Bioeffects of moderate-intensity static magnetic fields on cell cultures

Micron - Tập 36 - Trang 195-217 - 2005
Luciana Dini1, Luigi Abbro1
1Department of Biological and Enviromental Science and Technology, University of Lecce, Via per Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy

Tài liệu tham khảo

Abbro, 2004, Liver recognition of young and aged lymphocytes exposed to magnetic pollution, Recent Developmental Research Cell Science, 1, 83 Albertini, 2003, Morphological and biochemical modifications induced by a static magnetic field on Fusarium culmorum, Biochimie, 85, 963, 10.1016/j.biochi.2003.09.017 Aldinucci, 2003, The effect of strong static magnetic field on lymphocytes, Bioelectromagnetics, 24, 109, 10.1002/bem.10071 Aldinucci, 2003, The effect of exposure to high flux density static and pulsed magnetic fields on lymphocyte function, Bioelectromagnetics, 24, 373, 10.1002/bem.10111 Alenzi, 2004, Links between apoptosis, proliferation and the cell cycle, British Journal of Biomedical Science, 61, 99, 10.1080/09674845.2004.11732652 Balasubramanian, 1998, Characterization of phosphatidylserine-dependent beta(2)-glycoprotein I macrophage interactions-implications for apoptotic cell clearance by phagocytes, Journal of Biological Chemistry, 273, 29272, 10.1074/jbc.273.44.29272 Barnothy, 1956, Influence of a magnetic field upon the leukocytes of the mouse, Nature, 181, 1785, 10.1038/1811785a0 Beischer, D.E., Knepton, J.C., 1966. The elctroencephalogram of the squirrel monkey (Saimiri sclureus) in a very high magnetic field. Nami Report 972. Naval Aerospace Medical Institute, Pensacola, FL. Belyaev, 1994, The effect of weak static and alternating magnetic fields on the genome conformational state of E. coli cells: the evidence for model of phase modulation of high frequency oscillations, 174 Belyaev, 1997, Effects of zero magnetic field on the conformation of chromatin in human cells, Biochemical Biophysical Acta, 1336, 465, 10.1016/S0304-4165(97)00059-7 Bersani, 1997, Intramembrane protein distribution in cell cultures is affected by 50Hz pulsed magnetic fields, Bioelectromagnetics, 18, 463, 10.1002/(SICI)1521-186X(1997)18:7<463::AID-BEM1>3.0.CO;2-0 Bian, 1997, Roles of cytoplasmic Ca2+ and intracellular Ca2+ stores in induction and suppression of apoptosis in S49 cells, American Journal of Physiology, 272, C1241, 10.1152/ajpcell.1997.272.4.C1241 Binhi, 2001, Effect of static magnetic field on E. coli cells and individual rotations of ion-protein complexes, Bioelectromagnetics, 22, 79, 10.1002/1521-186X(200102)22:2<79::AID-BEM1009>3.0.CO;2-7 Blackman, 1985, A role for the magnetic field in the radiation-induced efflux of calcium ions from brain tissue in vitro, Bioelectromagnetics, 6, 327, 10.1002/bem.2250060402 Blank, 1995, Biological effects of environmental electromagnetics fields: molecular mechanisms, Biosystems, 35, 175, 10.1016/0303-2647(94)01509-6 Blumenthal, 1997, Effects of low-intensity AC and/or DC electromagnetic fields on cell attachment and induction of apoptosis, Bioelectromagnetics, 18, 264, 10.1002/(SICI)1521-186X(1997)18:3<264::AID-BEM10>3.0.CO;2-P Blumenthal, 1997, Application of cytokine intervention for improved radio-antibody dose delivery, International Journal of Cancer, 7, 166, 10.1002/(SICI)1097-0215(19970703)72:1<166::AID-IJC24>3.0.CO;2-G Bordiushkov, 2000, Structural-functional changes in lymphocyte and erythrocyte membranes after exposure to alternating magnetic field, Voprosy Meditsinskoi Khimii, 46, 72 Botto, 1998, Homozygous