Endophytic microorganisms as potential growth promoters of banana
Tóm tắt
The potential of endophytic microorganisms in promoting the growth of their host plant was determined by artificially introducing five isolates (bacterial and fungal strains: UPM31F4, UPM31P1, UPM14B1, UPM13B8, UPM39B3) isolated from the roots of wild bananas into both healthy and diseased banana plantlets (Berangan cv. Intan). The response of the host plants to endophytic infection was assessed by measuring the change in four growth parameters: plant height, pseudostem diameter, root mass and total number of leaves. The endophytes tested as growth promoters were found to have a significant effect in both healthy and Fusarium-infected (diseased) plantlets. In both experimental systems, the bacterial isolate UPM39B3 (Serratia) and fungal isolate UPM31P1 (Fusarium oxysporum) showed promising growth-promoting properties. Isolate UPM39B3 (Serratia) induced the largest increases in all four growth parameters in healthy plantlets – 3.14 cm (height), 1.12 cm (pseudostem diameter), 2.12 g (root mass) and 1.12 (total number of leaves plant−1) – followed by isolate UPM31P1 (Fusarium oxysporum). The beneficial effect of UPM39B3 (Serratia) and UPM31P1 (Fusarium oxysporum) was also reflected in the diseased plantlets, where pre-treatments with the isolates either singly (T6: UPM31P1; T8: UPM39B3) or in a mixture (T7: UPM31P1 + UPM39B3; T9: UPM14B1 + UPM13B8 + UPM39B3) were able to sustain the growth of plantlets, with significantly higher growth values than those in diseased plantlets that were not infected with endophytes (T10: FocR4). These results demonstrate the economic significance of these endophytic isolates, particularly UPM39B3 (Serratia) and UPM31P1 (Fusarium oxysporum), both as potential growth promoters of banana and as agents rendering tolerance towards Fusarium wilt as a strategy in the management of Fusarium wilt of banana via improved vegetative growth.
Tài liệu tham khảo
Armstrong GM, Armstrong JK (1981) Formae speciales and races of Fusarium oxsporum causing wilt diseases. In: Nelson PE, Toussoun TA, Cook RJ (eds) Fusarium: diseases, biology and taxonomy. Pennsylvania State University Press, University Park, pp 391–399
Bacon CW, Porter JK, Robbins JD, Luttrell ES (1977) Epichloe typhina from toxic tall fescue grass. Appl Environ Microbiol 34:576–581
Benhamou N, Belanger RR, Paulitz T (1996) Ultrastructural and cytochemical aspects of the interaction between Pseudomonas fluorescens and RiT-DNA transformed pea roots: host response to colonization by Pythium ultimum Trow. Planta 199:105–117
Bentley S, Pegg KG, Moore NY, Davis RD, Buddenhagen IW (1998) Genetic variation among vegetative compatibility groups of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense analyzed by DNA fingerprinting. Phytopathology 88:1283–1293
Brooks DS, Gonzalez CF, Appel DN, Filer TH (1994) Evaluation of endophytic bacteria as potential biological control agents for oak wilt. Biol Control 4:373–381
Cavalcante VA, Dobereiner J (1988) A new acid tolerant nitrogen-fixing bacterium associated with sugarcane. Plant Soil 108:23–31
Chanway CP (1996) Endophytes they’re not just fungi! Can J Bot 74:321–322
Clay K (1988) Fungal endophytes of grasses: a defensive mutualism between plants and fungi. Ecology 69:10–16
Correll JC, Puhalla JE, Schneider RW (1986) Identification of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. apii on the basis of colony size, virulence and vegetative compatibilities. Phytopathology 76:396–400
Daly JM, Inman RE (1958) Changes in auxin levels in safflower hypocotyls infected with Puccinia carthami. Phytopathology 48:91–97
Dekhuijzen HM, Overeem JC (1971) The role of cytokinins in clubroot formation. Physiol Plant Pathol 1:151–161
Dhingra OD, Sinclair JB (1985) Basic plant pathology methods. CRC Press, Boca Raton
El-Shanshoury AR, El-Sououd SMA, Awadalla OA, El-Bandy NB (1996) Effects of Streptomyces corchorusii, Streptomyces mutabilis, pendimethalin and metribuzin on the control of bacterial and Fusarium wilt of tomato. Can J Bot 74:1016–1022
Fisher PJ, Petrini O, Lazpin SHM (1992) The distribution of some fungal and bacterial endophytes in maize (Zea mays L.). New Phytol 122:299–305
Goodman RN, Kiraly Z, Wood KR (1986) The biochemistry and physiology of plant disease. University of Missouri Press, Columbia
Gordon TR, Martyn RD (1997) The evolutionary biology of Fusarium oxysporum. Annu Rev Phytopathol 35:111–128
