Assessment of groundwater potential using geophysical data: a case study in parts of Cross River State, south-eastern Nigeria
Tóm tắt
Groundwater potential of some parts of Cross River State, Nigeria, was assessed involving vertical electrical sounding (VES) and high-resolution aeromagnetic methods (HRAM). The VES and HRAM dataset were used to delineate the hydro-lithostratigraphic units and map the spatial distributions of geologic structures, respectively. The electro-stratigraphic sections revealed the various hydro-lithostratigraphic units composed of fractured/weathered crystalline basement, sandstones, siltstones, sandy shales, and highly baked and fractured shales occurring at different depths. Generally, the unsaturated top layer is composed of shales, marl, clay, silt, gravel and lateritic materials with resistivity ranging from ~ 3.0 to ~ 550 Ω m. This layer is underlain by various aquifer units like sandstones, siltstones, fractured shales and limestone/marl, and fractured/weathered basement occurring at different depths (~ 30 to ≤ 100 m) as revealed by the electro-stratigraphic sections obtained in the study area. In the Calabar Flank (CF), Oban Massif (OM) and Ikom-Mamfe Embayment (IME), the apparent resistivity for these hydro-lithostratigraphic units varied between ~ 8.50 and ~ 59.50 Ω m, ~ 120.2 and ~ 1562.6 Ω m and ~ 30.8 and ~ 277.2 Ω m, respectively. The enhanced total magnetic intensity maps and source parameter imaging result showed that the OM and IME are characterized by high concentration of short-wavelength anomalies, while the CF is dominated by relatively undisturbed thick sedimentation (~ 6217 m). HRAM results show that such areas are predominated by geologic structures like faults, fractures, fissure, dyke swamps, etc. caused by tectonics. Such geologic structures create secondary porosity and enhance permeability. From all the results obtained, OM and IME represent areas with moderate groundwater potential. The CF dominated by argillites with no significant tectonic activity is observed to have low groundwater potential.
Tài liệu tham khảo
Abolo MG (2008) Geology and petroleum potential of the Mamfe basin, Cameroon, Central Africa. Afr Geosci Rev 12:65–77
Adeleye DR, Fayose FA (1978) Stratigraphy of the type section of Awi Formation, Odukpani area, Southern Nigeria. J Min Geol 15:33–57
Ajonina HN, Ajibola OA, Bassey CE (2002) The Mamfe Basin, SE Nigeria and SW Cameroon: a review of the basin filling model and tectonic evolution. J Geosci Soc Cameroon 1:24–25
Akpabio EM, Watson NM, Ite UE, Ukpong IE (2008) Integrated water resources management in Cross River Basin, Nigeria. Int J Water Resour Dev 23(2):691–708
Akpan AE, Ugbaja AN, George NJ (2013) Integrated geophysical, geochemical and hydrogeological investigation of shallow groundwater resources in parts of the Ikom-Mamfe Embayment and the adjoining areas in Cross River State, Nigeria. J Environ Earth Sci 70:1435–1456
Akpan AE, Ebong DE, Ekwok SE, Joseph S (2014) Geophysical and geological studies of the spread and industrial quality of Okurike Barite deposit. Am J Environ Sci 10(6):566–574
Araffa SAS, Pek J (2014) Delineating groundwater aquifer and subsurface structures using integrated geophysical interpretation at the Western part of Gulf of Aqaba, Sinai, Egypt. Int J Water Resour Arid Environ 3(1):51–62
Balogun CK (2000) Senior secondary school Atlas. University of Calabar Press, Calabar
Benkhelil J (1987) Cretaceous deformation, magmatism and metamorphism in the lower Benue Trough, Nigeria. Geol J 22:467–493
