Biologically relevant scales in large mammal management policies

Balme, 2010, Edge effects and the impact of non-protected areas in carnivore conservation: leopards in the Phinda–Mkhuze Complex, South Africa, Anim. Conserv., 13, 315, 10.1111/j.1469-1795.2009.00342.x Bennett, 2008, Coupled and complex: human-environment interaction in the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem, USA, Geoforum, 39, 833, 10.1016/j.geoforum.2007.05.009 Beyer, H., 2006. Hawth’s Analysis Tools for ArcGIS. <http://www.spatialecology.com/htools>. Blignaut, 2008, The economic value of elephants, 446 Botes, 2006, Elephants and human-induced changes to dung beetle (Coleoptera:Scarabaeidae) assemblages in the Maputaland Centre of Endemism, Biol. Conserv., 130, 573, 10.1016/j.biocon.2006.01.020 Carruthers, 2008, The Elephant in South Africa: history and distribution, 23 Chamaillé-Jammes, 2008, Resource variability, aggregation and direct density dependence: the local regulation of an African elephant population, J. Anim. Ecol., 77, 135, 10.1111/j.1365-2656.2007.01307.x Coe, 1976, Biomass and production pf large African herbivores in relation to rainfall and primary production, Oeceologia, 22, 341, 10.1007/BF00345312 Cumming, 2013, Scale mismatches and reflexive law, Ecol. Soc., 18, 15, 10.5751/ES-05407-180115 Cumming, 2006, Scale mismatches in social-ecological systems: causes, consequences, and solutions, Ecol. Soc., 11, 10.5751/ES-01569-110114 Dale, 2000, Ecological principles and guidelines for managing the use of land, Ecol. Appl., 10, 639 DEAT, 2008. No 251 National Environmental Management: Biodiversity Act, 2004 (Act 10 of 2004): National Norms and Standards for the Management of Elephants in South Africa ed. DEAT. Government Gazette, Pretoria, p. 37. Druce, 2008, Ecological thresholds in the Savanna landscape: developing a protocol for monitoring the change in composition and utilisation of large trees, PLoS ONE, 3, e3979, 10.1371/journal.pone.0003979 Forester, 2007, State-space models link elk movement patterns to landscape characteristics in Yellowstone National Park, Ecol. Monogr., 77, 285, 10.1890/06-0534 Gobush, 2008, Long-term impacts of poaching on relatedness, stress physiology, and reproductive output of adult female African elephants, Conserv. Biol., 22, 1590, 10.1111/j.1523-1739.2008.01035.x Grainger, 2005, Landscape heterogeneity and the use of space by elephants in the Kruger National Park, South Africa, Afr. J. Ecol., 43, 369, 10.1111/j.1365-2028.2005.00592.x Grant, 2008, Controlling the distribution of elephants, 329 Guerrero, 2013, Scale mismatches, conservation planning, and the value of social-network analyses, Conserv. Biol., 27, 35, 10.1111/j.1523-1739.2012.01964.x Gusset, 2008, Efforts going to the dogs? Evaluating attempts to re-introduce endangered wild dogs in South Africa, J. Appl. Ecol., 45, 100, 10.1111/j.1365-2664.2007.01357.x Jachowski, 2012, Physiological stress and refuge behavior by African elephants, PLoS ONE, 7, e31818, 10.1371/journal.pone.0031818 Jones, 1994, Organisms as ecosystem engineers, Oikos, 69, 373, 10.2307/3545850 Kalwij, 2010, Tree cover and biomass increase in a southern African savanna despite growing elephant population, Ecol. Appl., 20, 222, 10.1890/09-0541.1 Lagendijk, 2012, Short-term effects of single species browsing release by different-size herbivores on Sand Forest vegetation community, South Africa, Biotropica, 44, 63, 10.1111/j.1744-7429.2011.00776.x Lambin, 2003, Dynamics of land-use and land-cover change in tropical regions, Ann. Rev. Environ. Resour., 28, 205, 10.1146/annurev.energy.28.050302.105459 MacFadyen, 2007 McComb, 2003, Matriarchs as repositories of social knowledge in African elephants, Science, 292, 491, 10.1126/science.1057895 2008 Meredith, 2001 Messerli, 2000, From nature-dominated to human-dominated environmental changes, Quatern. Sci. Rev., 19, 459, 10.1016/S0277-3791(99)00075-X Moe, 2009, What controls woodland regeneration after elephants have killed the big trees?, J. Appl. Ecol., 46, 223, 10.1111/j.1365-2664.2008.01595.x Morgan, 2009, A priori valuation of land use for the conservation of black rhinoceros (Diceros bicornis), Biol. Conserv., 142, 384, 10.1016/j.biocon.2008.10.033 Moss, 1988 Moss, 1996, Getting to know a population, 58 Moss, 1983, Relationships and social