Diet in the Pathogenesis and Treatment of Inflammatory Bowel Diseases

Jostins, 2012, Host-microbe interactions have shaped the genetic architecture of inflammatory bowel disease, Nature, 491, 119, 10.1038/nature11582 Khor, 2011, Genetics and pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease, Nature, 474, 307, 10.1038/nature10209 Cosnes, 2011, Epidemiology and natural history of inflammatory bowel diseases, Gastroenterology, 140, 1785, 10.1053/j.gastro.2011.01.055 Wilson, 2010, High incidence of inflammatory bowel disease in Australia: a prospective population-based Australian incidence study, Inflamm Bowel Dis, 16, 1550, 10.1002/ibd.21209 Molodecky, 2012, Increasing incidence and prevalence of the inflammatory bowel diseases with time, based on systematic review, Gastroenterology, 142, 46, 10.1053/j.gastro.2011.10.001 Linneberg, 2001, Secular trends of allergic asthma in Danish adults. The Copenhagen Allergy Study, Respir Med, 95, 258, 10.1053/rmed.2001.1031 Magnus, 1997, Secular trend in the occurrence of asthma among children and young adults: critical appraisal of repeated cross sectional surveys, BMJ, 314, 1795, 10.1136/bmj.314.7097.1795 Alcalde-Cabero, 2013, Incidence of multiple sclerosis among European Economic Area populations, 1985-2009: the framework for monitoring, BMC Neurol, 13, 58, 10.1186/1471-2377-13-58 Icen, 2009, Trends in incidence of adult-onset psoriasis over three decades: a population-based study, J Am Acad Dermatol, 60, 394, 10.1016/j.jaad.2008.10.062 Niv, 1991, Prevalence of ulcerative colitis in the Israeli kibbutz population, J Clin Gastroenterol, 13, 98, 10.1097/00004836-199102000-00022 Rozen, 1979, Crohn's disease in the Jewish population of Tel-Aviv-Yafo. Epidemiologic and clinical aspects, Gastroenterology, 76, 25, 10.1016/S0016-5085(79)80123-7 Krawiec, 1984, Aspects of the epidemiology of Crohn's disease in the Jewish population in Beer Sheva, Israel, Isr J Med Sci, 20, 16 Odes, 1994, Epidemiology of Crohn's disease in southern Israel, Am J Gastroenterol, 89, 1859 Li, 2011, Risk of inflammatory bowel disease in first- and second-generation immigrants in Sweden: a nationwide follow-up study, Inflamm Bowel Dis, 17, 1784, 10.1002/ibd.21535 Barreiro-de Acosta, 2011, Emigration to western industrialized countries: a risk factor for developing inflammatory bowel disease, J Crohns Colitis, 5, 566, 10.1016/j.crohns.2011.05.009 Barclay, 2009, Systematic review: the role of breastfeeding in the development of pediatric inflammatory bowel disease, J Pediatr, 155, 421, 10.1016/j.jpeds.2009.03.017 Chatterton, 2013, Anti-inflammatory mechanisms of bioactive milk proteins in the intestine of newborns, Int J Biochem Cell Biol, 45, 1730, 10.1016/j.biocel.2013.04.028 Abramson, 2010, Incidence, prevalence, and time trends of pediatric inflammatory bowel disease in Northern California, 1996 to 2006, J Pediatr, 157, 233, 10.1016/j.jpeds.2010.02.024 Azad, 2013, Gut microbiota of healthy Canadian infants: profiles by mode of delivery and infant diet at 4 months, CMAJ, 185, 385, 10.1503/cmaj.121189 Koenig, 2011, Succession of microbial consortia in the developing infant gut microbiome, Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 108, 4578, 10.1073/pnas.1000081107 Hou, 2011, Dietary intake and risk of developing inflammatory bowel disease: a systematic review of the literature, Am J Gastroenterol, 106, 563, 10.1038/ajg.2011.44 Tjonneland, 2009, Linoleic acid, a dietary n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acid, and the aetiology of ulcerative colitis: a nested case-control study within a European prospective cohort study, Gut, 58, 1606, 10.1136/gut.2008.169078 Ananthakrishnan, 2014, Long-term intake of dietary fat and risk of ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease, Gut, 63, 776, 10.1136/gutjnl-2013-305304 Riboli, 2002, European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC): study