An overview of food insecurity during the global COVID-19 outbreak: transformative change and priorities for the Middle East
Tóm tắt
The consequences of COVID-19 on the economy and agriculture have raised many concerns about global food security, especially in Middle Eastern countries, where unsustainable farming practices are widespread. Regarding the unprecedented crisis of the COVID-19 pandemic and the importance of early implementation of prevention programs, it is essential to understand better its potential impacts on various food security dimensions and indicators in these countries. In this scoping review, research databases were searched using a search strategy and keywords developed in collaboration with librarians. The review includes community trials and observational studies in all population groups. Two researchers separately conducted the literature search, study selection, and data extraction. A narrative synthesis was implemented to summarize the findings. The impacts of COVID-19 on three of four dimensions of food security through the food and nutrition system were identified: availability, accessibility, and stability. Disruption of financial exchanges, transportation, and closing of stores led to reduced production, processing, and distribution sub-systems. Rising unemployment, quitting some quarantined jobs, increasing medical healthcare costs, and increasing food basket prices in the consumption sub-system lead to lower access to required energy and nutrients, especially in the lower-income groups. Increased micronutrient deficiency and decreased immunity levels, increased overweight, obesity and non-communicable diseases would also occur. The current review results predict the effect of COVID-19 on food security, especially in vulnerable populations, and develop effective interventions. This review provides information for policymakers to better understand the factors influencing the implementation of these interventions and inform decision-making to improve food security. PROSPERO identifier: CRD42020185843.
Tài liệu tham khảo
UN: Policy brief: the impact of COVID-19 on food security and nutrition. In.: United Nations; 2020.
Sobal J, Kettel Khan L, Bisogni C. A conceptual model of the food and nutrition system. Soc Sci Med. 1998;47(7):853–63.
FAO. COVID-19 and its impact on food security in the Near East and North Africa: how to respond? Cairo: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations; 2020.
FAO, CELAC. Food security under the COVID-19 Pandemic. Rome: FAO at the request of the National Coordination of the Presidency Pro Tempore of Mexico before CELAC; 2020.
Béné C, Bakker D, Chavarro MJ, Even B, Melo J, Sonneveld A. Global assessment of the impacts of COVID-19 on food security. Glob Food Secur. 2021;31:100575.
Deaton BJ, Deaton BJ. Food security and Canada’s agricultural system challenged by COVID-19. Can J Agr Econ. 2020;68:143–9.
Niles MT, Bertmann F, Belarmino EH, Wentworth T, Biehl E, Neff R. The early food insecurity impacts of COVID-19. Nutrients. 2020;12:2096.
Partridge A. The implications of COVID-19 for the supply of key inputs to the Western Cape Agricultural Sector. In: WCDoA COVID-19 Economic Brief #01. Western Cape: Western Cape Government; 2020.
Troskie D. Impact of COVID-19 on agriculture and food in the Western Cape. In: WORKING DOCUMENT (Version 2). Western Cape: Western Cape Department of Agriculture, Western Cape Government; 2020.
Erokhin V, Gao T. Impacts of COVID-19 on trade and economic aspects of food security: evidence from 45 developing countries. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2020;17(16):5775.
Rasekhi H, Rabiei S, Amini M, Ghodsi D, Doustmohammadian A, Nikooyeh B, Abdollahi Z, Minaie M, Sadeghi F, Neyestani TR. COVID-19 epidemic-induced changes of dietary intake of Iran population during lockdown period: the study protocol-national food and nutrition surveillance. Nutr Food Sci Res. 2021;8(2):1–4.
ElHajjhassan S, Ahmed T, Meygag A, Robertson TD. Food security in Iraq impact of COVID-19 (with a special feature on digital innovation). In. Iraq: FAO, IFAD, WFP, World Bank Agriculture and Food Global Practice 2020.
Bodamaev S, Tuwo AD, Tandipanga KF, Fauziah RA. INDONESIA COVID-19: Economic and Food Security Implications. In. Edited by Edition d. Indonesia: WFP; 2020.
Nikooyeh B, Rabiei S, Amini M, Ghodsi D, Rasekhi H, Doustmohammadian A, et al. COVID-19 epidemic lockdown-induced changes of cereals and animal protein foods consumption of Iran population: the first nationwide survey. J Health Popul Nutr. 2022;41(1):1–9.
Rabiei S, Ghodsi D, Amini M, Nikooyeh B, Rasekhi H, Doustmohammadian A, et al. Changes in fast food intake in Iranian households during the lockdown period caused by COVID-19 virus emergency, National Food and Nutrition Surveillance. Food Sci Nutr. 2022;10(1):39–48.
Pakravan-Charvadeh MR, Mohammadi-Nasrabadi F, Gholamrezai S, Vatanparast H, Flora C, Nabavi-Pelesaraeie A. The short-term effects of COVID-19 outbreak on dietary diversity and food security status of Iranian households (a case study in Tehran province). J Clean Prod. 2020;281:124537.
