Seismic Liquefaction Hazard and Site Response for Design of Piles in Mumbai City

Springer Science and Business Media LLC - Tập 45 - Trang 62-78 - 2014
Deepankar Choudhury1,2, V. S. Phanikanth1,3, Sumedh Y. Mhaske1,4, Reshma R. Phule1, Kaustav Chatterjee1
1Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay (IIT Bombay), Mumbai, India
2Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), New Delhi, India
3CED, B.A.R.C., Mumbai, India
4Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, V.J.T.I., Mumbai, India

Tóm tắt

Mumbai city is the financial capital of India with the highest population density and formed by reclamation of land over time from original seven different islands. As per Indian seismic design code IS 1893-Part 1, Mumbai city is located in Zone III, hence may experience moderate intensity earthquake which may lead to liquefaction of some typical soil sites of Mumbai city. In this paper, using available recent procedures for liquefaction analysis, seismic liquefaction hazard maps for Mumbai city are prepared. Also the typical coastal soft soil strata of Mumbai may be prone to soil amplification for different bed rock earthquake motions and the present study shows that typical ranges of soil amplification factor for bed rock acceleration are 1.2–3.5. Hence, construction of pile foundation, which is mostly used for the effective use of the most precious land of Mumbai city for construction of high rise buildings, need special attention in design when such possibly liquefied soil strata with soil amplification during moderate earthquake intensity is considered. Present study shows the response of pile foundation in both non-liquefied and liquefied soil by considering both kinematic and inertial responses in terms of displacement and bending moments of piles, which are necessary to consider for seismic design of pile foundation in typical Mumbai soil.