populations and data collection, Public health nutrition, 5, 1113, 10.1079/PHN2002394 Ananthakrishnan, 2013, A prospective study of long-term intake of dietary fiber and risk of Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis, Gastroenterology, 145, 970, 10.1053/j.gastro.2013.07.050 Costea, 2014, Interactions between the dietary polyunsaturated Fatty Acid ratio and genetic factors determine susceptibility to pediatric Crohn's disease, Gastroenterology, 146, 929, 10.1053/j.gastro.2013.12.034 Brestoff, 2013, Commensal bacteria at the interface of host metabolism and the immune system, Nat Immunol, 14, 676, 10.1038/ni.2640 van der Logt, 2013, Westernized high-fat diet accelerates weight loss in dextran sulfate sodium-induced colitis in mice, which is further aggravated by supplementation of heme, J Nutr Biochem, 24, 1159, 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2012.09.001 Gruber, 2013, High fat diet accelerates pathogenesis of murine Crohn's disease-like ileitis independently of obesity, PLoS One, 8, e71661, 10.1371/journal.pone.0071661 Bosco, 2013, Effects of increase in fish oil intake on intestinal eicosanoids and inflammation in a mouse model of colitis, Lipids Health Dis, 12, 81, 10.1186/1476-511X-12-81 Matsunaga, 2008, Omega-3 fatty acids exacerbate DSS-induced colitis through decreased adiponectin in colonic subepithelial myofibroblasts, Inflamm Bowel Dis, 14, 1348, 10.1002/ibd.20491 Mbodji, 2013, Adjunct therapy of n-3 fatty acids to 5-ASA ameliorates inflammatory score and decreases NF-kappaB in rats with TNBS-induced colitis, J Nutr Biochem, 24, 700, 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2012.03.022 Nieto, 2002, Dietary polyunsaturated fatty acids improve histological and biochemical alterations in rats with experimental ulcerative colitis, J Nutr, 132, 11 Whiting, 2005, Dietary n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids reduce disease and colonic proinflammatory cytokines in a mouse model of colitis, Inflamm Bowel Dis, 11, 340, 10.1097/01.MIB.0000164016.98913.7c Coeffier, 2010, Potential for amino acids supplementation during inflammatory bowel diseases, Inflamm Bowel Dis, 16, 518, 10.1002/ibd.21017 Xue, 2011, Glutamine therapy improves outcome of in vitro and in vivo experimental colitis models, JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr, 35, 188, 10.1177/0148607110381407 Ren, 2014, Serum amino acids profile and the beneficial effects of L-arginine or L-glutamine supplementation in dextran sulfate sodium colitis, PLoS One, 9, e88335, 10.1371/journal.pone.0088335 Giris, 2007, The effect of heme oxygenase-1 induction by glutamine on TNBS-induced colitis. The effect of glutamine on TNBS colitis, Int J Colorectal Dis, 22, 591, 10.1007/s00384-006-0238-y Coburn, 2012, L-arginine supplementation improves responses to injury and inflammation in dextran sulfate sodium colitis, PLoS One, 7, e33546, 10.1371/journal.pone.0033546 Andou, 2009, Dietary histidine ameliorates murine colitis by inhibition of proinflammatory cytokine production from macrophages, Gastroenterology, 136, 564, 10.1053/j.gastro.2008.09.062 Munn, 2013, Indoleamine 2,3 dioxygenase and metabolic control of immune responses, Trends Immunol, 34, 137, 10.1016/j.it.2012.10.001 Faure, 2006, Specific amino acids increase mucin synthesis and microbiota in dextran sulfate sodium-treated rats, J Nutr, 136, 1558 Kim, 2010, l-Tryptophan exhibits therapeutic function in a porcine model of dextran sodium sulfate (DSS)-induced colitis, J Nutr Biochem, 21, 468, 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2009.01.019 Nanau, 2012, Nutritional and probiotic supplementation in colitis models, Dig Dis Sci, 57, 2786, 10.1007/s10620-012-2284-3 Roediger, 1982, Trophic effect of short chain fatty acids on mucosal handling of ions by the defunctioned colon, Br J Surg, 69, 23, 10.1002/bjs.1800690108 Thorburn, 2014, Diet, metabolites, and “western-lifestyle” inflammatory diseases, Immunity, 40, 833, 10.1016/j.immuni.2014.05.014 Ung, 2010, Oral administration of curcumin emulsified in carboxymethyl cellulose has a potent anti-inflammatory effect in the IL-10 gene-deficient mouse model of IBD, Dig Dis Sci, 55, 1272, 10.1007/s10620-009-0843-z Bruckner, 2012, Green tea polyphenol epigallocatechin-3-gallate shows therapeutic antioxidative effects in a murine model of colitis, J Crohns Colitis, 6, 226, 10.1016/j.crohns.2011.08.012 Youn, 2009, Resveratrol and piceatannol inhibit iNOS expression and NF-kappaB activation in dextran sulfate sodium-induced mouse colitis, Nutr Cancer, 61, 847, 10.1080/01635580903285072 Kataoka, 2008, Inhibitory effects of fermented brown rice on induction of acute colitis by dextran sulfate sodium in rats, Dig Dis Sci, 53, 1601, 10.1007/s10620-007-0063-3 Cantorna, 2004, Vitamin D status, 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3, and the immune system, Am J Clin Nutr, 80, 1717S, 10.1093/ajcn/80.6.1717S Schepens, 2009, Supplemental calcium attenuates the colitis-related increase in diarrhea, intestinal permeability, and extracellular matrix breakdown in HLA-B27 transgenic rats, J Nutr, 139, 1525 Zhao, 2012, Protective role of 1,25(OH)2 vitamin D3 in the mucosal injury and epithelial barrier disruption in DSS-induced acute colitis in mice, BMC Gastroenterol, 12, 57, 10.1186/1471-230X-12-57 Nairz, 2010, The struggle for iron—a metal at the host-pathogen interface, Cell Microbiol, 12, 1691, 10.1111/j.1462-5822.2010.01529.x Porto, 2007, Iron overload and immunity, World J Gastroenterol, 13, 4707, 10.3748/wjg.v13.i35.4707 Halliwell, 1978, Superoxide-dependent formation of hydroxyl radicals in the presence of iron chelates: is it a mechanism for hydroxyl radical production in biochemical systems?, FEBS Lett, 92, 321, 10.1016/0014-5793(78)80779-0 Hentze, 2010, Two to tango: regulation of mammalian iron metabolism, Cell, 142, 24, 10.1016/j.cell.2010.06.028 Tsukamoto, 1999, Iron primes hepatic macrophages for NF-kappaB activation in alcoholic liver injury, Am J Physiol, 277, G1240 Werner, 2011, Depletion of luminal iron alters the gut microbiota and prevents Crohn's disease-like ileitis, Gut, 60, 325, 10.1136/gut.2010.216929 Weiss, 2011, Iron in the inflammed gut: another pro-inflammatory hit?, Gut, 60, 287, 10.1136/gut.2010.229047 Le Leu, 2013, Dietary red meat aggravates dextran sulfate sodium-induced colitis in mice whereas resistant starch attenuates inflammation, Dig Dis Sci, 58, 3475, 10.1007/s10620-013-2844-1 Schepens, 2011, Dietary heme adversely affects experimental colitis in rats, despite heat-shock protein induction, Nutrition, 27, 590, 10.1016/j.nut.2010.05.002 Kajiura, 2009, Change of intestinal microbiota with elemental diet and its impact on therapeutic effects in a murine model of chronic colitis, Dig Dis Sci, 54, 1892, 10.1007/s10620-008-0574-6 Devkota, 2012, Dietary-fat-induced taurocholic acid promotes pathobiont expansion and colitis in Il10-/- mice, Nature, 487, 104, 10.1038/nature11225 Chiba, 2010, Lifestyle-related disease in Crohn's disease: relapse prevention by a semi-vegetarian diet, World J Gastroenterol, 16, 2484, 10.3748/wjg.v16.i20.2484 Andoh, 2003, Role of dietary fiber and short-chain fatty acids in the colon, Curr Pharm Des, 9, 347, 10.2174/1381612033391973 Berghouse, 1984, Comparison between the bacterial and oligosaccharide content of ileostomy effluent in subjects taking diets rich in refined or unrefined carbohydrate, Gut, 25, 1071, 10.1136/gut.25.10.1071 Levenstein, 1985, Low residue or normal diet in Crohn's disease: a prospective controlled study in Italian patients, Gut, 26, 989, 10.1136/gut.26.10.989 Ritchie, 1987, Controlled multicentre therapeutic trial of an unrefined carbohydrate, fibre rich diet in Crohn's disease, Br Med J (Clin Res Ed), 295, 517, 10.1136/bmj.295.6597.517 Feagan, 2008, Omega-3 free fatty acids for