Socioeconomic status amplifies the achievement gap throughout compulsory education independent of intelligence

Bradley, 2002, Socioeconomic status & child development, Annual Review of Psychology, 53, 371, 10.1146/annurev.psych.53.100901.135233 Davis, 2008, g in middle childhood: Moderate genetic and shared environmental influence using diverse measures of general cognitive ability at 7, 9 and 10 years in a large population sample of twins, Intelligence, 36, 68, 10.1016/j.intell.2007.01.006 Deary, 2007, Intelligence and educational achievement, Intelligence, 35, 13, 10.1016/j.intell.2006.02.001 Frey, 2004, Scholastic assessment or g? The relationship between the SAT and general cognitive ability, Psychological Science, 15, 373, 10.1111/j.0956-7976.2004.00687.x Hanscombe, 2012, Socioeconomic status (SES) and children's intelligence (IQ): In a UK-representative sample SES moderates the environmental, not genetic, effect on IQ, PloS One, 7, 10.1371/journal.pone.0030320 Hart, 1995 Heckman, 2006, Skill formation and the economics of investing in disadvantaged children, Science, 312, 1900, 10.1126/science.1128898 Kovas, 2007, The genetic and environmental origins of learning abilities and disabilities in the early school years, Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development, 72, 1 Krapohl, 2015, Genetic link between family socioeconomic status and children's educational achievement estimated from genome-wide SNPs, Molecular Psychiatry McCarthy, 1972 Petrill, 2002, Testing cognitive abilities by telephone in a sample of 6-to 8-year-olds, Intelligence, 30, 353, 10.1016/S0160-2896(02)00087-9 Preacher, 2010, Latent growth curve models, 185 Raven, 1996 Raven, 1998 Rosseel, 2012, lavaan: An R package for structural equation modeling, Journal of Statistical Software, 48, 1, 10.18637/jss.v048.i02 Schoon, 2012, Family hardship, family instability, and cognitive development, Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health, 66, 716, 10.1136/jech.2010.121228 Smith, 2001 Tucker-Drob, 2013, How many pathways underlie socioeconomic differences in the development of cognition and achievement?, Learning and Individual Differences, 25, 12, 10.1016/j.lindif.2013.01.015 von Stumm, 2015, Socioeconomic status and the growth of intelligence from infancy through adolescence, Intelligence, 48, 30, 10.1016/j.intell.2014.10.002 von Stumm, 2015, Breastfeeding and IQ growth from toddlerhood through adolescence, PLoS ONE, 10, e0138676, 10.1371/journal.pone.0138676 von Stumm, 2013, Life-course pathways to psychological distress: A cohort study, BMJ Open, 10.1136/bmjopen-2013-002772 Wechsler, 1992