2017, KDIGO 2017 clinical practice guideline update for the diagnosis, evaluation, prevention, and treatment of chronic kidney disease–mineral and bone disorder (CKD-MBD), Kidney Int Suppl, 7, 1, 10.1016/j.kisu.2017.04.001
Kramer, 2014, 25-Hydroxyvitamin D testing and supplementation in CKD: an NKF-KDOQI controversies report, Am J Kidney Dis, 64, 499, 10.1053/j.ajkd.2014.05.018
Sprague, 2016, Use of extended-release calcifediol to treat secondary hyperparathyroidism in stages 3 and 4 chronic kidney disease, Am J Nephrol, 44, 316, 10.1159/000450766
Wetmore, 2016, Cholecalciferol v. ergocalciferol for 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) repletion in chronic kidney disease: a randomised clinical trial, Br J Nutr, 116, 2074, 10.1017/S000711451600427X
Holick, 2007, Vitamin D deficiency, N Engl J Med, 357, 266, 10.1056/NEJMra070553
Mehrotra, 2008, Hypovitaminosis D in chronic kidney disease, Clin J Am Soc Nephrol, 3, 1144, 10.2215/CJN.05781207
Levin, 2007, Prevalence of abnormal serum vitamin D, PTH, calcium, and phosphorus in patients with chronic kidney disease: results of the study to evaluate early kidney disease, Kidney Int, 71, 31, 10.1038/sj.ki.5002009
Chonchol, 2007, 25-Hydroxyvitamin D, insulin resistance, and kidney function in the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, Kidney Int, 71, 134, 10.1038/sj.ki.5002002
Ishimura, 1999, Serum levels of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D, 24,25-dihydroxyvitamin D, and 25-hydroxyvitamin D in nondialyzed patients with chronic renal failure, Kidney Int, 55, 1019, 10.1046/j.1523-1755.1999.0550031019.x
Pitts, 1988, Hyperparathyroidism and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D deficiency in mild, moderate, and severe renal failure, J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 67, 876, 10.1210/jcem-67-5-876
Broe, 2007, A higher dose of vitamin D reduces the risk of falls in nursing home residents: a randomized, multiple-dose study, J Am Geriatr Soc, 55, 234, 10.1111/j.1532-5415.2007.01048.x
Garland, 2006, The role of vitamin D in cancer prevention, Am J Public Health, 96, 252, 10.2105/AJPH.2004.045260
Grant, 2005, Oral vitamin D3 and calcium for secondary prevention of low-trauma fractures in elderly people (Randomised Evaluation of Calcium or vitamin D, RECORD): a randomised placebo-controlled trial, Lancet, 365, 1621, 10.1016/S0140-6736(05)63013-9
Holick, 2004, Vitamin D: importance in the prevention of cancers, type 1 diabetes, heart disease, and osteoporosis, Am J Clin Nutr, 79, 362, 10.1093/ajcn/79.3.362
Lappe, 2017, Effect of vitamin D and calcium supplementation on cancer incidence in older women: a randomized clinical trial, JAMA, 317, 1234, 10.1001/jama.2017.2115
Mousa, 2017, Vitamin D supplementation has no effect on insulin sensitivity or secretion in vitamin D-deficient, overweight or obese adults: a randomized placebo-controlled trial, Am J Clin Nutr, 105, 1372, 10.3945/ajcn.117.152736
Heaney, 2008, Vitamin D in health and disease, Clin J Am Soc Nephrol, 3, 1535, 10.2215/CJN.01160308
2011
Holick, 2011, Evaluation, treatment, and prevention of vitamin D deficiency: an Endocrine Society clinical practice guideline, J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 96, 1911, 10.1210/jc.2011-0385
Heaney, 2014, Toward a physiological referent for the vitamin D requirement, J Endocrin Invest, 37, 1127
Gonzalez, 2004, Vitamin D insufficiency and deficiency in chronic kidney disease. A single center observational study, Am J Nephrol, 24, 503, 10.1159/000081023
Dawson-Hughes, 1997, Plasma calcidiol, season, and serum parathyroid hormone concentrations in healthy elderly men and women, Am J Clin Nutr, 65, 67, 10.1093/ajcn/65.1.67