the maintenance of remission in Crohn disease: the EPIC Randomized Controlled Trials, JAMA, 299, 1690, 10.1001/jama.299.14.1690 Ananthakrishnan, 2013, Normalization of plasma 25-hydroxy vitamin D is associated with reduced risk of surgery in Crohn's disease, Inflamm Bowel Dis, 19, 1921 Jorgensen, 2010, Clinical trial: vitamin D3 treatment in Crohn's disease—a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled study, Aliment Pharmacol Ther, 32, 377, 10.1111/j.1365-2036.2010.04355.x Benjamin, 2011, Randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of fructo-oligosaccharides in active Crohn's disease, Gut, 60, 923, 10.1136/gut.2010.232025 Joossens, 2012, Effect of oligofructose-enriched inulin (OF-IN) on bacterial composition and disease activity of patients with Crohn's disease: results from a double-blinded randomised controlled trial, Gut, 61, 958, 10.1136/gutjnl-2011-300413 Willett, 1998 Elson, 1980, An evaluation of total parenteral nutrition in the management of inflammatory bowel disease, Dig Dis Sci, 25, 42, 10.1007/BF01312731 Triantafillidis, 2014, The role of total parenteral nutrition in inflammatory bowel disease: current aspects, Scand J Gastroenterol, 49, 3, 10.3109/00365521.2013.860557 Reilly, 1976, Hyperalimentation in inflammatory bowel disease, Am J Surg, 131, 192, 10.1016/0002-9610(76)90096-9 Vogel, 1974, Proceedings: Intravenous hyperalimentation in the treatment of inflammatory diseases of the bowel, Arch Surg, 108, 460, 10.1001/archsurg.1974.01350280066012 Lochs, 1983, Has total bowel rest a beneficial effect in the treatment of Crohn's disease?, Clin Nutr, 2, 61, 10.1016/0261-5614(83)90033-X Winslet, 1993, Fecal diversion in the management of Crohn's disease of the colon, Dis Colon Rectum, 36, 757, 10.1007/BF02048367 D'Haens, 1998, Early lesions of recurrent Crohn's disease caused by infusion of intestinal contents in excluded ileum, Gastroenterology, 114, 262, 10.1016/S0016-5085(98)70476-7 Rutgeerts, 1991, Effect of faecal stream diversion on recurrence of Crohn's disease in the neoterminal ileum, Lancet, 338, 771, 10.1016/0140-6736(91)90663-A Spivak, 2006, Antibodies to I2 predict clinical response to fecal diversion in Crohn's disease, Inflamm Bowel Dis, 12, 1122, 10.1097/01.mib.0000235833.47423.d7 Yamamoto, 2000, Effect of fecal diversion alone on perianal Crohn's disease, World J Surg, 24, 1258, 10.1007/s002680010250 Rutgeerts, 1995, Controlled trial of metronidazole treatment for prevention of Crohn's recurrence after ileal resection, Gastroenterology, 108, 1617, 10.1016/0016-5085(95)90121-3 Rutgeerts, 2005, Ornidazole for prophylaxis of postoperative Crohn's disease recurrence: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial, Gastroenterology, 128, 856, 10.1053/j.gastro.2005.01.010 Rhodes, 1986, Does food affect acute inflammatory bowel disease? The role of parenteral nutrition, elemental and exclusion diets, Gut, 27, 471, 10.1136/gut.27.5.471 Borrelli, 2006, Polymeric diet alone versus corticosteroids in the treatment of active pediatric Crohn's disease: a randomized controlled open-label trial, Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol, 4, 744, 10.1016/j.cgh.2006.03.010 Day, 2006, Exclusive enteral feeding as primary therapy for Crohn's disease in Australian children and adolescents: a feasible and effective approach, J Gastroenterol Hepatol, 21, 1609, 10.1111/j.1440-1746.2006.04294.x Heuschkel, 2000, Enteral nutrition and corticosteroids in the treatment of acute Crohn's disease in children, J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr, 31, 8, 10.1097/00005176-200007000-00005 Sandhu, 2010, Guidelines for the Management of Inflammatory Bowel Disease in Children in the United Kingdom, J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr, 50, S1, 10.1097/MPG.0b013e3181c92c53 Caprilli, 2006, European evidence based consensus on the diagnosis and management of Crohn's disease: special situations, Gut, 55, i36, 10.1136/gut.2005.081950c Takagi, 2006, Effectiveness of an ‘half elemental diet’ as maintenance therapy for Crohn's disease: a randomized-controlled trial, Aliment Pharmacol Ther, 24, 1333, 10.1111/j.1365-2036.2006.03120.x Johnson, 2006, Treatment of active Crohn's disease in children using partial enteral nutrition with liquid formula: a randomised controlled trial, Gut, 55, 356, 10.1136/gut.2004.062554 Fell, 2000, Mucosal healing and a fall in mucosal pro-inflammatory cytokine mRNA induced by a specific oral polymeric diet in paediatric Crohn's disease, Aliment Pharmacol Ther, 14, 281, 10.1046/j.1365-2036.2000.00707.x Afzal, 2004, Improvement in quality of life of children with acute Crohn's disease does not parallel mucosal healing after treatment with exclusive enteral nutrition, Aliment Pharmacol Ther, 20, 167, 10.1111/j.1365-2036.2004.02002.x Froslie, 2007, Mucosal healing in inflammatory bowel disease: results from a Norwegian population-based cohort, Gastroenterology, 133, 412, 10.1053/j.gastro.2007.05.051 Thomas, 1993, Dietary intake and nutritional treatment in childhood Crohn's disease, J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr, 17, 75, 10.1097/00005176-199307000-00011 Gerasimidis, 2012, Impact of exclusive enteral nutrition on body composition and circulating micronutrients in plasma and erythrocytes of children with active Crohn's disease, Inflamm Bowel Dis, 18, 1672, 10.1002/ibd.21916 Newby, 2005, Interventions for growth failure in childhood Crohn's disease, Cochrane Database Syst Rev, CD003873 Whitten, 2010, Effect of exclusive enteral nutrition on bone turnover in children with Crohn's disease, J Gastroenterol, 45, 399, 10.1007/s00535-009-0165-0 Seidman, 1989, Nutritional management of inflammatory bowel disease, Gastroenterol Clin N Am, 18, 129, 10.1016/S0889-8553(21)00431-3 Afzal, 2005, Colonic Crohn's disease in children does not respond well to treatment with enteral nutrition if the ileum is not involved, Dig Dis Sci, 50, 1471, 10.1007/s10620-005-2864-6 Zachos, 2007, Enteral nutritional therapy for induction of remission in Crohn's disease, Cochrane Database Syst Rev, CD000542 Day, 2008, Systematic review: nutritional therapy in paediatric Crohn's disease, Aliment Pharmacol Ther, 27, 293, 10.1111/j.1365-2036.2007.03578.x Wall, 2013, Use of exclusive enteral nutrition in adults with Crohn's disease: a review, World J Gastroenterol, 19, 7652, 10.3748/wjg.v19.i43.7652 Okada, 1990, Controlled trial comparing an elemental diet with prednisolone in the treatment of active Crohn's disease, Hepatogastroenterology, 37, 72 O'Morain, 1984, Elemental diet as primary treatment of acute Crohn's disease: a controlled trial, Br Med J (Clin Res Ed), 288, 1859, 10.1136/bmj.288.6434.1859 Gassull, 2004, Review article: the role of nutrition in the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease, Aliment Pharmacol Ther, 20, 79, 10.1111/j.1365-2036.2004.02050.x Lionetti, 2005, Enteral nutrition and microflora in pediatric Crohn's disease, JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr, 29, S173, 10.1177/01486071050290S4S173 van den Bogaerde, 2001, Immune sensitization to food, yeast and bacteria in Crohn's disease, Aliment Pharmacol Ther, 15, 1647, 10.1046/j.1365-2036.2001.01032.x Van Den Bogaerde, 2002, Gut mucosal response to food antigens in Crohn's disease, Aliment Pharmacol Ther, 16, 1903, 10.1046/j.1365-2036.2002.01360.x Farre, 2013, Food and symptom generation in functional gastrointestinal disorders: physiological aspects, Am J Gastroenterol, 108, 698, 10.1038/ajg.2013.24 Depoortere, 2014, Taste receptors of the gut: emerging roles in health and disease, Gut, 63, 179, 10.1136/gutjnl-2013-305112 Russell, 1985, Intestinal adaptation to an elemental diet, Proc Nutr Soc, 44, 87, 10.1079/PNS19850014 Bury, 1974, Effects of elemental diets on gastric emptying and gastric secretion in