Tài liệu tham khảo

IS 1893-Part 1 (2002) Criteria for earthquake resistant design of structure. Bureau of Indian Standards, New Delhi, India Raghukanth STG, Iyengar RN (2006) Seismic hazard estimation for Mumbai city. Curr Sci 91(11):1486–1494 Rao KS, Satyam ND (2007) Liquefaction studies for seismic microzonation of Delhi region. Curr Sci 92(5):646–654 Sitharam TG, Anbazhagan P (2007) Seismic hazard analysis for the Bangalore region. Nat Hazards 40(2):261–278 Hanumanthrao C, Ramana GV (2008) Dynamics soil properties for microzonation of Delhi, India. J Earth Syst Sci 117(S2):719–730 Maheswari UR, Boominathan A, Dodagoudar GR (2010) Use of surface waves in statistical correlations of shear wave velocity and penetration resistance of Chennai soils. Geotech Geol Eng 28:119–137 Mhaske SY, Choudhury D (2010) GIS-based soil liquefaction susceptibility map of Mumbai city for earthquake events. J Appl Geophys 70(3):216–225 Mhaske SY, Choudhury D (2011) Geospatial contour mapping of shear wave velocity for Mumbai city. Nat Hazards 59(1):317–327. doi:10.1007/s11069-011-9758-z Shukla J, Choudhury D (2012) Estimation of seismic ground motions using deterministic approach for major cities of Gujarat. Nat Hazards Earth Syst Sci 12:2019–2037 Shukla J, Choudhury D (2012) Seismic hazard and site-specific ground motion for typical ports of Gujarat. Nat Hazards 60(2):541–565 Chatterjee K, Choudhury D (2013) Variations in shear wave velocity and soil site class in Kolkata city using regression and sensitivity analysis. Nat Hazards 69(3):2057–2082. doi:10.1007/s11069-013-0795-7 Kolathayar S, Sitharam TG, Vipin KS (2013) Probabilistic liquefaction potential evaluation for India and adjoining areas. Indian Geotech J. doi:10.1007/s40098-013-0079-x Desai SS, Choudhury D (2014) Spatial variation of probabilistic seismic hazard for Mumbai and surrounding region. Nat Hazards. doi:10.1007/s11069-013-0984-4 Tazoh T, Shmizu K, Wakahata T (1987) Seismic observations and analysis of grouped piles. Dynamic response of pile foundations: experiments, analysis and observation. Geotechnical Special Publication No. 11, ASCE (in CD) Madabhushi SPG, Knappett J, Haigh S (2010) Design of pile foundation in liquefiable soils. Imperial College Press, London Wilson DW (1998) Soil–pile superstructure interaction in liquefying sand and soft clay. Ph.D. thesis, University of California, Davis, USA Meymand PH (1998) Shaking table model tests of nonlinear soil pile superstructure interaction in soft clay. Ph.D. thesis, University of California, Berkley, USA Tokimatsu K, Suzuki H, Sato M (2004) Effects of inertial and kinematic forces on pile stresses in large shaking table tests. In: Proceedings of the 13th world conference on earthquake engineering, Vancouver, Canada, Paper No. 1322 EN 1998-1 Eurocode-8 (2004) Design of structure for earthquake resistance—Part 1: general rules, seismic actions and rules for buildings Dash SR, Bhattacharya S, Blakeborough A (2010) Bending–buckling interaction as a failure mechanism of piles in liquefiable soils. Soil Dyn Earthq Eng 30(1–2):32–39 Novak M (1974) Dynamic stiffness and damping of piles. Can Geotech J 4(11):574–597 Nogami T, Chen HL (1987) Prediction of dynamic lateral response of nonlinear single pile by using Winkler soil model. In: Proceedings of the session on dynamic response of pile foundations—experiments, analysis and observation: Geotechnical Special Publication No. 11, Atlantic City, NJ, ASCE pp 39–52 Markis N, Gazetas G (1992) Dynamic pile–soil–pile interaction—part II: lateral and seismic response. Earthq Eng Struct Dyn 21(2):145–162 Maheshwari BK, Watanabe H (2009) Seismic analysis of pile foundations using simplified approaches. Int J Geotech Eng 3(3):387–404 Maheshwari BK, Sarkar R (2011) Seismic behavior of soil–pile–structure interaction in liquefiable soils: parametric study. Int J Geomech ASCE 11(4):335–347 Desai S, Choudhury D (2014) Deterministic seismic hazard analysis for greater Mumbai, India. In: Proceedings of the 2014 geo-congress, geo-characterization and modeling for sustainability, Geotechnical Special Publication No. 234, ASCE, Atlanta, Georgia, USA, 23–26 Feb 2014, GSP 234:389–398 Mhaske SY, Choudhury D (2011) GIS–GPS based map of soil index properties for Mumbai. Geo-Frontiers 2011, Geotechnical Special Publication No. 211, ASCE pp 2366–2375. doi: 10.1061/41165(397)242 Venkatachalam P, Mohan BK (2007) GRAM++ (1.4)—indigenous GIS software suite. CSRE, IIT Bombay NEHRP (2000) Commentary, Federal Emergency Management Agency, USA, 369 for seismic regulations for new buildings and other structures. National Earthquake Hazards Reduction Program, USA Anbazhagan P, Sitharam TG (2010) Correlation between low strain shear modulus and standard penetration test ‘N’ value’. In: Proceedings of fifth international conference on recent advances in geotechnical earthquake engineering and soil dynamics, San Diego, CA. Paper No. 1.13b: p 10 Youd TL, Idriss IM, Andrus RD, Arango I, Castro G, Christian JT, Dobry R, Finn WDL, Harder LF Jr, Hynes Mary Ellen, Ishihara K, Koester Joseph P, Liao Sam SC, Marcuson