Parental investment without kin recognition: simple conditional rules for parent–offspring behavior

Alvergne A, Faurie C, Raymond M (2009) Father-offspring resemblance predicts paternal investment in humans. Anim Behav 78:61–69 Aktipis CA (2004) Know when to walk away: contingent movement and the evolution of cooperation in groups. J Theor Biol 231:249–260 Aktipis CA (2006) Recognition memory and the evolution of cooperation: how simple strategies succeed in an agent-based world. Adapt Behav 14:239–247 Aktipis CA (2008) When to walk away and when to stay: cooperation evolves when agents can leave unproductive partners and groups. Dissertation, University of Pennsylvania Anderson MG, Hauber ME (2007) A recognition-free mechanism for the reliable rejection of brood parasites. Trends Ecol Evol 22(6):283–286 Axelrod R, Hammond RA, Grafen A (2004) Altruism via kin-selection strategies that rely on arbitrary tags with which they coevolve. Evolution 58(8):1833–1838 Barnard CJ, Hurst JL, Aldhous P (1991) Of mice and kin: the functional significance of kin bias in social behaviour. Biol Rev 66:79–430 Biedrzycki ML, Tafari AJ, Dudley SA, Bais HP (2010) Root exudates mediate kin recognition in plants. Commun Integr Biol 3(1):28–35 Bowlby J (1969) Attachment and loss. Hothgarth, London Brauchli K, Killingback T, Doebeli M (1999) Evolution of cooperation in spatially structured populations. J Theor Biol 200:405–417 Chapais B, Berman CM (2004) Kinship and behavior in primates. Oxford University Press, Oxford Charpentier MJE, Van Horn RC, Altmann J, Alberts SC (2008) Paternal effects on offspring fitness in a multimale primate society. Proc Natl Acad Sci 105:1988–1992 Clutton-Brock TH (1991) The evolution of parental care, 1st edn. Princeton University Press, Princeton Cox SJ, Sluckin TJ, Steele J (1999) Group size, memory and the interaction rate in the evolution of cooperation. Curr Anthropol 40:369–377 Daly M, Wilson M (1983) Sex, evolution and behavior. Wadsworth, Belmont Dawkins R, Carlisle TR (1976) Parental investment, mate desertion and a fallacy. Nature 262:131–133 Dubas JS, Heijkoop M, van Aken MAG (2009) A preliminary investigation of parent-progeny olfactory recognition and parental investment. Hum Nat 20:80–92 Enquist M, Leimar O (1993) The evolution of cooperation in mobile organisms. Anim Behav 45:747–757 Ferriere R, Michod R (1996) The evolution of cooperation in spatially heterogeneous populations. Am Nat 147:692–717 Fernandez-Duque E, Valeggia CR, Mendoza SP (2009) The biology of paternal care. Ann Rev Anthropol 38:115–130 Galef BG (1981) The ecology of weaning. Parasitism and the achievement of independence by altricial mammals. In: Gubernick DG, Klopfer PH (eds) Parental care in mammals. Plenum, New York, pp 211–241 Godfray HCJ (1995) Evolutionary theory of parent–offspring conflict. Nature 376:133–138 Green WW, Mirza RS, Pyle GG (2008) Kin recognition and cannibalistic behaviours by adult male fathead minnows (Pimephales promelas). Naturwissenschaften 95:269–72 Grim T (2007) Experimental evidence for chick discrimination without recognition in a brood parasite host. Proc Royal Soc B 274(1608):373–381 Grimm V, Railsback SF (2005) Individual-based modeling and ecology. Princeton University Press, Princeton Grimm V, Berger U, Bastiansen F, Eliassen S, Ginot V, Giske J, Goss-Custard J, Grand T, Heinz S, Huse G (2006) A standard protocol for describing individual-based and agent-based models. Ecol Model 198:115–126 Gubernick DJ, Klopfer PH (1981) Parental care in mammals, 1st edn. Plenum, New York Halpin ZT (1991) Kin recognition cues of vertebrates. In: Hepper PG (ed) Kin recognition. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp 220–258 Hamilton WD (1964a) The genetical evolution of social behavior I. J Theor Biol 7:1–16 Hamilton WD (1964b) The genetical evolution of social behavior II. J Theor Biol 7:17–52 Hamilton WJ (1984) Significance of paternal investment by primates to the evolution of adult male-female associations. In: Taub DM (ed) Primate paternalism. Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, pp 309–335 Hauber ME, Sherman PW (2001) Self-referent phenotype matching: theoretical considerations and empirical evidence. Trends Neurosci 24(10):609–616 Hepper PG (1991) Kin recognition. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge Hölldobler B, Wilson EO (2009) The beauty, elegance and strangeness of insect socieities. Norton, New York Holmes WG (2004) The early history of Hamiltonian-based research on kin recognition. Ann Zool Fenn 41:691–711 Holmes WG, Sherman PW (1983) Kin recognition in animals. Am Sci 71:46–55 Ifti M, Killingback T, Doebeli M (2004) Effects of neighbourhood size and connectivity on the spatial continuous prisoner’s dilemma. J Theor Biol 231:97–106 Kaplan H (1996) A theory of fertility and parental investment in traditional and modern human societies. Am J Phys Anthropol 101:91–135 Kaplan HS, Gangestad SW (2005) Life history theory and evolutionary psychology. In: Buss D (ed) Handbook of evolutionary psychology. Wiley, Hoboken, pp 68–95 Kappeler PM, Schaik CP (2005) Cooperation in primates and humans: mechanisms and evolution, 1st edn. Springer, Berlin Kleiman DG, Malcom JR (1981) The evolution of male parental investment in mammals. In: Gubernick DG, Klopfer PH (eds) Parental care in mammals. Plenum, New York, pp 347–387 Kokko H, Jennison M (2008) Parental investment, sexual selection and sex ratios. J Evol Biol 21:919–948 Kokko H, Jennions MD, Brooks R (2006) Unifying and testing models of sexual selection. Ann Rev Ecol Evol Syst 37:43–66 Kolliker M (2007) Benefits and costs of earwig (Forficula auricularia) family life. Behav Ecol Sociobiol 61:1489–1497 Komdeur J, Hatchwell B (1999) Kin recognition: function and mechanism in avian societies. Trends Ecol Evol 14:237–241 Kurland JA, Gaulin SJC (1984) The evolution of male parental investment: effects of genetic relatedness and feeding ecology on the allocation of reproductive effort. In: Taub DM (ed) Primate paternalism. Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, pp 259–308 Lancaster JB, Lancaster CS (1983) Parental investment: the hominid adaptation. In: Ortner DJ (ed) How humans adapt: a biocultural odyssey, illustrated edition. Proceedings of the seventh international Smithsonian symposium. Smithsonian Institution Scholarly Press, 33–66 Lehmann L, Keller L, Sumpter DJT (2007) The evolution of helping and harming on graphs: the return of the inclusive fitness effect. J Evol Biol 20:2284–2295 Lion S, van Baalen M (2007) From infanticide to parental care: why spatial structure can help adults be good parents. Am Nat 170:E26–E46 MacArthur RH, Wilson EO (1967) The theory of island biogeography. Princeton University Press, Princeton Maestripieri D (2002) Parent–offspring conflict in primates. Int J Primatol 23:923–951 Marshall JAR, Rowe JE (2003) Viscous populations and their support for reciprocal cooperation. Artif Life 9:327–334 Mason WA, Mendoza SP (1998) Generic aspects of primate attachments: parents, offspring and mates. Psychoneuroendocrinology 23:765–778 Mattle B, Wilson AB (2009) Body size preferences in the pot-bellied seahorse hippocampus abdominalis: choosy males and indiscriminate females. Behav Ecol Sociobiol 63:1403–1410 Maurer G (2008) Who cares? Males provide most parental care in a monogamous nesting cuckoo. Ethol 114:540–547 Maynard Smith J (1977) Parental investment: a prospective analysis. Anim Behav 25:1–9 Mitteldorf J, Wilson DS (2000) Population viscosity and the evolution of altruism. J Theor Biol 204:481–496 Nalepa CA (1997) Postovulation parental investment and parental care in cockroaches. In: Choe JC, Crespi BJ (eds) Social behavior in insects and arachnids. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp 26–51 Neff BD, Gross MR (2001) Dynamic adjustment of parental care in response to perceived paternity. Proc R Soc Lond B 268:1559–1565 Neff BD, Sherman PW (2002) Decision making and recognition mechanisms. Proc Royal Soc B 269:1435–1441 Neff BD, Sherman PW (2003) Nestling recognition via direct cues by parental male bluegill sunfish (Lepomis macrochirus). Anim Cogn 6:87–92 Nowak MA, May RM (1992) Evolutionary games and spatial chaos. Nature 359:826–829 Ohtsuki H, Hauert C, