Large-eddy simulation of atmospheric boundary layer flow through wind turbines and wind farms

AGARD, 1998. A selection of test cases for the validation of large-eddy simulations of turbulent flows. AGARD Advisory Report 345. Albertson, 1999, Surface length scales and shear stress: implications for land–atmosphere interaction over complex terrain, Water Resour. Res., 35, 2121, 10.1029/1999WR900094 Alinot, C., Masson, C., 2002. Aerodynamic simulations of wind turbines operating in atmospheric boundary layer with various thermal stratifications. In: ASME Wind Energy Symposium AIAA, 2002-42. Arya, S.P., 2001. Introduction to Micrometeorology, second ed. vol. 79. Academic Press. Baidya Roy, 2004, Can large wind farms affect local meteorology?, J. Geophys. Res., 109, 1, 10.1029/2004JD004763 Bou-Zeid, 2008, Scale dependence of subgrid-scale model coefficients: an a priori study, Phys. Fluids, 20, 115106, 10.1063/1.2992192 Businger, 1971, Flux–profile relationships in the atmospheric surface layer, J. Atmos. Sci., 28, 181, 10.1175/1520-0469(1971)028<0181:FPRITA>2.0.CO;2 Calaf, 2010, Large eddy simulation study of fully developed wind-turbine array boundary layers, Phys. Fluids, 22, 015110, 10.1063/1.3291077 Chamorro, 2009, A wind-tunnel investigation of wind-turbine wakes: boundary-layer turbulence effects, Boundary-Layer Meteorol., 132, 129, 10.1007/s10546-009-9380-8 Chamorro, L.P., Porté-Agel, F., 2010. Effects of thermal stability and incoming boundary-layer flow characteristics on wind-turbine wakes: a wind-tunnel study. Boundary-Layer Meteorol., 515–533. Crespo, 1996, Turbulence characteristics in wind-turbine wakes, J. Wind Eng. Ind. Aerodyn., 61, 71, 10.1016/0167-6105(95)00033-X Froude, 1889, On the part played in propulsion by difference of fluid pressure, Trans. R. Inst. Naval Arch., 30, 390 Germano, 1991, A dynamic subgrid-scale eddy viscosity model, Phys. Fluids A, 3, 1760, 10.1063/1.857955 Glauert, H., 1963. Airplane propellers. In: Durand, W.F. (Ed.), Aerodynamic Theory. Dover, New York, pp. 169–360. Gómez-Elvira, 2005, Anisotropy of turbulence in wind turbine wakes, J. Wind. Eng. Ind. Aerodyn., 93, 797, 10.1016/j.jweia.2005.08.001 Gong, 1996, Turbulent boundary-layer flow over fixed aerodynamically rough two-dimensional sinusoidal waves, J. Fluid Mech., 312, 1, 10.1017/S0022112096001905 Helmis, 1995, An experimental study of the near wake structure of a wind turbine operating over complex terrain, Sol. Energy, 54, 413, 10.1016/0038-092X(95)00009-G Ivanell, 2009, Analysis of numerically generated wake structures, Wind Energy, 12, 63, 10.1002/we.285 Jimenez, 2007, Advances in large-eddy simulation of a wind turbine wake, J. Phys. Conf. Ser., 75, 012041, 10.1088/1742-6596/75/1/012041 Jimenez, 2008, Large-eddy simulation of spectral coherence in a wind turbine wake, Environ. Res. Lett., 3, 015004, 10.1088/1748-9326/3/1/015004 Kasmi, 2008, An extended κ−ε model for turbulent flow through horizontal-axis wind turbines, J. Wind. Eng. Ind. Aerodyn., 96, 103, 10.1016/j.jweia.2007.03.007 Kleissl, 2003, On the magnitude and variability of subgrid-scale eddy-diffusion coefficients in the atmospheric surface layer, J. Atmos. Sci., 60, 2372, 10.1175/1520-0469(2003)060<2372:OTMAVO>2.0.CO;2 Kleissl, 2004, Field experimental study of dynamic Smagorinsky models in the atmospheric surface layer, J. Atmos. Sci., 61, 2296, 10.1175/1520-0469(2004)061<2296:FESODS>2.0.CO;2 Laursen, J., Enevoldsen, P., Hjort, S., 2007. 3D CFD rotor computations of a multi megawatt HAWT rotor. In: European Wind Energy Conference, Milan, Italy. Leloudas, G., 2006. Optimization of wind turbines with respect to noise. Masters Thesis Project, MEK, DTU. Lilly, 1967, The representation of small-scale turbulence in numerical simulation experiments Lilly, 1992, A proposed modification of the Germano subgrid-scale closure method, Phys. Fluids, 4, 633, 10.1063/1.858280 Manwell, 2002 Mason, 1994, Large-eddy simulation: a critical review of the technique, Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc., 120, 1, 10.1002/qj.49712051503 Mason, 1999, On subgrid models and filter operations in large eddy simulations, J. Atmos. Sci., 56, 2101, 10.1175/1520-0469(1999)056<2101:OSMAFO>2.0.CO;2 Mason, 1990, Large-eddy simulation of the stably-stratified atmospheric boundary layer, Boundary-Layer Meteorol., 53, 117, 10.1007/BF00122467 Mason, 1992, Stochastic backscatter in large-eddy simulations of boundary layers, J. Fluid Mech., 242, 51, 10.1017/S0022112092002271 Medici, 2006, Measurements on a wind turbine wake: 3D effects and bluff body vortex shedding, Wind Energy, 9, 219, 10.1002/we.156 Meneveau, 1996, A lagrangian dynamic subgrid-scale model of turbulence, J. Fluid Mech., 319, 353, 10.1017/S0022112096007379 Moeng, 1984, A large-eddy-simulation model for the study of planetary boundary-layer turbulence, J. Atmos. Sci., 41, 2052, 10.1175/1520-0469(1984)041<2052:ALESMF>2.0.CO;2 Moin, 1991, A dynamic subgrid-scale model for compressible turbulence and scalar transport, Phys. Fluids, 3, 2746, 10.1063/1.858164 Petersen, 1998, Wind power meteorology. Part 1: climate and turbulence, Wind Energy, 1, 25, 10.1002/(SICI)1099-1824(199804)1:1+<25::AID-WE4>3.3.CO;2-4 Pope, 2000 Porté-Agel, 2004, A scale-dependent dynamic model for scalar transport in large-eddy simulations of the atmospheric boundary layer, Boundary-Layer Meteorol., 112, 81, 10.1023/B:BOUN.0000020353.03398.20 Porté-Agel, 2000, A scale-dependent dynamic model for large-eddy simulation: application to a neutral atmospheric boundary layer, J. Fluid Mech., 415, 261, 10.1017/S0022112000008776 Porté-Agel, 2001, A priori field study of the subgrid-scale heat fluxes and dissipation in the atmospheric surface layer, J. Atmos. Sci., 58, 2673, 10.1175/1520-0469(2001)058<2673:APFSOT>2.0.CO;2 Rankine, 1865, On the mechanical principles of the action of propellers, Trans. R. Inst. Naval Arch., 6, 13 Sagaut, 2006 Sezer-Uzol, N., Long, L.N., 2006. 3-D time-accurate CFD simulations of wind turbine rotor flow fields. AIAA Paper 2006-0394. Smagorinsky, 1963, General circulation experiments with the primitive equations: I. The basic experiment, Mon. Weather Rev., 91, 99, 10.1175/1520-0493(1963)091<0099:GCEWTP>2.3.CO;2 Sørensen, 2002, Numerical modeling of wind turbine wakes, J. Fluids Eng., 124, 393, 10.1115/1.1471361 Sørensen, 2002, Navier-stokes predictions of the NREL phase VI rotor in the NASA Ames 80ft×120ft wind tunnel, Wind Energy, 5, 151, 10.1002/we.64 Stoll, 2006, Dynamic subgrid-scale models for momentum and scalar fluxes in large-eddy simulations of neutrally stratified atmospheric boundary layers over heterogeneous terrain, Water Resour. Res., 42, W01409, 10.1029/2005WR003989 Stoll, 2006, Effect of roughness on surface boundary conditions for large-eddy simulation, Boundary-Layer Meteorol., 118, 169, 10.1007/s10546-005-4735-2 Stoll, 2008, Large-eddy simulation of the stable atmospheric boundary layer using dynamic models with different averaging schemes, Boundary-Layer Meteorol., 126, 1, 10.1007/s10546-007-9207-4 Sunada, 1997, Airfoil section characteristics at a low Reynolds number, J. Fluids Eng., 119, 129, 10.1115/1.2819098 Tongchitpakdee, 2005, Numerical simulation of the aerodynamics of horizontal axis wind turbines under yawed flow conditions, J. Sol. Energy Eng., 127, 464, 10.1115/1.2035705 Troldborg, 2007, Actuator line simulation of wake of wind turbine operating in turbulent inflow, J. Phys. Conf. Ser., 75, 012063, 10.1088/1742-6596/75/1/012063 Vermeer, 2003, Wind turbine wake aerodynamics, Prog. Aerosp. Sci., 39, 467, 10.1016/S0376-0421(03)00078-2 Wan, F., Porté-Agel, F., 2011. Large-eddy simulation of stably-stratified flow over a steep hill. Boundary-Layer Meteorol., doi: 10.1007/s10546-010-9562-4. Wan, 2007, Evaluation of dynamic subgrid-scale models in large-eddy simulations of neutral turbulent flow over a two-dimensional sinusoidal hill, Atmos. Environ., 41, 2719, 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2006.11.054 Wu, Y.T., Porté-Agel, F., 2011. Large-eddy simulation of wind-turbine wakes: evaluation of turbine parametrisations. Boundary-Layer Meteorol., doi: 10.1007/s10546-010-9569-x. Xu, 2000, Computational study of horizontal axis wind turbines, J. Sol. Energy Eng., 122, 35, 10.1115/1.556278