Feyertag J, Munden L, Calow R, Gelb S, McCord A, Mason AN. Covid-19 and food security: novel pathways and data gaps to improve research and monitoring efforts. In: London, UK: ODI policy brief; 2021.
Béné C, Bakker D, Chavarro MJ, Even B, Jenny M, Sonneveld A. Impacts of COVID-19 on people’s food security: foundations for a more resilient food system. Washington, DC, USA: International Food Policy Research Institute; 2021.
Éliás B, Jámbor A. Food security and COVID-19: a systematic review of the first-year experience. Sustainability. 2021;13(9):5294.
Kaviani-Rad A, Shamshiri RR, Azarm H, Balasundram SK, Sultan M. Effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on food security and agriculture in Iran: a survey. Sustainability. 2021;13(18):10103.
Louie S, Shi Y, Allman-Farinelli M. The effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on food security in Australia: a scoping review. Nutr Diet. 2022;79(1):28–47.
Mardones F, Rich K, Boden L, Moreno-Switt A, Caipo M, Zimin-Veselkoff N, Alateeqi A, Baltenweck I. The COVID-19 pandemic and global food security. Front Vet Sci. 2020;7:578508.
Sereenonchai S, Arunrat N. Understanding food security behaviors during the COVID-19 pandemic in Thailand: a review. Agronomy. 2021;11(3):497.
Abu Hatab A, Krautscheid L, Boqvist S. COVID-19, livestock systems and food security in developing countries: a systematic review of an emerging literature. Pathogens. 2021;10(5):586.
OECD, Food Nations AOotU: OECD-FAO Agricultural Outlook 2018–2027; 2018.
Amery HA. Food security in the middle east. In: Jägerskog A, Schulz M, Swain A, editors. Routledge handbook on middle east security. London: Routledge; 2019. p. 182–98.
Hameed M, Ahmadalipour A, Moradkhani H. Drought and food security in the middle east: an analytical framework. Agric For Meteorol. 2020;281:107816.
Khan K, Kunz R, Kleijnen J, Antes G. Systematic reviews to support evidence-based medicine. Boca Raton: CRC Press; 2011.
Tricco A, Lillie E, Zarin W, O’Brien K, Colquhoun H, Levac D, Moher D, Peters M, Horsley T, Weeks L, et al. PRISMA extension for scoping reviews (PRISMA-ScR): checklist and explanation. Ann Intern Med. 2018;169:467–73.
Carletto C, Zezza A, Banerjee R. Towards better measurement of household food security: harmonizing indicators and the role of household surveys. Glob Food Sec. 2013;2:30–40.
FAO, IFAD, WFP. The state of food insecurity in the world 2013. The multiple dimensions of food security: 16. Rome: FAO; 2013.
Manikas I, Ali BM, Sundarakani B. A systematic literature review of indicators measuring food security. Agric Food Secur. 2023;12:10.
Doustmohammadian A, Mohammadi-Nasrabadi F, Fadavi G. COVID-19 pandemic and food security in different contexts: a systematic review protocol. PLoS ONE. 2022;17(9):e0273046.
Rathbone J, Carter M, Hoffmann T, Glasziou P. Better duplicate detection for systematic reviewers: evaluation of systematic review assistant-deduplication module. Syst Rev. 2015;4(1):6.
Stang A. Critical evaluation of the Newcastle–Ottawa scale for the assessment of the quality of nonrandomized studies in meta-analyses. Eur J Epidemiol. 2010;25(9):603–5.
FAO. Afghanistan | Agricultural livelihoods and food security in the context of COVID-19: monitoring report. Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization; 2021.
FAO. Somalia | Agricultural livelihoods and food security in the context of COVID-19: monitoring report. Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization; 2021.
FAO. Yemen | Agricultural livelihoods and food security in the context of COVID-19: monitoring Report. Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization; 2021.
FAO. The Sudan | Food supply, agricultural livelihoods and food security in the context of COVID-19: monitoring Report. Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization; 2021.
Breisinger C, Raouf M, Wiebelt M, Kamaly A, Karara M. Impact of COVID-19 on the Egyptian economy: economic sectors, jobs, and households. In: Regional Program Policy Note 06. Cairo: International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI); 2020.
ElKadhi Z, Elsabbagh D, Frija A, Lakoud T, Wiebelt M, Breisinger C. The impact of COVID-19 on Tunisia’s economy, agri-food system, and households. In: MENA Policy Note IFPRI; 2020.
Elsabbagh D, Kurdi S, Wiebelt M. Impact of COVID-19 on the Yemeni Economy. How the drop in remittances affected economic sectors, food systems, and households. Washington, DC: International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI); 2021.
Raouf M, Elsabbagh D, Wiebelt M. Impact of COVID-19 on the Jordanian economy: Economic sectors, food systems, and households. In: MENA Policy Note 9. Washington, DC: International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI); 2020.
IOM, WFP. Hunger and COVID-19 in Libya: a joint approach examining the food security situation of migrants. Libya: International Organization for Migration (IOM), UKaid, World Food Programme (WFP); 2021.