Thomas, 1998, Hypovitaminosis D in medical inpatients, N Engl J Med, 338, 777, 10.1056/NEJM199803193381201
Holick, 2005, Vitamin D for health and in chronic kidney disease, Semin Dial, 18, 266, 10.1111/j.1525-139X.2005.18402.x
2003, K/DOQI clinical practice guidelines for bone metabolism and disease in chronic kidney disease, Am J Kidney Dis, 42, S1
Jacob, 1984, Defective photoproduction of cholecalciferol in normal and uremic humans, J Nutr, 114, 1313
Sato, 1982, Urinary excretion of 25-hydroxyvitamin D in health and the nephrotic syndrome, J Lab Clin Med, 99, 325
2009, KDIGO clinical practice guideline for the diagnosis, evaluation, prevention, and treatment of chronic kidney disease-mineral and bone disorder (CKD-MBD), Kidney Int Suppl, 113, S1
Graeff-Armas, 2018, Serum 24,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 response to native vitamin D2 and D3 supplementation in patients with chronic kidney disease on hemodialysis, Clin Nutr, 37, 1041, 10.1016/j.clnu.2017.04.020
Scott, 2015, Vitamin D: the more we know, the less we know, Clin Chem, 61, 462, 10.1373/clinchem.2014.222521
Kaufmann, 2017, Improved screening test for idiopathic infantile hypercalcemia confirms residual levels of serum 24,25-(OH)2 D3 in affected patients, J Bone Miner Res, 32, 1589, 10.1002/jbmr.3135
Kagi, 2018, Regulation of vitamin D metabolizing enzymes in murine renal and extrarenal tissues by dietary phosphate, FGF23, and 1,25(OH)2D3, PLoS One, 13, e0195427, 10.1371/journal.pone.0195427
Batacchi, 2017, Effects of vitamin D2 supplementation on vitamin D3 metabolism in health and CKD, Clin J Am Soc Nephrol, 12, 1498, 10.2215/CJN.00530117
Chesney, 1981, Absence of seasonal variation in serum concentrations of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D despite a rise in 25-hydroxyvitamin D in summer, J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 53, 139, 10.1210/jcem-53-1-139
Petersen, 2017, Common genetic variants are associated with lower serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentrations across the year among children at northern latitudes, Br J Nutr, 117, 829, 10.1017/S0007114517000538
Saxena, 2013, Fibroblast growth factor 23, vitamin D, and health disparities among African Americans with chronic kidney disease, Semin Nephrol, 33, 448, 10.1016/j.semnephrol.2013.07.006
Michos, 2012, 25-Hydroxyvitamin D deficiency is associated with fatal stroke among whites but not blacks: the NHANES-III linked mortality files, Nutrition, 28, 367, 10.1016/j.nut.2011.10.015
Norris, 2013, Race/ethnicity, serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D, and heart disease, JAMA, 310, 153, 10.1001/jama.2013.7229
Robinson-Cohen, 2013, Racial differences in the association of serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentration with coronary heart disease events, JAMA, 310, 179, 10.1001/jama.2013.7228
Omije, 2008, Race is a major determinant of secondary hyperparathyroidism in uremic patients: comparative study of blacks and Hispanics, Clin Nephrol, 70, 312, 10.5414/CNP70312
Kalantar-Zadeh, 2010, Impact of race on hyperparathyroidism, mineral disarrays, administered vitamin D mimetic, and survival in hemodialysis patients, J Bone Miner Res, 25, 2724, 10.1002/jbmr.177
Stehman-Breen, 1999, Racial differences in bone mineral density and bone loss among end-stage renal disease patients, Am J Kidney Dis, 33, 941, 10.1016/S0272-6386(99)70430-0
Arneson, 2013, Trends in hip fracture rates in US hemodialysis patients, 1993-2010, Am J Kidney Dis, 62, 747, 10.1053/j.ajkd.2013.02.368