C1q deficiency causes glomerulonephritis associated with multiple apoptotic bodies, Nature Genetics, 19, 56, 10.1038/ng0598-56 Bras, 1998, The susceptibility of pure tubulin to high magnetic fields: a magnetic birefrengence and X-ray fiber diffration study, Biophysical Journal, 74, 1509, 10.1016/S0006-3495(98)77863-4 Brocklehurst, 1996, Free radical mechanism for the effects of environmental electromagnetic fields on biological system, International Journal of Radiation Biology, 69, 3, 10.1080/095530096146147 Browning, 1976, Ca2+ influx across the excitable membrane of behavioural mutants of Paramecium, Nature, 259, 491, 10.1038/259491a0 Buemi, 2001, Cell proliferation/cell death balance in renal cell cultures after exposure to a static magnetic field, Nephron, 87, 269, 10.1159/000045925 Callahan, 2000, Surface expression of phosphatidylserine on macrophages is required for phagocytosis of apoptotic thymocytes, Cell Death and Differentiation, 7, 645, 10.1038/sj.cdd.4400690 Capko, 1996, Transepithelial depolarization in breast cancer, Breast Cancer Research Treatment, 41, 230 Carraway, 1989, Membrane–cytoskeleton interactions in animal cells, Biochemical Biophysical Acta, 988, 147, 10.1016/0304-4157(89)90017-8 Chang, 1999, Monoclonal antibodies against oxidized low-density lipoprotein bind to apoptotic cells and inhibit their phagocytosis by elicited macrophages: evidence that oxidation-specific epitopes mediate macrophages recognition, Proceedings of National Academy of Science USA, 96, 6353, 10.1073/pnas.96.11.6353 Chiabrera, 1984, Interaction between electromagnetic fields and cells: microelectrophoretic effect on ligands and surface receptors, Bioelectromagnetics, 5, 173, 10.1002/bem.2250050206 Chimini, 2000, Function of Rho family proteins in actin dynamics during phagocytosis and engulfment, Nature Cell Biology, 2, E191, 10.1038/35036454 Chionna, 2003, Cell shape and plasma membrane alterations after static magnetic fields exposure, European Journal of Histochemistry, 47, 299, 10.4081/840 Chionna, A., Tenuzzo, B., Panzarini, E., Dwikat, M., Abbro, L., Dini, L., Time-dependent modifications of Hep G2 cells during exposure to Static Magnetic Fields. Bioelectrmagnetics in press Cho, 1999, Transmembrane calcium influx induced by an electric field, Faseb Journal, 13, 677, 10.1096/fasebj.13.6.677 Chow, 2000, Magnetic field exposure enhances DNA repair through the induction of DnaK/J synthesis, FEBS Letters, 478, 133, 10.1016/S0014-5793(00)01822-6 Cossarizza, 1989, Extremely low frequency pulsed electromagnetic fields increase cell proliferation in lymphocytes from young and aged subjects, Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communication, 160, 692, 10.1016/0006-291X(89)92488-1 Crispe, 2000, The liver as a site of T-cell apoptosis: graveyard, or killing field?, Immunology Review, 174, 47, 10.1034/j.1600-0528.2002.017412.x Cuzick, 1998, Electropotential measurements as a new diagnostic modality for breast cancer, Lancet, 352, 359, 10.1016/S0140-6736(97)10002-2 Denegre, 1998, Cleavage planes in frog eggs altered by strong magnetic fields, Proceedings National Academy of Science USA, 95, 14729, 10.1073/pnas.95.25.14729 Dini, 2000, Clearance of apoptotic lymphocytes by human Kupffer cells. Phagocytosis of apoptotic cells in the liver: role of lectin receptors and therapeutic advantages, vol. 142, 319 Dini, 1998, Hepatic sinusoidal endothelium heterogeneity with respect to the recognition of apoptotic cells, Experimental Cell Research, 240, 388, 