Benkhelil MG, Ponsard JF, Saugy L (1975) The Bornu-Benue Trough, the Niger Delta and its Offshore: Tectonosedimentary reconstruction during the cretaceous and tertiary from geophysical data and geology. In: Kogbe CA (ed) Geology of Nigeria. Elizabethan Press, Lagos, pp 277–309
Bose RN, Chatterjee D, Sen AK (1973) Electrical resistivity surveys for groundwater in the Aurangabad subdivision, Gaya district, Bihar, India. Geoexploration 11(1–3):171–181
Briggs IC (1974) Machine contouring using minimum curvature. Geophysics 39:39–48
Burke KCA, Dewey JF (1974) Two plates in Africa during the Cretaceous? Nature 249:313–316
Burke KCA, Dessauvagie TFW, Whiteman AJ (1971) Opening of the gulf of Guinea and geological history of the Benue Depression and Niger delta. Nature 233:51–55
Dill HG, Botz R, Berner Z, Hamad ABA (2010) The origin of pre-and-syn rift hypogene Fe-P mineralization during the Cenozoic along the Dead Sea Transform Fault, Northwest Jordan. Econ Geol 105:1301–1319
Duddy IR, Green PF, Bray RJ, Hegarty KA (1994) Recognition of the thermal effects of fluid flow in sedimentary basins. In: Parnell J (ed) Geofluids: origin, migration and evolution of fluids in sedimentary basins, GSL, Special Publication vol 78, pp 325–345
Duze M, Ojo A (1993) Macmillan senior secondary school Atlas. Macmillan, Lagos, p 207
Ebong ED, Akpan AE, Onwuegbuche AA (2014) Estimation of geo-hydraulic parameters from fractured shales and sandstone aquifers of Abi (Nigeria) using electrical resistivity and hydrogeologic measurements. J Afr Earth Sci 96:99–109
Ebong DE, Akpan AE, Emeka CN, Urang JG (2016) Groundwater quality assessment using geo-electrical and geochemical approaches: case study of Abi area, south-eastern Nigeria. Appl Water Sci. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13201-016-0439-7
Edet AE, Okereke CS (1996) Assessment of hydrogeological conditions in basement aquifers of the Precambrian Oban massif, south-eastern Nigeria. J Appl Geophys 36:195–204
Edet AE, Okereke CS (2002) Delineation of shallow groundwater aquifers in the coastal plain sands of Calabar area (Southern Nigeria) using surface resistivity and hydrogeological data. J Afr Earth Sci 35(3):433–443
Edet A, Okereke CS (2014) Hydrogeologic framework of the shallow aquifers in the Ikom-Mamfe Embayment, Nigeria using an integrated approach. J Afr Earth Sci 92:25–44
Ekwok SE, Akpan AE, Ebong DE (2019) Enhancement and modelling of aeromagnetic data of some inland basins, southeastern Nigeria. J Afr Earth Sci 155:43–53
Ekwok SE, Akpan AE, Kudamnya EA (2020) Exploratory mapping of structures controlling mineralization in Southeast Nigeria using high resolution airborne magnetic data. J Afr Earth Sci. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jafrearsci.2019.103700
Ekwueme BN, Nyong EE, Petters SW (1995) Geological excursion guide book to Oban massif, Calabar Flank and Mamfe Embayment, Southeastern Nigeria. Decford Publishers Ltd, Calabar
Essa KS, Elhussein M (2017) A new approach for the interpretation of magnetic data by a 2-D dipping dike. J Appl Geophys 136:431–443
Essa KS, Elhussein M (2018) PSO (particle swarm optimization) for interpretation of magnetic anomalies caused by simple geometrical structures. Pure appl Geophys 175:3539–3553
Etuk EE, Ukpabi N, Ukaegbu VU, Akpabio IO (2008) Structural evolution, magmatism and effects of hydrocarbon maturation in Lower Benue Trough, Nigeria: a case study of Lokpaukwu, Uturu and Ishiagu. Pac J Sci Technol 9(2):526–532