structure of African elephants, 315 Nichols, 2009, Co-declining mammals and dung beetles: an impending ecological cascade, Oikos, 118, 481, 10.1111/j.1600-0706.2009.17268.x Owen-Smith, 2006, A scientific perspective on the management of elephants in the Kruger National Park and elsewhere, S. Afr. J. Sci., 102, 389 Parker, 2008, Lessons from aloes in the Thicket Biome: reconstructing past elephant browsing to understand the present, S. Afr. J. Sci., 104, 163 Polansky, 2011, A framework for understanding the architecture of collective movements using pairwise analyses of animal movement data, J. R. Soc. Interface, 8, 322, 10.1098/rsif.2010.0389 Poole, 1996, The African elephant, 1 Raath, 1993, Chemical capture of the African elephant Loxodonta africana, 484 Rodgers, A., Carr, A., Beyer, H., Smith, L., Kie, J., 2007. HRT: Home Range Tools for ArcGIS. Version 1.1. Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources, Centre for Northern Forest Ecosystem Research Ontario, Canada. 2008 SANParks, 2011 SANParks, 2012 Schwartz, 2006, Grizzly bear management in Yellowstone National Park: the heart of recovery in the Yellowstone ecosystem Shannon, 2011, Relative impacts of elephant and fire on large trees in a Savanna ecosystem, Ecosystems, 14, 1372, 10.1007/s10021-011-9485-z Sinclair, 2010, Trophic cascades in African savanna: Serengeti as a case study Slotow, 2001, Role of delinquent young “orphan” male elephants in high mortality of white rhinos in Pilanesberg National Park, Koedoe, 85 Slotow, 2000, Older bull elephants control young males, Nature, 408, 425, 10.1038/35044191 Slotow, 2008, Reintroduction decisions taken at the incorrect social scale devalue their conservation contribution: African lion in South Africa Slotow, 2008, Lethal management of elephant, 370 Smit, 2007, Landscape-scale sexual segregation in the dry season distribution and resource utilization of elephants in Kruger National Park, South Africa, Divers. Distrib., 13, 225, 10.1111/j.1472-4642.2007.00318.x Thomas, 2008, Elephant (Loxodonta africana) home ranges in Sabi Sand Reserve and Kruger National Park: a five-year satellite tracking study, PLoS ONE, 3, e3902, 10.1371/journal.pone.0003902 Thomas, 2012, Seasonal home ranges of elephants (Loxodonta africana) and their movements between Sabi Sand Reserve and Kruger National Park, Afr. J. Ecol., 1 van Aarde, 2006, Conservation science and elephant management in southern Africa, S. Afr. J. Sci., 102, 385 van Aarde, 1999, Culling and the dynamics of the Kruger National Park elephant population, Anim. Conserv., 2, 287, 10.1111/j.1469-1795.1999.tb00075.x Vanak, 2012, Biocomplexity in large tree mortality: interactions between elephant, fire and landscape in an African savanna, Ecography, 35, 289, 10.1111/j.1600-0587.2011.07213.x Vanak, 2010, Do fences create an edge-effect on the movement patterns of a highly mobile mega-herbivore?, Biol. Conserv., 143, 2631, 10.1016/j.biocon.2010.07.005 Vatn, 2012, Fit, interplay, and scale: a diagnosis, Ecol. Soc., 17, 12, 10.5751/ES-05022-170412 Whyte, 1993, The movement patterns of elephant in the Kruger National Park in response to culling and environmental stimuli, Pachyderm, 16, 72 Whyte, 2001 Whyte, 2001, Headaches and heartaches - the elephant management dilemma, 293 Whyte, I., 2007. Results of the 2006 and 2007 censuses of elephant and buffalo in the Kruger National Park. In: Scientific Report 06/2007. SANParks, Skukuza. Whyte, I., Biggs, H., Gaylard, A., Braack, L., 1997. A proposed new policy for the management of the elephant population within the Kruger National Park. In: Policy Proposals Regarding Issues Relating to Biodiversity Maintenance. Maintenance of Wilderness Qualities, and Provision of Human Benefits. SANParks, Skukuza, pp. 117–139. Whyte, 1999, A new policy for the management of the Kruger National Park’s elephant population, Koedoe, 42, 111, 10.4102/koedoe.v42i1.228 Wingfield, 1997, Corticosterone and facultative dispersal in response to unpredictable events, Ardea, 85, 155 Worton, 1989, Kernel methods for estimating the utilization distribution in home-range studies, Ecology, 70, 164, 10.2307/1938423 Wright, 2006, The concept of organisms as ecosystem engineers ten years on: progress, limitations and challenges, Bioscience, 56, 203, 10.1641/0006-3568(2006)056[0203:TCOOAE]2.0.CO;2