10.1006/excr.1998.4015 Dini, 1992, The clearence of apoptotic cells in the liver is mediated by the asialoglycoprotein receptor, FEBS Letters, 296, 174, 10.1016/0014-5793(92)80373-O Dini, 1996, Multiple pathways for apoptotic nuclear fragmentation, Experimental Cell Research, 223, 340, 10.1006/excr.1996.0089 Dini, 2002, Phagocytosis of apoptotic cells by liver: a morphological study, Microscopy Research Techniques, 57, 530, 10.1002/jemt.10107 Diniz, 2002, Nitric oxide mediates the effects of pulsed electromagnetic field stimulation on the osteoblast proliferation and differentiation, Nitric Oxide, 7, 18, 10.1016/S1089-8603(02)00004-6 Eckert, 1972, Bioelectric control of ciliary activity, Science, 176, 473, 10.1126/science.176.4034.473 Eiselein, 1961, Biological effects of magnetic fields-negative results, Aereospatial Medicine, 32, 383 Fadeel, 2003, Programmed cell clearance, Cellular Molecular Life Science, 60, 2575, 10.1007/s00018-003-3145-1 Fadok, 2001, The phagocytosis of apoptotic cells, Seminar Immunology, 13, 365, 10.1006/smim.2001.0333 Fadok, 1998, The role of phosphatidylserine in recognition of apoptotic cells by phagocytes, Cell Death and Differentiation, 5, 549, 10.1038/sj.cdd.4400404 Falasca, 1996, Human Kupffer cells recognition and phagocytosis of apoptotic peripheral blood lymphocytes, Experimental Cell Research, 224, 152, 10.1006/excr.1996.0123 Fanelli, 1999, Magnetic fields increase cell survival by inhibiting apoptosis via modulation of Ca++ influx, FASEB Journal, 13, 95, 10.1096/fasebj.13.1.95 Farndale, 1987, Effects of low-amplitude pulsed magnetic fields on cellular ion transport, Bioelectromagnetics, 8, 119, 10.1002/bem.2250080203 Ferriera, 1991, Phorbol ester-induced differentiation of U937 cells enhances attachment to fibronectin and distincly modulates the alpha5 beta1 and alpha 4 beta1fibronectin receptors, Experimental Cell Research, 193, 20, 10.1016/0014-4827(91)90533-Z Fiorani, 1992, Electric and/or magnetic field effects on DNA structure and function in cultured human cells, Mutation Research, 282, 25, 10.1016/0165-7992(92)90069-T Flipo, 1998, Increased apoptosis, changes in intracellular Ca2+, and functional alterations in lymphocytes and macrophages after in vitro exposure to static magnetic field, Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, 54, 63, 10.1080/009841098159033 Gaffey, 1981, Alteration in rat electrocardiogram induced by stationary magnetic fields, Bioelectromagnetics, 2, 357, 10.1002/bem.2250020407 Gartzke, 2002, Celluar target of weak magnetic fields: ionic conduction along actin filaments of microvilli, American Journal of Physiology—Cell Physiology, 283, C1333, 10.1152/ajpcell.00167.2002 Gluck, 2001, Inhibition of proliferation of human lymphoma cells U937 by a 50Hz electromagnetic field, Cellular Molecular Biology, 47 Gobba, 2003, Effects of 50Hz magnetic fields on fMLP-induced shape change in invertebrates immunocytes: the role of calcium ion channels, Bioelectromagnetics, 24, 277, 10.1002/bem.10102 Goodman, 1995, Effects of electromagnetic fields on molecules and cells, International Review of Citology, 158, 279, 10.1016/S0074-7696(08)62489-4 Gray, 2000, In vivo enhancement of chemotherapy with static electric or magnetic fields, Bioelectromagnetics, 21, 575, 10.1002/1521-186X(200012)21:8<575::AID-BEM3>3.0.CO;2-F Greenberg, 2002, Phagocytosis and innate immunity, Current Opinion on Immunology, 14, 136, 10.1016/S0952-7915(01)00309-0 Gregory, 2000, CD14-dependent clearance of apoptotic cells: relevance