Eyong JT, Wignall P, Fantong WY, Best J, Hell JV (2003) Paragenetic sequences of carbonate rocks and sulphide minerals of the Mamfe Basin (Cameroon): indicators of Paleo-Fluids, Paleo-Oxygen Levels and Diagenetic Zones. J Afr Earth Sci 86:25–44
Foss C (2011) Magnetic data enhancement and depth estimation. In: Gupta HK (ed) Encyclopedia of solid earth geophysics. Springer, Dordrecht
Grauch VJS, Drenth BJ (2009) High-resolution aeromagnetic survey to image shallow faults. Poncha Springs and vicinity, Chaffee County, Colorado:U. S. Geological Survey Open- File Report 2009-1156: 31
Gunn P (1998) Aeromagnetics locates prospective areas and prospects. Lead Edge 17:67–69
Halley RB, Schmoker JW (1983) High porosity Cenozoic carbonate rocks of South Florida: progressive loss of porosity with depth. AAPG Bull 67:191–200
Hilchie DW (1978) Applied open-hole log interpretation. D. W. Hilchie Inc, Gordon, p 161
Hossain MT (1981) Geochemistry and petrology of the minor intrusives between Efut Eso and Nko in the Ugep area of Cross River State. J Min Geol 18(1):42–51
Inman JR (1975) Resistivity inversion with ridge regression. Geophysics 40:798–817
Kanouo NS, Yongue RF, Chen S, Njonfang E, Ma C, Ghogomu TR, Zhao J, Sababa E (2012) Greyish black rutile megaclasts from the nsanaragati gem placer, SW Cameroon: geochemical features and genesis. J Geogr Geol 4:134–146
Kearey P, Brooks M, Hill I (2002) An introduction to geophysical exploration, 3rd edn. Blackwell Science Ltd Editorial Offices, Oxford
Kelly W (1977) Geoelectric sounding for estimating aquifer hydraulic conductivity. Groundwater 15(6):420–425
Kudamnya EA, Osumeje JO (2015) Geo-electric investigation of the groundwater potential distribution within the Northern Basement Complex of Nigeria. Int J Sci Eng Res 6(2):1152–1160
Mazzullo SJ, Chilingarian GV (1992) Diagenesis and origin of porosity. In: Chilingarian GV, Mazzullo SJ, Rieke HH (eds) Carbonate reservoir characterization: a geologic-engineering analysis, part I: developments in petroleum science, vol 30. Elsevier Publ. Co., Amsterdam, pp 199–270
Mhamdi A, Dhahri F, Gouasmia M, Moumni L, Mohamed S (2015) Groundwater salinization survey of the Upper Cretaceous-Miocene Complexe terminal aquifer in the Sabaa Biar area of south-western Tunisia. J Afr Earth Sci 112:83–92
Milligan PR, Gunn PJ (1997) Enhancement and presentation of airborne geophysical data. AGSO J Aust Geol Geophys 17(2):63–75
Mineral resources of the western US (2017). The teacher-friendly guide to the Earth scientist of the Western US. http://geology.teacherfriendlyguide.org/index.php/mineral-w
Monanu PC (1975) Rainfalls. In: Ofomata GEK (ed) Nigeria in maps. Ethiope Publishing House, Benin City, pp 56–78
Nguimbous-Kouoh JJ, Takougam EMT, Nouayou RCT, Manguelle-Dicoum E (2012) Structural interpretation of the Mamfe Sedimentary basin of Southwestern Cameroon along the Manyu River using audiomagnetotellurics survey. Geophysics 4(5):34–65
Nwosu OB (2014) Determination of magnetic basement depth over parts of middle Benue trough Nigeria by source parameter imaging (SPI) technique using HRAM. Int J Sci Technol Res 3:262–271
Oden MI (2012) Comparative analysis of fracture lineaments in Oban and Obudu Areas, SE Nigeria. J Geogr Geol 8:15–26
Oden MI, Okpamu TA, Amah EA (2012) Comparative analysis of fracture lineaments in Oban and Obudu Areas, SE Nigeria. J Geogr Geol 4(2):345–353
Odigi MI, Amajor LC (2009) Geochemical characterization of Cretaceous sandstones from the Southern Benue Trough, Nigeria. Chin J Geochem 28:44–54