man, Am J Surg, 127, 59, 10.1016/0002-9610(74)90012-9 Hisamatsu, 2012, Novel, objective, multivariate biomarkers composed of plasma amino acid profiles for the diagnosis and assessment of inflammatory bowel disease, PLoS One, 7, e31131, 10.1371/journal.pone.0031131 Hashimoto, 2012, ACE2 links amino acid malnutrition to microbial ecology and intestinal inflammation, Nature, 487, 477, 10.1038/nature11228 Faure, 2005, Dietary threonine restriction specifically reduces intestinal mucin synthesis in rats, J Nutr, 135, 486 Kien, 1981, Fecal characteristics in healthy young adults consuming defined liquid diets or a free-choice diet, Am J Clin Nutr, 34, 357, 10.1093/ajcn/34.3.357 Hecketsweiler, 1979, Absorption of elemental and complex nutritional solutions during a continuous jejunal perfusion in man, Digestion, 19, 213, 10.1159/000198347 Suma, 2014, Nutrients, antinutrients & bioaccessible mineral content (invitro) of pearl millet as influenced by milling, J Food Sci Technol, 51, 756 Moretti, 2014, Bioavailability of iron, zinc, folic acid, and vitamin A from fortified maize, Ann N Y Acad Sci, 1312, 54, 10.1111/nyas.12297 Sandberg, 2002, Bioavailability of minerals in legumes, Br J Nutr, 88, S281, 10.1079/BJN/2002718 Alarcon-Flores, 2014, Monitoring of phytochemicals in fresh and fresh-cut vegetables: a comparison, Food Chem, 142, 392, 10.1016/j.foodchem.2013.07.065 Sartor, 2008, Microbial influences in inflammatory bowel diseases, Gastroenterology, 134, 577, 10.1053/j.gastro.2007.11.059 Wu, 2011, Linking long-term dietary patterns with gut microbial enterotypes, Science, 334, 105, 10.1126/science.1208344 David, 2014, Diet rapidly and reproducibly alters the human gut microbiome, Nature, 505, 559, 10.1038/nature12820 Macfarlane, 2007, Models for intestinal fermentation: association between food components, delivery systems, bioavailability and functional interactions in the gut, Curr Opin Biotechnol, 18, 156, 10.1016/j.copbio.2007.01.011 Macfarlane, 2008, Bacterial metabolism and health-related effects of galacto-oligosaccharides and other prebiotics, J Appl Microbiol, 104, 305 Murphy, 2001, Non-polyol low-digestible carbohydrates: food applications and functional benefits, Br J Nutr, 85, S47, 10.1079/BJN2000261 Atarashi, 2013, Treg induction by a rationally selected mixture of Clostridia strains from the human microbiota, Nature, 500, 232, 10.1038/nature12331 Smith, 2013, The microbial metabolites, short-chain fatty acids, regulate colonic Treg cell homeostasis, Science, 341, 569, 10.1126/science.1241165 Sokol, 2008, Faecalibacterium prausnitzii is an anti-inflammatory commensal bacterium identified by gut microbiota analysis of Crohn disease patients, Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 105, 16731, 10.1073/pnas.0804812105 Dewulf, 2013, Insight into the prebiotic concept: lessons from an exploratory, double blind intervention study with inulin-type fructans in obese women, Gut, 62, 1112, 10.1136/gutjnl-2012-303304 Gerasimidis, 2014, Decline in presumptively protective gut bacterial species and metabolites are paradoxically associated with disease improvement in pediatric Crohn's disease during enteral nutrition, Inflamm Bowel Dis, 20, 861, 10.1097/MIB.0000000000000023 Koeth, 2013, Intestinal microbiota metabolism of L-carnitine, a nutrient in red meat, promotes atherosclerosis, Nat Med, 19, 576, 10.1038/nm.3145 Gadaleta, 2011, Farnesoid X receptor activation inhibits inflammation and preserves the intestinal barrier in inflammatory bowel disease, Gut, 60, 463, 10.1136/gut.2010.212159 Nolan, 2013, Altered enterohepatic circulation of bile acids in Crohn's disease and their clinical significance: a new perspective, Expert Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol, 7, 49, 10.1586/egh.12.66 Sartor, 2012, Gut microbiota: diet promotes dysbiosis and colitis in susceptible hosts, Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol, 