William F III, Martin Geoffrey R, Mitchell JK, Moriwaki Y, Power MS, Robertson PK, Seed RB, Stokoe KH II (2001) Liquefaction resistance of soils: Summary report from the 1996 NCEER and 1998 NCEER/NSF workshops on evaluation of liquefaction resistance of soils. J Geotech Geoenviron Eng ASCE 127(10):817–833 Boulanger RW, Idriss IM (2006) Liquefaction susceptibility criteria for silts and clays. J Geotech Geoenviron Eng ASCE 132(11):1413–1426 Cetin KO, Seed RB, Kiureghian AD, Tokimatsu K, Harder LF, Kayen RE, Moss RES (2004) Standard penetration test-based probabilistic and deterministic assessment of seismic soil liquefaction potential. J Geotech Geoenviron Eng ASCE 130(12):1313–1340 Prakash S, Puri VK (2010) Past and future of liquefaction, vol. III. In: Proceedings of Indian geotechnical conference—2010, GEOtrendz, IIT Bombay, Mumbai, India, pp 63–72 Katzenbach R, Clauss F, Rochee S, Choudhury D (2012) A critical comparison of estimations of liquefaction potential using recent methods. In: Proceedings of 2nd international conference on performance-based design in earthquake geotechnical engineering, II PBD, Taormina, Italy, 28–30 May 2012, Paper No. 6.08 in CD, pp 753–764 Seed HB, Idriss IM (1971) Simplified procedures for evaluating soil liquefaction potential. J Soil Mech Found Div ASCE 97(SM9):1249–1273 Idriss IM, Boulanger RW (2010) SPT-based liquefaction triggering procedures. Department of Civil Construction and Environmental Engineering, University of California at Davis, USA Kishida T, Boulanger RW, Abrahamson NA, Driller MW, Wehling TM (2009) Seismic response of levees in Sacramento–San Joaquin Delta. Earthq Spectra 25(3):557–582 Idriss IM, Boulanger RW (2008) Soil liquefaction during earthquakes. MNO-12, Earthquake Engineering Research Institute, Oakland, CA QGIS (2013) Version: 1.8.0-Lisboa, Free and open source software, Copyright 2013 Free Software Foundation, Inc., Boston, MA, USA Choudhury D, Phanikanth VS, Reddy GR (2009) Recent advances in analysis and design of pile foundations in liquefiable soils during earthquake: a review. In: Proceedings of the national academy of sciences, India (section A—physical sciences), 79(II): 141–152 Kramer SL (2005) Geotechnical earthquake engineering. Pearson Education, Singapore Towhata I (2008) Geotechnical earthquake engineering. Springer Series in Geomechanics and Geoengineering, Heidelberg Phanikanth VS, Choudhury D, Reddy GR (2011) Equivalent-linear seismic ground response analysis of some typical sites in Mumbai. Geotech Geol Eng 29(6):1109–1126. doi:10.1007/s10706-011-9443-8 Hashash YMA, Groholski DR, Philips CA, Park D (2008) DEEPSOIL v3.5beta, User manual and tutorial. University of Illinois, UC GovindaRaju L, Ramana GV, Hanumanta Rao C, Sitharam TG (2004) Site specific ground response analysis. Curr Sci 87(10):1354–1362 Liyanapathirana DS, Poulos HG (2005) Pseudo-static approach for seismic analysis of piles in liquefying soil. J Geotech Geoenviron Eng ASCE 131(12):1480–1487 Bhattacharya S (2007) Design of foundations in seismic areas: principles and applications. National Information Centre for Earthquake Engineering (NICEE), IIT Kanpur, India Dobry R, Abdoun T, O’Rourke TD (2003) Single piles in lateral spreads: field bending moment evaluation. J Geotech Geoenviron Eng ASCE 129(10):879–889 Tokimatsu K, Oh-Oka H, Satake K, Shamoto Y, Asaka Y (1998) Effects of lateral ground movements on failure patterns of piles in the 1995 Hyogoken-Nambu earthquake. In: Geotechnical earthquake engineering and soil dynamics 3rd conference, ASCE pp 1175–1186 Tokimatsu K (1999) Performance of pile foundations in laterally spreading soils. In: Proceedings of 2nd international conference on earthquake geotechnical engineering, Lisbon, Portugal, pp 957–964 Ishihara K, Cubrinovski M. (1998) Soil–pile interaction in liquefied deposits undergoing lateral spreading. In: Maric B. et al. (eds) Geotechnical hazards. Balkema p 51–64 AIJ (2001) Recommendations for designing of building foundations. Architectural Institute of Japan, Japan JRA (2002) Specification for highway bridges, Part V, seismic design. Japanese Road Association, Japan Haldar S, Babu GLS (2010) Failure mechanisms of pile foundations in liquefiable soil: parametric study. Int J Geomech ASCE 10(2):74–84 Liyanapathirana DS, Poulos HG (2005) Seismic lateral response of piles in liquefying soil. J Geotech Geoenviron Eng ASCE 131(12):1466–1479 Abdoun T, Dobry R, O’Rourke TD, Goh SH (2003) Pile response to lateral spreads: centrifuge modeling. J Geotech Geoenviron Eng ASCE 129(10):869–878 Phanikanth VS, Choudhury D, Reddy GR (2012) Behaviour of single pile in liquefied deposits during earthquake. Int J Geomech ASCE 13(4):454–462. doi:10.1061/(ASCE)GM.1943-5622.0000224 Poulos HG, Davis EH (1980) Pile foundation analysis and design. Wiley, New York MATLAB (2004) Programming, version 7, The Math Works, Inc. Meera RS, Basudhar PK (2008) Effect of soil liquefaction on flexural behavior of axially and laterally loaded piles. Geotechnical earthquake engineering and soil dynamics IV, Geotechnical Special Publication No. 181, ASCE (in CD)