to the immune system, Current Opinion on Immunology, 12, 27, 10.1016/S0952-7915(99)00047-3 Gregory, 1999, CD14 and apoptosis, Apoptosis, 4, 11, 10.1023/A:1009673914340 Guimaraes, 2004, Programmed cell death. Apoptosis and alternative deathstyles, European Journal Biochemistry, 271, 1638, 10.1111/j.1432-1033.2004.04084.x Hamada, 1989, Cell surface changes during electromagnetic field exposure, Experimental Cell Biology, 57, 1 Hass, 1989, TPA-induced differentiation and adhesion of U937 cells: changes in ultrastructure, cytoskeletal. organization and expression on cell substrate antigens, European Journal of Cell Biology, 48, 282 Hosaya, 1999, Differentiation and dedifferentiation of the human monocyte leukemia cell line, U937, Cell Structure and Function, 17, 263, 10.1247/csf.17.263 High, 2000, Subchronic in vivo effects of a high static magnetic field (9.4T) in rats, Journal of Magnetic Resonance Imaging, 12, 122, 10.1002/1522-2586(200007)12:1<122::AID-JMRI14>3.0.CO;2-C Hong, 1995, Magnetic field effects on biomolecules, cells, and living organisms, Biosystems, 36, 187, 10.1016/0303-2647(95)01555-Y Ikehata, 1999, Mutagenicity and co-mutagenicity of static magnetic fields detected by bacterial mutation assay, Mutation Research, 427, 147, 10.1016/S0027-5107(99)00087-1 Ishisaka, 2000, Effects of a magnetic fields on the various functions of subcellular organells and cells, Pathophysiology, 7, 149, 10.1016/S0928-4680(00)00043-2 Jarvinen, 1993, The effect of differentiation on the integrin expression K562 erythroleukemia cells, Cell Biology International, 1, 399, 10.1006/cbir.1993.1078 Johnson, 2001, Electromagnetic fields used clinically to improve bone healing also impact lymphocyte proliferation in vitro, Biomedical Science Instrumentation, 37, 215 Kale, 1979, Genetic effects of strong magnetic fields in Drosophila melogaster; homogenous fields ranging from 13,000 to 37,000gauss, Environmental Mutagenesis, 1, 371, 10.1002/em.2860010409 Karasek, 2002, Melatonin and magnetic fields, Neuroendocrinology Letters, 23, 84 Kavaliers, 1994, Effects of magnetic and electric fields in invertebrates and lower vertebrates, vol. 1, 205 Khadir, 1999, Effects of 60Hz magnetic field exposure on polymorphonuclear leukocyte activation, Biochemical Biophysical Acta, 1472, 359, 10.1016/S0304-4165(99)00142-7 Kheifets, 2001, Electric and magnetic field exposure and brain cancer: a review, Biolectromagnetics, 5, S120, 10.1002/1521-186X(2001)22:5+<::AID-BEM1028>3.0.CO;2-Y Koana, 1995, Estimation of genetic effects of a static magnetic field by a somatic cell test using mutagen-sensitive mutans of Drosophila melanogaster, Bioelectrochemistry and Bioenergetics, 36, 95, 10.1016/0302-4598(94)01756-Q Krammer, 2000, CD95's deadly mission in the immune system, Nature, 407, 789, 10.1038/35037728 Kula, 1996, A study of magnetic field effects on fibroblast cultures Part. 1. The evaluation of effects of static and extremely low frequency (ELF) magnetic fields on vital functions of fibroblasts, Bioelectrochemistry and Bioenergetics, 39, 21, 10.1016/0302-4598(95)01842-5 Lahijani, 2000, Teratogenic effects of sinusoidal extremely low frequency electromagnetic fields on morphology of 24h chick embryos, Indian Journal of Experimental Biology, 38, 692 Lange, 2000, Microvillar ion channels. Cytoskeletal modulation of ion fluxes, Journal of Theoretical Biology, 206, 561, 10.1006/jtbi.2000.2146 Lednev, 1996, Bioeffects of weak combined, static and alternating magnetic fields, Biofizika, 41, 224 Liburdy, 