9, 561, 10.1038/nrgastro.2012.157 Leonard, 2014, US perspective on gluten-related diseases, Clin Exp Gastroenterol, 7, 25 Ludman, 2013, Managing cows' milk allergy in children, BMJ, 347, f5424, 10.1136/bmj.f5424 Hou, 2014, Diet and inflammatory bowel disease: review of patient-targeted recommendations, Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol, 12, 1592, 10.1016/j.cgh.2013.09.063 Sigall-Boneh, 2014, Partial enteral nutrition with a Crohn's disease exclusion diet is effective for induction of remission in children and young adults with Crohn's disease, Inflamm Bowel Dis, 20, 1353, 10.1097/MIB.0000000000000110 Rajendran, 2011, Food-specific IgG4-guided exclusion diets improve symptoms in Crohn's disease: a pilot study, Colorectal Dis, 13, 1009, 10.1111/j.1463-1318.2010.02373.x Gao, 2010, Atherogenic diets exacerbate colitis in mice deficient in glutathione peroxidase, Inflamm Bowel Dis, 16, 2043, 10.1002/ibd.21317 Oz, 2013, Green tea polyphenols and sulfasalazine have parallel anti-inflammatory properties in colitis models, Front Immunol, 4, 132, 10.3389/fimmu.2013.00132 Wagner, 2013, Semisynthetic diet ameliorates Crohn's disease-like ileitis in TNFDeltaARE/WT mice through antigen-independent mechanisms of gluten, Inflamm Bowel Dis, 19, 1285, 10.1097/MIB.0b013e318281f573 Nones, 2009, The effects of dietary curcumin and rutin on colonic inflammation and gene expression in multidrug resistance gene-deficient (mdr1a-/-) mice, a model of inflammatory bowel diseases, Br J Nutr, 101, 169, 10.1017/S0007114508009847 Larmonier, 2008, Limited effects of dietary curcumin on Th-1 driven colitis in IL-10 deficient mice suggest an IL-10-dependent mechanism of protection, Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol, 295, G1079, 10.1152/ajpgi.90365.2008 Kanauchi, 2008, Germinated barley foodstuff ameliorates inflammation in mice with colitis through modulation of mucosal immune system, Scand J Gastroenterol, 43, 1346, 10.1080/00365520802245411 Schiffrin, 2005, Milk casein-based diet containing TGF-beta controls the inflammatory reaction in the HLA-B27 transgenic rat model, JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr, 29, S141, 10.1177/01486071050290S4S141 Oz, 2004, Efficacy of a transforming growth factor beta 2 containing nutritional support formula in a murine model of inflammatory bowel disease, J Am Coll Nutr, 23, 220, 10.1080/07315724.2004.10719364 Koleva, 2012, Inulin and fructo-oligosaccharides have divergent effects on colitis and commensal microbiota in HLA-B27 transgenic rats, Br J Nutr, 108, 1633, 10.1017/S0007114511007203 Nagy-Szakal, 2013, Monotonous diets protect against acute colitis in mice: epidemiologic and therapeutic implications, J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr, 56, 544, 10.1097/MPG.0b013e3182769748 Takashima, 2014, Feeding with olive oil attenuates inflammation in dextran sulfate sodium-induced colitis in rat, J Nutr Biochem, 25, 186, 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2013.10.005 Camuesco, 2005, Dietary olive oil supplemented with fish oil, rich in EPA and DHA (n-3) polyunsaturated fatty acids, attenuates colonic inflammation in rats with DSS-induced colitis, J Nutr, 135, 687 Papada, 2014, Anti-inflammatory effect of elemental diets with different fat composition in experimental colitis, Br J Nutr, 111, 1213, 10.1017/S0007114513003632 Vieira de Barros, 2011, Effects of a high fat or a balanced omega 3/omega 6 diet on cytokines levels and DNA damage in experimental colitis, Nutrition, 27, 221, 10.1016/j.nut.2009.11.014 Oz, 2005, Antioxidants as novel therapy in a murine model of colitis, J Nutr Biochem, 16, 297, 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2004.09.007 Mazzon, 2005, Green tea polyphenol extract attenuates colon injury induced by experimental colitis, Free Radic Res, 39, 1017, 10.1080/10715760500197177 Ibrahim, 2012, Dietary alpha-linolenic acid-rich