Gordon TR, Okamoto D (1992) Population structure and relationship between pathogenic and non-pathogenic strains of Fusarium oxysporum. Phytopathology 82:73–77
Gyaneshwar P, James EK, Mathan N, Reddy PM, Reinhold-Hurek B, Ladha JK (2001) Endophytic colonization of rice by a diazotrophic strain of Serratia marcescens. J Bacteriol 183:2634–2645
Holderness M, Bridge J, Gold CS (2000) Pest management in organic systems. In: Holderness M, Sharrock S, Frison E, Kairo M (eds) Organic banana 2000: Towards an organic banana initiative in the Carribean, IPGRI, Rome, pp 133–142
Kiraly Z, El-Hammady M, Pozsar BI (1967) Increased cytokinin activity of rust infected bean and broad bean leaves. Phytopathology 57:93–94
Koshino H, Terada S, Yoshihara T, Sakamura S, Shimanuki T, Sato T, Tajimi A (1989) A ring B aromatic sterol from stromata of Ephichloe typhina. Phytochemistry 28:771–772
Larkin RP, Hopkins DL, Martin FN (1996) Suppression of Fusarium wilt of watermelon by nonpathogenic Fusarium oxysporum and other microorganisms recovered from a disease-suppressive soil. Phytopathology 86:812–819
Leuchtmann A, Clay K (1988) Atkinsonella hypoxylon and Balansia cyperi, epibiotic members of the Balansieae. Mycologia 80:192–199
Liu SF, Tang WH (1996) The study on endophytic streptomyces of cotton. In: Tang WH, Cook RJ, Rovira A (eds) Advances in biological control of plant diseases. China Agricultural University Press, China pp 212–213
Mace ME (1965) Isolation and identification of 3-indole-acetic acid from Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense. Phytopathology 55:240–241
Magyarosy A, Ho JZ, Rapoport H, Dawson S, Hancock J, Keasling JD (2002) Chlorxanthomycin, a fluorescent, chlorinated, pentacyclic pyrene from Bacillus sp. Appl Environ Microbiol 68:4095–4101
Mahadevan A (1965) In vitro production of indole acetic acid by Fusarium vasinfectum. Experientia 21:433
Pan MJ, Rademan S, Kuner K Hastings JW (1997) Ultrastructural studies on the colonization of banana tissue and Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense race 4 by the endophyte bacterium Burkholderia cepacia. J Phytopathol 145:479–486
Pillay VK, Nowak J (1997) Inoculum density, temperature and genotype effects on in vitro growth promotion and epiphytic and endophytic colonization of tomato (Lycopersicum esculentum L.) seedlings inoculated with a pseudomonad bacterium. Can J Microbiol 43:354–361
Porter JK, Bacon CW, Robbins JD (1979) Lysergic acid amide derivatives from Balansia epichloe and Balansia claviceps (Clavicipitaceae). J Nat Prod 42:309–314
Postma J, Rattink H (1991) Biological control of Fusarium wilt of carnation with a nonpathogenic isolate of Fusarium oxysporum. Can J Bot 70:1199–1205
Saikkonen K, Wali P, Helander M Faeth SH (2004) Evolution of endophyte-plant symbioses. Trends Plant Sci 9:275–280
Schardl CL, Wilkinson HH (2000) Hybridization and cospeciation hypotheses for the evolution of grass endophytes. In: Bacon CW, White JF (eds) Microbial endophytes. Marcel Dekker, New York, pp 63–83
Sziraki I, Balazs E, Kiraly Z (1975) Increased levels of cytokinin and indole-acetic acid peach leaves infected with Taphrina deformans. Physiol Plant Pathol 5:45–50
Tuzun S, Kloepper J (1995) Practical application and implementation of induced resistance. In: Hammerschmidt R, Kuc J (eds) Induced resistance to disease in plants. Kluwer, Dordrecht, 152–168
Vizarova G (1979) Changes in the level of endogenous cytokinins of barley during the development of powdery mildews. Phytopathol Zool 95:314–329
White JF Jr, Cole GT (1985) Endophyte-host association in forage grasses III. In-vitro inhibition of fungi by Acremonium coenophialum. Mycologia 77:487–489
White JF Jr, Owens JR (1992) Stromal development and mating system of Balansia epichloe, a leaf-colonizing endophyte of warm-season grasses. Appl Environ Microbiol 58:513–519
White JF Jr, Bacon CW, Hinton DM (1997) Modifications of host cells and tissues by the biotrophic endophyte Epichloe amarillans (Clavicipitaceae; Ascomycotina). Can J Bot 75:1061–1069
White JF Jr, Reddy PV, Bacon CW (2000) Biotrophic endophytes of grasses: a systemic appraisal. In: Bacon CW, White JF Jr (eds) Microbial endophytes. Marcel Dekker, New York, pp 49–62
Yates IE, Bacon CW, Hinton DM (1997) Effects of endophytic infection by Fusarium moniliforme on corn growth and cellular morphology. Plant Dis 81:723–728