1993, ELF magnetic fields, breast cancer, and melatonin: 50Hz fields block melatonin's oncostatic action on ER+breast cancer cell proliferation, Journal of Pineal Research, 14, 89, 10.1111/j.1600-079X.1993.tb00491.x Lisi, 2000, Three dimensional (3D) analysis of the morphological changes induced by 50Hz magnetic field exposure on human lymphoblastoid cells (Raji), Bioelectromagnetics, 21, 46, 10.1002/(SICI)1521-186X(200001)21:1<46::AID-BEM7>3.0.CO;2-Z Liston, 2003, The inhibitors of apoptosis: there is more to life than Bcl2, Oncogene, 22, 8568, 10.1038/sj.onc.1207101 Liu, 1992, Induction of human monocyte cell line U937 differentiation and CSF-1 production by phorbol ester, Experimental Hematology, 20, 974 Liu, 2004, Novel strategies in cancer therapeutics: targeting enzymes involved in cell cycle regulation and cellular proliferation, Current Cancer Drug Targets, 4, 403, 10.2174/1568009043332907 Loberg, 2000, Expression of cancer-related genes in human cells exposed to 60Hz magnetic fields, Radiation Research, 153, 679, 10.1667/0033-7587(2000)153[0679:EOCRGI]2.0.CO;2 Loscher, 1998, Animal and cellular studies on carcinogenic effects of low frequency (50–60-Hz) magnetic fields, Mutation Research, 410, 185, 10.1016/S1383-5742(97)00039-2 Loscher, 2001, Do cocarcinogenic effects of ELF electromagnetic fields require repeated long-term interaction with carcinogens? Charcteristic of positive studies using the DMBA breast cancer model in rats, Biolectromagnetics, 22, 603, 10.1002/bem.90 Lyle, 1997, Intracellular calcium signaling by Jurkat T-lymphocytes exposed to 60Hz magnetic field, Bioelectromagnetics, 18, 439, 10.1002/(SICI)1521-186X(1997)18:6<439::AID-BEM6>3.0.CO;2-3 Magnelli, 1994, Bcl-2 overexpression abolishes early calcium waving preceding apoptosis in NIH-3T3 murine fibroblasts, Biochemical Biophysical Research Communication, 204, 84, 10.1006/bbrc.1994.2429 Marino, 1994, Association between cell membrane potential and breast cancer, Tumor Biology, 15, 82, 10.1159/000217878 Markow, 1993, Effects of weak low frequency sinusoidal and DC magnetic fields on myosin phosphorylation in cell-free preparation, Bioelectrochemistry and Bioenergetics, 30, 119, 10.1016/0302-4598(93)80069-7 Mc Cann, 1993, A critical review of the genotoxic potential of electric and magnetic fields, Mutation Research, 297, 61, 10.1016/0165-1110(93)90008-B Mevorach, 1998, Complement dependent clearance of apoptotic cells by human macrophages, Journal of Experimental Medicine, 188, 2313, 10.1084/jem.188.12.2313 Miyakoshi, 1996, Increase in lipoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyl transferase gene mutations by exposure to high-density 50Hz magnetic fields, Mutation Research, 349, 109, 10.1016/0027-5107(95)00166-2 Moffat, 1999, Macrophage recognition of ICAM-3 on apoptotic leukocytes, Journal of Immunology, 162, 6800, 10.4049/jimmunol.162.11.6800 Morandi, 1996, Lack of an EMF-induced genotoxic effect in the Ames assay, Life Science, 59, 263, 10.1016/0024-3205(96)00291-3 Moreira, 2004, Apoptotic cell and phagocyte interplay: recognition and consequences in different cell systems, Annual Academy Brasilian sciences, 76, 93, 10.1590/S0001-37652004000100009 Neuman, 2001, Apoptosis in Diseases of the liver, Critical Review Clinical Laboratory Science, 38, 109, 10.1080/20014091084182 Nicotera, 2004, Regulation of the apoptosis-necrosis switch, Oncogene, 23, 2757, 10.1038/sj.onc.1207559 Nordenson, 1994, Chromosomal aberrations in human amniotic cells after intermittent exposure to