreasing liver graft discard rate and increasing overall donor organ pool available for liver transplantation. Ghinolfi D, Rreka E, de Tata V, Franzini M, Pezzati D, Fierabracci V, et al. Pilot, open, randomized, prospective trial for normothermic machine perfusion evaluation in liver transplantation from older donors. Liver Transpl. 2019;25:436–49. https://doi.org/10.1002/lt.25362. Bral M, Dajani K, Leon Izquierdo D, Bigam D, Kneteman N, Ceresa CDL, et al. A back-to-base experience of human normothermic ex situ liver perfusion: does the chill kill? Liver Transpl. 2019;25:848–58. https://doi.org/10.1002/lt.25464. •Mergental H, Laing RW, Kirkham AJ, et al. Transplantation of discarded livers following viability testing with normothermic machine perfusion. Nat Commun. 2020;11(1):2939. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-020-16251-3Important study defining potential hepatocyte viability markers that can be utilized during normothermic machine perfusion to successfully select marginal liver grafts for transplantation. •Watson CJ, Kosmoliaptsis V, Pley C, et al. Observations on the ex-situ perfusion of livers for transplantation. Am J Transplant. 2018;18(8):2005–20. https://doi.org/10.1111/ajt.14687Important study defining both hepatocyte and cholangiocyte viability markers that can be utilized during normothermic machine perfusion to successfully select marginal liver grafts for transplantation. ••Quintini C, Martins P, Shah S, et al. Implementing an innovated preservation technology: the American Society of Transplant Surgeons’ (ASTS) Standards Committee White Paper on ex situ liver machine perfusion. Am J Transplant. 2018;18(8):1865–74. https://doi.org/10.1111/ajt.14945Important paper highlighting the current position of ASTS on machine perfusion technology application in liver transplantation. de Vries Y, Matton AP, Nijsten MW, et al. Pretransplant sequential hypo- and normothermic machine perfusion of suboptimal livers donated after circulatory death using a hemoglobin-based oxygen carrier perfusion solution. Am J Transplant. 2019;19(4):1202–11. https://doi.org/10.1111/ajt.15228.