Mathew, 2014, Increasing hip fractures in patients receiving hemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis, Am J Nephrol, 40, 451, 10.1159/000369039
Gutierrez, 2008, Fibroblast growth factor 23 and mortality among patients undergoing hemodialysis, N Engl J Med, 359, 584, 10.1056/NEJMoa0706130
Jovanovich, 2012, Racial differences in markers of mineral metabolism in advanced chronic kidney disease, Clin J Am Soc Nephrol, 7, 640, 10.2215/CJN.07020711
Scialla, 2015, Race, mineral homeostasis and mortality in patients with end-stage renal disease on dialysis, Am J Nephrol, 42, 25, 10.1159/000438999
Powe, 2014, Vitamin D-binding protein and vitamin D in blacks and whites, N Engl J Med, 370, 880
Berg, 2015, 24,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 and vitamin D status of community-dwelling black and white Americans, Clin Chem, 61, 877, 10.1373/clinchem.2015.240051
Holick, 1980, Photosynthesis of previtamin D3 in human skin and the physiologic consequences, Science, 210, 203, 10.1126/science.6251551
Al-Moasseb, 2016, Natural history of serum calcium and parathyroid hormone following renal transplantation, Transplant Proc, 48, 3285, 10.1016/j.transproceed.2016.09.050
Melamed, 2009, 25-Hydroxyvitamin D levels, race, and the progression of kidney disease, J Am Soc Nephrol, 20, 2631, 10.1681/ASN.2009030283
Song, 2013, Blood 25-hydroxy vitamin D levels and incident type 2 diabetes: a meta-analysis of prospective studies, Diabetes Care, 36, 1422, 10.2337/dc12-0962
Theodoratou, 2014, Vitamin D and multiple health outcomes: umbrella review of systematic reviews and meta-analyses of observational studies and randomised trials, BMJ, 348, 10.1136/bmj.g2035
Bischoff-Ferrari, 2006, Estimation of optimal serum concentrations of 25-hydroxyvitamin D for multiple health outcomes, Am J Clin Nutr, 84, 18, 10.1093/ajcn/84.1.18
van Driel, 2006, Evidence that both 1alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 and 24-hydroxylated D3 enhance human osteoblast differentiation and mineralization, J Cell Biochem, 99, 922, 10.1002/jcb.20875
Ritter, 2006, 25-Hydroxyvitamin D(3) suppresses PTH synthesis and secretion by bovine parathyroid cells, Kidney Int, 70, 654, 10.1038/sj.ki.5000394
Kandula, 2011, Vitamin D supplementation in chronic kidney disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies and randomized controlled trials, Clin J Am Soc Nephrol, 6, 50, 10.2215/CJN.03940510
Martin, 2001, Paricalcitol dosing according to body weight or severity of hyperparathyroidism: a double-blind, multicenter, randomized study, Am J Kidney Dis, 38, S57, 10.1053/ajkd.2001.28112
Kovesdy, 2012, Paricalcitol versus ergocalciferol for secondary hyperparathyroidism in CKD stages 3 and 4: a randomized controlled trial, Am J Kidney Dis, 59, 58, 10.1053/j.ajkd.2011.06.027
Jackson, 2006, Calcium plus vitamin D supplementation and the risk of fractures, N Engl J Med, 354, 669, 10.1056/NEJMoa055218
Bassuk, 2016, Baseline characteristics of participants in the VITamin D and OmegA-3 TriaL (VITAL), Contemp Clin Trials, 47, 235, 10.1016/j.cct.2015.12.022
Manson, 2012, The VITamin D and OmegA-3 TriaL (VITAL): rationale and design of a large randomized controlled trial of vitamin D and marine omega-3 fatty acid supplements for the primary prevention of cancer and cardiovascular disease, Contemp Clin Trials, 33, 159, 10.1016/j.cct.2011.09.009
Pradhan, 2016, Update on the Vitamin D and OmegA-3 trial (VITAL), J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol, 155, 252, 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2015.04.006
Cheng, 2012, Efficacy and safety of paricalcitol therapy for chronic kidney disease: a meta-analysis, Clin J Am Soc Nephrol, 7, 391, 10.2215/CJN.03000311