fifty hertz magnetic fields, Bioelectromagnetics, 15, 293, 10.1002/bem.2250150404 Ogier-Denis, 2003, Autophagy: a barrier or an adaptive response to cancer, Biochemical Biophysical Acta, 1603, 113 Okada, 2004, Pathways of apoptotic and non-apoptotic death in tumour cells, National Review of Cancer, 4, 592, 10.1038/nrc1412 Onuma, 1988, Electric field-directed cell shape changes, displacement, and cytoskeletal reorganization are calcium dependent, Journal of Cell Biology, 106, 2067, 10.1083/jcb.106.6.2067 Ottaviani, 2002, 50Hz magnetic fields of varying flux intensity affect cell shape changes ininvertebrate immunocytes: the role of potassium ion channels, Bioelectromagnetics, 23, 292, 10.1002/bem.10021 Pagliara, 2005, Differentiation of monocytic U937 cells under static magnetic field exposure, European Journal Hystochemistry, 49 Panagopoulos, 2000, A mechanism for action of oscillating electric fields on cells, Biochemical Biophysical Research Communication, 273, 634, 10.1006/bbrc.2000.2746 Paradisi, 1993, A 50Hz magnetic field induces structural and biophysical changes in membranes, Bioelectronmagnetics, 14, 247, 10.1002/bem.2250140308 Patel, 1982, Orientation of neurite growth by extracellular electric fields, Journal of Neuroscience, 2, 483, 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.02-04-00483.1982 Platt, 1998, Recognizing death: the phagocytosis of apoptotic cells, Trends in Cell Biology, 8, 365, 10.1016/S0962-8924(98)01329-4 Popov, 1991, Mechanism of cell protrudion formation in electrical field: the role of actin, Biochemical Biophysical Acta, 1066, 151, 10.1016/0005-2736(91)90181-7 Potenza, 2004, Effects of a static magnetic field on cell growth and gene expression in Escherichia coli, Mutation Research, 561, 53, 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2004.03.009 Pradhan, 1997, Multiple systems for recognition of apoptotic lymphocytes by macrophages, Molecular Biology of the Cell, 8, 767, 10.1091/mbc.8.5.767 Rabinovitch, 1995, Professional and non professional phagocytes: an introduction, Trends in Cell Biology, 5, 85, 10.1016/S0962-8924(00)88955-2 Radeff-Huang, 2004, G protein mediated signaling pathways in lysophospholipid induced cell proliferation and survival, Journal Cell Biochememistry, 92, 949, 10.1002/jcb.20094 Reiter, 1993, A review of neuroendocrine and neurochemical changes associated with static and extremely low frequency electromagnetic field exposure, Integrated Physiology Behavioural Science, 28, 57, 10.1007/BF02691200 Ren, 1998, Apoptosis: the importance of being eaten, Cell Death and Differentiation, 5, 551, 10.1038/sj.cdd.4400407 Repacholi, 1999, Interaction of static and extremely low frequency electric and magnetic fields with living systems: health effects and research needs, Bioelectronmagnetics, 20, 133, 10.1002/(SICI)1521-186X(1999)20:3<133::AID-BEM1>3.0.CO;2-O Rieti, 2004, SNOM and AFM microscopy techniques to study the effect of non-ionizing radiation on the morphological and biochemical properties of human keratinocytes cell line (HaCaT), Journal of Microscopy, 213, 20, 10.1111/j.1365-2818.2004.01279.x Robinson, 2002, Decreased DNA repair rates and protection from heat induced apoptosis mediated by electromagnetic field exposure, Bioelectromagnetics, 23, 106, 10.1002/bem.103 Rosen, 1993, Membrane response to static magnetic fields: effect of exposure duration, Biochemical Biophysical Acta, 1148, 317, 10.1016/0005-2736(93)90145-P Rosen, 1994, Threshold and limits of magnetic field action at the