Echocardiographic Nomograms for Chamber Diameters and Areas in Caucasian Children

Kaski, 2009, Normalization of echocardiographically derived paediatric cardiac dimensions to body surface area: time for a standardized approach, Eur J Echocardiogr, 10, 44, 10.1093/ejechocard/jen242 Cantinotti, 2012, Limitations of current echocardiographic nomograms for left ventricular, valvular and arterial dimensions in children: a critical review, J Am Soc Echocardiogr, 25, 142, 10.1016/j.echo.2011.10.016 Colan, 2013, The why and how of Z scores, J Am Soc Echocardiogr, 26, 38, 10.1016/j.echo.2012.11.005 Lopez, 2010, Recommendations for quantification methods during the performance of a pediatric echocardiogram: a report from the Pediatric Measurements Writing Group of the American Society of Echocardiography Pediatric and Congenital Heart Disease Council, J Am Soc Echocardiogr, 23, 465, 10.1016/j.echo.2010.03.019 Cantinotti, 2013, Nomograms for blood flow and tissue Doppler velocities to evaluate diastolic function in children: a critical review, J Am Soc Echocardiogr, 26, 126, 10.1016/j.echo.2012.11.017 Mawad, 2013, A review and critique of the statistical methods used to generate reference values in pediatric echocardiography, J Am Soc Echocardiogr, 26, 29, 10.1016/j.echo.2012.09.021 Pettersen, 2008, Regression equations for calculation of z-scores of cardiac structures in a large cohort of healthy infants, children, and adolescents: an echocardiographic study, J Am Soc Echocardiogr, 21, 922, 10.1016/j.echo.2008.02.006 Sluysmans, 2005, Theoretical and empirical derivation of cardiovascular allometric relationships in children, J Appl Physiol, 99, 445, 10.1152/japplphysiol.01144.2004 Cantinotti, 2014, Echocardiographic nomograms for ventricular, valvular and arterial dimensions in Caucasian children with a special focus on neonates, infants and toddlers, J Am Soc Echocardiogr, 27, 179, 10.1016/j.echo.2013.10.001 Dyar D. Z-scores and reference values for pediatric echocardiography. Available at: http://www.parameterz.com. Accessed August 26, 2014. Nielsen, 2010, The accuracy of echocardiographic assessment of left ventricular size in children by the 5/6 area x length (bullet) method, Echocardiography, 27, 69, 10.1111/j.1540-8175.2009.01120.x Lytrivi, 2011, Normal values for left ventricular volume in infants and young children by the echocardiographic subxiphoid five-sixth area by length (bullet) method, J Am Soc Echocardiogr, 24, 214, 10.1016/j.echo.2010.12.002 Grison, 2007, Three-dimensional echocardiographic evaluation of right ventricular volume and function in pediatric patients: validation of the technique, J Am Soc Echocardiogr, 20, 921, 10.1016/j.echo.2007.01.018 Lu, 2008, Accuracy and reproducibility of real-time three-dimensional echocardiography for assessment of right ventricular volumes and ejection fraction in children, J Am Soc Echocardiogr, 21, 84, 10.1016/j.echo.2007.05.009 Bhatla, 2012, Normal values of left atrial volume in pediatric age group using a validated allometric model, Circ Cardiovasc Imaging, 5, 791, 10.1161/CIRCIMAGING.112.974428 DuBois, 1916, A formula to estimate the approximate surface area if height and weight be known, Arch Intern Med, 17, 863, 10.1001/archinte.1916.00080130010002 Haycock, 1978, Geometric method for measuring body surface area: a height-weight formula validated in infants, children, and adults, J Pediatr, 93, 62, 10.1016/S0022-3476(78)80601-5 Musteller, 1987, Simplified calculation of body surface area, N Engl J Med, 317, 1098, 10.1056/NEJM198710223171717 Dreyer, 1912, Further experiments upon the blood volume of mammals and its relation to the surface area of the body, Philos Trans R Soc Lond, 202, 191, 10.1098/rstb.1912.0006 Boyd, 1935 Gehan, 1970, Estimation of human body surface area from height and weight, Cancer Chemother Rep, 54, 225 Meban, 1983, The surface area and volume of the human fetus, J Anat, 137, 271 World Health Organization. The WHO child growth standards. Available at: http://www.who.int/childgrowth/en. Accessed August 26, 2014. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Growth charts. Available at: http://www.cdc.gov/growthcharts. Accessed August 26, 2014. Rudski, 2010, J Am Soc Echocardiogr, 23, 685, 10.1016/j.echo.2010.05.010 Lang, 2005, J Am Soc Echocardiogr, 18, 1440, 10.1016/j.echo.2005.10.005 White, 1980, Heteroscedasticity-consistent covariance matrix estimator and a direct test for heteroscedasticity, Econometrica, 48, 817, 10.2307/1912934 Breusch, 1979, Simple test for heteroscedasticity and random coefficient variation, Econometrica, 47, 1287, 10.2307/1911963 Shapiro, 1965, An analysis of variance test for normality (complete samples), Biometrika, 52, 591, 10.1093/biomet/52.3-4.591 Lilliefors, 1967, On the Kolmogorov–Smirnov test for normality with mean and variance unknown, J Am Stat Assoc, 62, 399, 10.1080/01621459.1967.10482916 Williams, 2012, Age groups for pediatric trials, Pediatrics, 129, s153, 10.1542/peds.2012-0055I Thompson, 1961, The required sample size when estimating variances, Am Stat, 15, 22 Kish, 1965 Alghamdi, 2012, Can simple echocardiographic measures reduce the number of cardiac magnetic resonance imaging studies to diagnose right ventricular enlargement in congenital heart disease?, J Am Soc Echocardiogr, 25, 518, 10.1016/j.echo.2012.01.023 Tatani, 2010, Echocardiographic parameters and brain natriuretic peptide in patients after surgical repair of tetralogy of Fallot, Echocardiography, 27, 442, 10.1111/j.1540-8175.2009.01032.x Cantinotti, 2014, Echocardiographic definition of restrictive patent foramen ovale (PFO), Heart, 100, 264, 10.1136/heartjnl-2013-304992 HJ, 2014, Timing in resolution of left heart dilation according to the degree of mitral regurgitation in children with ventricular septal defect after surgical closure, J Pediatr (Rio J), 90, 71, 10.1016/j.jped.2013.06.008 den Dekker, 2013, Comparability of Z-score equations of cardiac structures in hypoplastic left heart complex, J Am Soc Echocardiogr, 26, 1314, 10.1016/j.echo.2013.07.022 Muntner, 2004, Trends in blood pressure among children and adolescents, JAMA, 291, 2107, 10.1001/jama.291.17.2107 Rosner, 2009, Blood pressure differences by ethnic group among United States children and adolescents, Hypertension, 54, 502, 10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.109.134049 Malm, 2004, Accurate and reproducible measurement of left ventricular volume and ejection fraction by contrast echocardiography: a comparison with magnetic resonance imaging, J Am Coll Cardiol, 44, 1030, 10.1016/j.jacc.2004.05.068 Cantinotti, 2013, Current pediatric nomograms are only one source of error for quantification in pediatric echocardiography: what to expect from future research, J Am Soc Echocardiogr, 26, 919, 10.1016/j.echo.2013.04.013 Mertens, 2011, J Am Soc Echocardiogr, 24, 1057, 10.1016/j.echo.2011.07.014 Yiallourou, 2012, Maturation of heart rate and blood pressure variability during sleep in term-born infants, Sleep, 35, 177 Askin, 2002, Complications in the transition from fetal to neonatal life, J Obstet Gynecol Neonatal Nurs, 31, 318, 10.1111/j.1552-6909.2002.tb00054.x Benavidez, 2008, Diagnostic errors in pediatric echocardiography: development of taxonomy and identification of risk factors, Circulation, 117, 2995, 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.107.758532 Bharucha, 2013, Recent advances in pediatric echocardiography, Expert Rev Cardiovasc Ther, 11, 31, 10.1586/erc.12.168