Coyne, 2013, Effects of paricalcitol on calcium and phosphate metabolism and markers of bone health in patients with diabetic nephropathy: results of the VITAL study, Nephrol Dial Transplant, 28, 2260, 10.1093/ndt/gft227
Wallace, 2011, Urinary tract stone occurrence in the Women's Health Initiative (WHI) randomized clinical trial of calcium and vitamin D supplements, Am J Clin Nutr, 94, 270, 10.3945/ajcn.110.003350
Jorde, 2010, Tracking of serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels during 14 years in a population-based study and during 12 months in an intervention study, Am J Epidemiol, 171, 903, 10.1093/aje/kwq005
Melamed, 2008, 25-Hydroxyvitamin D levels and the risk of mortality in the general population, Arch Intern Med, 168, 1629, 10.1001/archinte.168.15.1629
Barry, 2014, Genetic variants in CYP2R1, CYP24A1, and VDR modify the efficacy of vitamin D3 supplementation for increasing serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels in a randomized controlled trial, J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 99, E2133, 10.1210/jc.2014-1389
Gutiérrez, 2011, Racial differences in the relationship between vitamin D, bone mineral density, and parathyroid hormone in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, Osteoporos Int, 22, 1745, 10.1007/s00198-010-1383-2
Levin, 2012, Genetic variants and associations of 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentrations with major clinical outcomes, JAMA, 308, 1898, 10.1001/jama.2012.17304
de Boer, 2012, Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentration and risk for major clinical disease events in a community-based population of older adults: a cohort study, Ann Intern Med, 156, 627, 10.7326/0003-4819-156-9-201205010-00004
Semba, 2010, Relationship of 25-hydroxyvitamin D with all-cause and cardiovascular disease mortality in older community-dwelling adults, Eur J Clin Nutr, 64, 203, 10.1038/ejcn.2009.140
de Zeeuw, 2010, Selective vitamin D receptor activation with paricalcitol for reduction of albuminuria in patients with type 2 diabetes (VITAL study): a randomised controlled trial, Lancet, 376, 1543, 10.1016/S0140-6736(10)61032-X
Bolland, 2014, The effect of vitamin D supplementation on skeletal, vascular, or cancer outcomes: a trial sequential meta-analysis, Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol, 2, 307, 10.1016/S2213-8587(13)70212-2
Chowdhury, 2014, Vitamin D and risk of cause specific death: systematic review and meta-analysis of observational cohort and randomised intervention studies, BMJ, 348, 10.1136/bmj.g1903
Reid, 2014, Effects of vitamin D supplements on bone mineral density: a systematic review and meta-analysis, Lancet, 383, 146, 10.1016/S0140-6736(13)61647-5
Al-Aly, 2007, Changes in serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D and plasma intact PTH levels following treatment with ergocalciferol in patients with CKD, Am J Kidney Dis, 50, 59, 10.1053/j.ajkd.2007.04.010
Coyne, 2006, Paricalcitol capsule for the treatment of secondary hyperparathyroidism in stages 3 and 4 CKD, Am J Kidney Dis, 47, 263, 10.1053/j.ajkd.2005.10.007
Coyne, 2014, A randomized multicenter trial of paricalcitol versus calcitriol for secondary hyperparathyroidism in stages 3-4 CKD, Clin J Am Soc Nephrol, 9, 1620, 10.2215/CJN.10661013
de Borst, 2013, Active vitamin D treatment for reduction of residual proteinuria: a systematic review, J Am Soc Nephrol, 24, 1863, 10.1681/ASN.2013030203
Fishbane, 2009, Oral paricalcitol in the treatment of patients with CKD and proteinuria: a randomized trial, Am J Kidney Dis, 54, 647, 10.1053/j.ajkd.2009.04.036