Oha IA (2014) Integration of geologic, remote sensing and airborne geophysical data for regional exploration of leadzinc–barium mineralization in parts of the southern Benue Trough, south-east Nigeria; Unpublished PhD Thesis
Oha IA, Onuoha KM, Nwegbu AN, Abba AU (2016) Interpretation of high resolution aeromagnetic data over southern Benue Trough, southeastern Nigeria. J Earth Syst Sci 125(2):369–385
Okereke CS, Fairhead JD (1984) A catalogue of gravity measurements for Nigeria and Cameroon. Unpubl. rep., Leeds, 300 pp
Okereke CS, Esu EO, Edet AE (1998) Determination of potential groundwater sites using geological and geophysical techniques in the Cross River State, southeastern Nigeria. J Afr Earth Sci 27:149–163
Olivier AN, Miriam BN, Junie ND (2015) Aptian-Late Cenomanian Fluvio-Lacustrine Lithofacies and Palynomorphs from Mamfe Basin, Southwest Cameroon, West Africa. Int J Geosci 5:23–34
Petters SW (1982) Central West African Cretaceous-Tertiary benthic foraminifera and stratigraphy. Paloeontographica 179:1–104
Petters SW (1989) A regional hydrogeological study of rural water supply options for planning and implementation of the phase II rural water programme in Cross River State. DFRRI, Cross River State
Petters SW, Nyong EE, Akpan EB, Essien NU (1995) Litho-stratigraphic revision for the Calabar Flank, S. E. Nigeria. In: Proceedings of the 31st anniversary conference of Nigeria Mining and Geosciences Society, Calabar. Planets Space, vol 57, pp 755–760
Ramanathan RM, Fayose FA (1990) Cretaceous transgressions and regression in Calabar Flank, S. E. Nigeria. In: Ofoegbu CO (ed) The Benue Trough structure and evolution. Stutgatt, Viewg and Sohn
Rateau R, Schofield N, Smith M (2013) The potential role of igneous intrusions on hydrocarbon migration. West of Shetland. Pet Geosci 19(3):259–272
Reeves C, Reford S, Millingan P (1997) Airborne geophysics: old methods, new images. In: Gubins A (ed) Proceedings of the fourth decennial international conference on mineral exploration, 13–30 (Australia)
Reyment RA (1965) Aspects of the geology of Nigeria. Ibadan University Press, Ibadan
Rivas J (2009) Gravity and magnetic methods. Presented at “Short Course on Surface Exploration for Geothermal Resources”, organized by UNU-GTP and LaGeo, in Ahuachapan and Santa Tecla, El Salvador
Rohrman M (2012) Seismic delineation of igneous sheet complexes on the Exmouth Plateau (NW Australia): origin, emplacement mechanism and implications for petroleum generation
Telford WM, Geldart LP, Sheriff RE (1990) Applied geophysics, 2nd edn. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge
Thurston JB, Smith RS (1997) Automatic conversion of magnetic data to depth, dip, and susceptibility contrast using the SPITM method. Geophysics 62:807–813
Thurston JB, Smith RS, Guillon JC (2000) A multi-model method for depth estimation from magnetic data. Geophysics 67:555–561
Urish DW, Frohlich RK (1990) Surface electrical resistivity in coastal groundwater exploration. Geoexploration 26(4):267–289
Velpen DBA (1988) Resist: a computer program for the interpretation of resistivity sounding curves, an ITC M.Sc. Research Project, ITCD, Delft-The Netherlands
Wattanasen K, Elming SA (2008) Direct and indirect methods for groundwater investigations: a case-study of MRS and VES in the southern part of Sweden. J Appl Geophys 66(3–4):104–117
Zohdy AAR (1989) A new method for the automatic interpretation of Schlumberger and Wenner sounding curves. Geophysics 54(2):245–253. https://doi.org/10.1190/1.1442648