presynaptic membrane, Biochemical Biophysical Acta, 1193, 62, 10.1016/0005-2736(94)90333-6 Rosen, 1996, Inhibition of calcium channel activation in GH3 cells by static magnetic fields, Biochemical Biophysical Acta, 1282, 149, 10.1016/0005-2736(96)00053-3 Rosen, 2003, Mechanism of action of moderate-intensity static magnetic fields on biological systems, Cellular Biochemistry Biophysics, 39, 163, 10.1385/CBB:39:2:163 Rosen, 1990, Magnetic field influence on Paramecium motility, Life Science, 46, 1509, 10.1016/0024-3205(90)90423-O Ross, 1990, Combined DC and ELF magnetic fields can alter cell proliferation, Bioelectromagnetics, 11, 27, 10.1002/bem.2250110105 Ross, 1988, Studies on the alignment of fibroblasts in uniform applied electrical fields, Bioelectromagnetics, 10, 371, 10.1002/bem.2250100406 Roth, 1992, Induction of monocytic cell adherence to matrix-bound fibronectin by phorbol ester, Journal of Clinical Laboratori of Immunology, 37, 51 Sabo, 2002, Effects of static magnetic field on human leukemic cell line HL-60, Bioelectrochemistry, 56, 227, 10.1016/S1567-5394(02)00027-0 Saffer, 1996, Evaluating the biological aspects of in vitro studies in bioelectromagnetics, Bioelectrochemistry and Bioenergetics, 40, 1, 10.1016/0302-4598(96)01918-6 Salvatore, 2003, Phase I clinical study of a static magnetic field combined with anti-neoplastic chemotherapy in the treatment of human malignancy: initial safety and toxicity data, Bioelectromagnetics, 24, 524, 10.1002/bem.10149 Santini, 1994, A static magnetic field does not affect the dielectric properties of chick embryo myoblast membranes, International Journal of Radiation Biology, 65, 277, 10.1080/09553009414550311 Santoro, 1997, Effect of extremely low frequency (ELF) magnetic field exposure on morphological and biophysical properties of human lymphoid cell line (Raji), Biochemical Biophysical Acta, 1357, 281, 10.1016/S0167-4889(97)00032-3 Savill, 1998, Phagocytic docking without shoking, Nature, 392, 442, 10.1038/33025 Savill, 2000, Corps clearance defines the meaning of cell death, Nature, 407, 784, 10.1038/35037722 Savill, 2002, A blast from the past: clearance of apoptotic cells regulates immune responses, Nature Review of Immunology, 2, 965, 10.1038/nri957 Schenck, 2000, Safety of strong, static magnetic fields, Journal of Magnetic Resonance Imaging, 12, 2, 10.1002/1522-2586(200007)12:1<2::AID-JMRI2>3.0.CO;2-V Schulte-Hermann, 1995, Active cell death (apoptosis) in liver biology and disease, 1 Semn, 1980, Effect of an Earth-strength magnetic field on electrical activity of pineal cells, Nature, 288, 607, 10.1038/288607a0 Short, 1992, Alteration of human tumor cell adhesion by high-strength static magnetic fields, Investigative Radiology, 27, 836, 10.1097/00004424-199210000-00014 Simko, 2001, Stimulation of phagocytosis and free radical production in murine macrophages by 50Hz electromagnetic fields, European Journal of Cell Biology, 80, 562, 10.1078/0171-9335-00187 Somosy, 2000, Radiation response of cell organelles, Micron, 31, 165, 10.1016/S0968-4328(99)00083-9 Sun, 2001, Apoptosis: the quiet death silences immuno system, Pharmacology Therapeutics, 92, 135, 10.1016/S0163-7258(01)00164-4 Szatrowski, 1991, Production of large amounts of hydrogen peroxide by human tumor cells, Cancer Research, 51, 794 Takada, 1999, 12-O-tetradecanoyphorbol-13-acetate induced apoptosis is mediated by tumor necrosis factor alpha in human monocyte U937 cells, Journal of Biological Chemistry, 274, 28286, 10.1074/jbc.274.40.28286 Tao, 