Thadhani, 2012, Vitamin D therapy and cardiac structure and function in patients with chronic kidney disease: the PRIMO randomized controlled trial, JAMA, 307, 674, 10.1001/jama.2012.120
Zhang, 2018, Vitamin D supplementation improves endothelial dysfunction in patients with non-dialysis chronic kidney disease, Int Urol Nephrol, 50, 923, 10.1007/s11255-018-1829-6
Zoccali, 2014, Paricalcitol and endothelial function in chronic kidney disease trial, Hypertension, 64, 1005, 10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.114.03748
Keyzer, 2017, Effects of vitamin D receptor activation and dietary sodium restriction on residual albuminuria in CKD: the ViRTUE-CKD Trial, J Am Soc Nephrol, 28, 1296, 10.1681/ASN.2016040407
Parvanova, 2018, Moderate salt restriction with or without paricalcitol in type 2 diabetes and losartan-resistant macroalbuminuria (PROCEED): a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover trial, Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol, 6, 27, 10.1016/S2213-8587(17)30359-5
Levin, 2017, Randomized controlled trial for the effect of vitamin D supplementation on vascular stiffness in CKD, Clin J Am Soc Nephrol, 12, 1447, 10.2215/CJN.10791016
Susantitaphong, 2017, A double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial of combined calcitriol and ergocalciferol versus ergocalciferol alone in chronic kidney disease with proteinuria, BMC Nephrol, 18, 19, 10.1186/s12882-017-0436-6
Afzal, 2014, Genetically low vitamin D concentrations and increased mortality: mendelian randomisation analysis in three large cohorts, BMJ, 349, 10.1136/bmj.g6330
Vimaleswaran, 2014, Association of vitamin D status with arterial blood pressure and hypertension risk: a mendelian randomisation study, Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol, 2, 719, 10.1016/S2213-8587(14)70113-5
Wang, 2008, Vitamin D deficiency and risk of cardiovascular disease, Circulation, 117, 503, 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.107.706127
Hsia, 2007, Calcium/vitamin D supplementation and cardiovascular events, Circulation, 115, 846, 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.106.673491
Mansouri, 2017, Vitamin D receptor activation reduces inflammatory cytokines and plasma microRNAs in moderate chronic kidney disease - a randomized trial, BMC Nephrol, 18, 161, 10.1186/s12882-017-0576-8
Teixeira, 2017, Activation of Nrf2-antioxidant signaling by 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol prevents leptin-induced oxidative stress and inflammation in human endothelial cells, J Nutr, 147, 506
Somjen, 2005, 25-Hydroxyvitamin D3-1alpha-hydroxylase is expressed in human vascular smooth muscle cells and is upregulated by parathyroid hormone and estrogenic compounds, Circulation, 111, 1666, 10.1161/01.CIR.0000160353.27927.70
Dusso, 2005, Vitamin D, Am J Physiol Renal Physiol, 289, F8, 10.1152/ajprenal.00336.2004
Hewison, 2004, Vitamin D and barrier function: a novel role for extra-renal 1 alpha-hydroxylase, Mol Cell Endocrinol, 215, 31, 10.1016/j.mce.2003.11.017
Stumpf, 1979, Target cells for 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 in intestinal tract, stomach, kidney, skin, pituitary, and parathyroid, Science, 206, 1188, 10.1126/science.505004
Mangoo-Karim, 2015, Ergocalciferol versus cholecalciferol for nutritional vitamin D replacement in CKD, Nephron, 130, 99, 10.1159/000430813
Bjelakovic, 2014, Vitamin D supplementation for prevention of mortality in adults, Cochrane Database Syst Rev, 1, CD007470
Shieh, 2016, Effects of high-dose vitamin D2 versus D3 on total and free 25-hydroxyvitamin D and markers of calcium balance, J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 101, 3070, 10.1210/jc.2016-1871