CARE. Impact of COVID 19 on food security, gender equality, and sexual and reproductive health in Yemen. Aden: CARE; 2021.
Breisinger C, Raouf M, Wiebelt M, Kamaly A, Karara M. COVID-19 and the Egyptian Economy From reopening to recovery: alternative pathways and impacts on sectors, jobs, and households. In: REGIONAL PROGRAM POLICY NOTE 06. Cairo, Egypt: A joint note by the International Food Policy Research Institute and the Ministry of Planning and Economic Development of the Government of the Arab Republic of Egypt; 2020.
Pakravan-Charvadeh MR, Gholamrezai S, Vatanparast H, Flora C, Nabavi-Pelesaraei A. Determinants of household vulnerability to food insecurity during COVID-19 lockdown in a mid-term period in Iran. Public Health Nutr. 2021;24(7):1619–28.
Movahed RG, Fard FM, Gholamrezai S, Pakravan-Charvadeh M. The impact of COVID-19 pandemic on food security and food diversity of Iranian rural households. Front Public Health. 2022;10:862043.
Elsahoryi N, Al-Sayyed H, Odeh M, McGrattan A, Hammad F. Effect of Covid-19 on food security: a cross-sectional survey. Clin Nutr ESPEN. 2020;40:171–8.
AlTarrah D, AlShami E, AlHamad N, AlBesher F, Devarajan S: The Impact of Coronavirus COVID-19 Pandemic on Food Purchasing, Eating Behavior, and Perception of Food Safety in Kuwait. Sustainability 2021, 13.
Kharroubi S, Naja F, Diab-El-Harake M, Jomaa L. Food insecurity pre- and post the COVID-19 pandemic and economic crisis in Lebanon: prevalence and projections. Nutrients. 2021;13:2976.
Bilali HE, Hassen TB, Chatti CB, Abouabdillah A, Alaoui SB. Exploring household food dynamics during the COVID-19 pandemic in Morocco. Front Nutr. 2021. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2021.724803.
Hasse TB, Bilali HE, Allahyari MS, Samman HA, Marzban S. Observations on food consumption behaviors during the COVID-19 pandemic in Oman. Front Public Health. 2022;9:779654.
Ben-Hassen T, El-Bilali H, Allahyari MS. Impact of COVID-19 on food behavior and consumption in Qatar. Sustainability. 2020;12(17):6973.
Almoraie NM, Hanbazaza MA, Aljefree NM, Shatwan IM. Nutrition-related knowledge and behaviour and financial difficulties during the COVID-19 quarantine in Saudi Arabia. Open Public Health J. 2021;14:24–31.
New World Bank country classifications by income level: 2022–2023
FAO. The state of food security in the Near East and North Africa. Rome: FAO Regional Conference for the Near East; 2022.
Mandour DA. Covid-19 and food security challenges in the MENA region. Cairo: Economic Research Forum; 2021.
Onyeaka H, Tamasiga P, Nkoutchou H, Guta AT. Food insecurity and outcomes during COVID-19 pandemic in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). Agric Food Secur. 2022;11:56–68.
Aljaraedah T, Takruri H, Tayyem R. The impact of COVID-19 pandemic on food and nutrition security and dietary habits among Syrian refugees in camps: a general review. Curr Res Nutr Food Sci. 2023;11(1):22–36.
IFPRI. 2021 Global food policy report: transforming food systems after COVID-19. Washington, DC: International Food Policy Research Institute; 2021.
Mishra A, Choudhary M, Das TR, Saren P, Bhattacherjee P, Thakur N, Tripathi SK, Upadhaya S, Kim H-S, Murugan NA. Sustainable chemical preventive models in COVID-19: understanding, innovation, adaptations, and impact. J Indian Chem Soc. 2021;98(10):100164.
Thakur N, Nigam M, Tewary R, Rajvanshi K, Kumar M, Shukla SK, Mahmoud GA-E, Gupta S. Drivers for the behavioural receptiveness and non-receptiveness of farmers towards organic cultivation system. J King Saud Univ-Sci. 2022;34(5):102107–11.
Bloem JR, Farris J. The COVID-19 pandemic and food security in low- and middle-income countries: a review. Agric Food Secur. 2022;11:55.
Mugabe PA, Renkamp TM, Rybak C, Mbwana H, Gordon C, Sieber S, Löhr K. Governing COVID-19: analyzing the effects of policy responses on food systems in Tanzania. Agric Food Secur. 2022;11:47.
Swinnen J, McDermott J. COVID-19 and global food security. Washington, DC: International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI); 2020.
Mohammadi-Nasrabadi F. Local solutions for global target of sustainable food and nutrition. Iran J Nutr Sci Food Technol. 2018;13(1):S182.
Rezazadeh A, Nasrabadi FM. The importance of traditional dietary patterns and local foods for promoting household food and nutrition security. Iran J Nutr Sci Food Technol. 2017;12(1):S164.