1999, EMF induces differentiation in HL-60 cells, Journal of Cell Biochemistry, 73, 212, 10.1002/(SICI)1097-4644(19990501)73:2<212::AID-JCB7>3.0.CO;2-X Tenforde, 2003, The wonders of magnetism, Bioelectromagnetics, 24, 3, 10.1002/bem.10090 Teodori, 2002, Static magnetic fields affect calcium fluxes and inhibit stress-induced apoptosis in human glioblastoma cells, Cytometry, 49, 143, 10.1002/cyto.10172 Teodori, 2002, Exposure of cells to static magnetic fields accelerates loss of integrity of plasma membrane during apoptosis, Cytometry, 49, 113, 10.1002/cyto.10160 Testorf, 2002, Melanophore aggregation in strong static magnetic fields, Bioelectromagnetics, 23, 444, 10.1002/bem.10040 Thach, 1968, A behavioural effect of intense dc electromagnetic fields, 347 Thomas, 1986, Low-intensity magnetic fields alter operant behavior in rats, Bioelectromagnetics, 7, 349, 10.1002/bem.2250070402 Thompson, 2000, A cooperative model for Ca(++) efflux windowing from cell membranes exposed to electromagnetic radiation, Bioelectromagnetics, 21, 455, 10.1002/1521-186X(200009)21:6<455::AID-BEM5>3.0.CO;2-G Thun-Battersby, 1999, Lymphocyte subset analyses in blood, spleen and lymphnodes of female Sprague-Dawley rats after short or prolonged exposure to a 50Hz 100-micro T magnetic field, Radiation Research, 152, 436, 10.2307/3580229 Tofani, 2003, Static and ELF magnetic fields enhance the in vivo anti tumor efficacy of cis-platin against lewis lung carcinoma, but not for cyclophosphamide against B16 melanotic melanoma, Pharmacological Research, 48, 83 Valles, 2002, Model of magnetic field-induced mitotic apparatus reorientation in frog eggs, Biophysical Journal, 82, 1260, 10.1016/S0006-3495(02)75482-9 van de Wetering, 2004, Collectins: players of the innate immune system, European Journal of Biochemistry, 271, 1229, 10.1111/j.1432-1033.2004.04040.x Vieria, 2003, Mitochondria as targets of apoptosis regulation by nitric oxide, IUBMB Life, 55, 613, 10.1080/15216540310001639652 Volpe, 1998, Cell membrane lipid molecular dynamics in a solenoid versus a magnetically shielded room, Bioelectromagnetics, 19, 107, 10.1002/(SICI)1521-186X(1998)19:2<107::AID-BEM8>3.0.CO;2-5 Vorobyov, 1998, Weak combined magnetic field affects basic and morphine-induced rat's EEG, Brain Research, 781, 182, 10.1016/S0006-8993(97)01228-6 Walleczek, 1990, Nonthermal 60-Hz sinusoidal magnetic field exposure enhances 45Ca++ uptake in rat thymocytes: dependence on mitogen activation, FEBS Letters, 271, 157, 10.1016/0014-5793(90)80396-Z Wartenberg, 2001, Residential EMF exposure and childhood leukemia: metanalysis and population attributable risk, Biolectromagnetics, 5, 86, 10.1002/1521-186X(2001)22:5+<::AID-BEM1026>3.0.CO;2-3 Williamson, 2002, Transbilayer phospholipid movement and the clearance of apoptotic cells, Biochemical Biophysical Acta, 1585, 53, 10.1016/S1388-1981(02)00324-4 Williamson, 2001, Phospholipid scramblase activation pathways in lymphocytes, Biochemistry, 40, 8065, 10.1021/bi001929z Yoshizawa, 2002, No effect of extremely low-frequency magnetic field observed on cell growth or initial response of cell proliferation in human cancer cell lines, Bioelectromagnetics, 23, 355, 10.1002/bem.10006 Yamada, 1995, Integrin transmembrane signalling and cytoskeletal control, Current Opinion in Cell Biology, 7, 681, 10.1016/0955-0674(95)80110-3 Young, 1965, Magnetic fields, vagal inhibition and acetylcholinesterase activity Zinchenko, 1992, Sensistivity of biological objects to geomagnetic field, Biofizika, 37, 636