formula reduces adhesion molecules in rats with experimental colitis, Nutrition, 28, 799, 10.1016/j.nut.2011.10.008 Tyagi, 2012, Attenuation of colonic inflammation by partial replacement of dietary linoleic acid with alpha-linolenic acid in a rat model of inflammatory bowel disease, Br J Nutr, 108, 1612, 10.1017/S0007114511007197 Sugimoto, 2002, Curcumin prevents and ameliorates trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid-induced colitis in mice, Gastroenterology, 123, 1912, 10.1053/gast.2002.37050 Jian, 2005, Preventive and therapeutic effects of NF-kappaB inhibitor curcumin in rats colitis induced by trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid, World J Gastroenterol, 11, 1747, 10.3748/wjg.v11.i12.1747 Zeng, 2013, Curcumin improves TNBS-induced colitis in rats by inhibiting IL-27 expression via the TLR4/NF-kappaB signaling pathway, Planta Med, 79, 102 Moreau, 2003, Restoration of the integrity of rat caeco-colonic mucosa by resistant starch, but not by fructo-oligosaccharides, in dextran sulfate sodium-induced experimental colitis, Br J Nutr, 90, 75, 10.1079/BJN2003867 Liu, 2013, Beneficial effects of an amino acid mixture on colonic mucosal healing in rats, Inflamm Bowel Dis, 19, 2895, 10.1097/01.MIB.0000435849.17263.c5 Joo, 2013, Enteral supplement enriched with glutamine, fiber, and oligosaccharide attenuates experimental colitis in mice, Nutrition, 29, 549, 10.1016/j.nut.2012.09.007 Cohen, 2014, Clinical and mucosal improvement with the specific carbohydrate diet in pediatric crohn's disease: a prospective pilot study, J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr, 59, 516, 10.1097/MPG.0000000000000449 Suskind, 2014, Nutritional therapy in pediatric Crohn disease: the specific carbohydrate diet, J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr, 58, 87, 10.1097/MPG.0000000000000103 Olendzki, 2014, An anti-inflammatory diet as treatment for inflammatory bowel disease: a case series report, Nutr J, 13, 5, 10.1186/1475-2891-13-5 Croagh, 2007, Pilot study on the effect of reducing dietary FODMAP intake on bowel function in patients without a colon, Inflamm Bowel Dis, 13, 1522, 10.1002/ibd.20249 Butler, 2007, Dietary microparticles implicated in Crohn's disease can impair macrophage phagocytic activity and act as adjuvants in the presence of bacterial stimuli, Inflamm Res, 56, 353, 10.1007/s00011-007-7068-4 Lomer, 2005, Lack of efficacy of a reduced microparticle diet in a multi-centred trial of patients with active Crohn's disease, Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol, 17, 377, 10.1097/00042737-200503000-00019 Roberts, 2013, Hypothesis: increased consumption of emulsifiers as an explanation for the rising incidence of Crohn's disease, J Crohns Colitis, 7, 338, 10.1016/j.crohns.2013.01.004 Roberts, 2010, Translocation of Crohn's disease Escherichia coli across M-cells: contrasting effects of soluble plant fibres and emulsifiers, Gut, 59, 1331, 10.1136/gut.2009.195370 Cabre, 2012, Omega-3 fatty acids and inflammatory bowel diseases—a systematic review, Br J Nutr, 107, S240, 10.1017/S0007114512001626 Holt, 2005, Curcumin therapy in inflammatory bowel disease: a pilot study, Dig Dis Sci, 50, 2191, 10.1007/s10620-005-3032-8 Heaton, 1979, Treatment of Crohn's disease with an unrefined-carbohydrate, fibre-rich diet, Br Med J, 2, 764, 10.1136/bmj.2.6193.764 Ben-Arye, 2002, Wheat grass juice in the treatment of active distal ulcerative colitis: a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial, Scand J Gastroenterol, 37, 444, 10.1080/003655202317316088 Kanauchi, 2002, Treatment of ulcerative colitis by feeding with germinated barley foodstuff: first report of a multicenter open control trial, J Gastroenterol, 37, 67, 10.1007/BF03326417 Barclay, 1992, The effect of dietary yeast on the activity of stable chronic Crohn's disease, Scand J Gastroenterol, 27, 196, 10.3109/00365529208999948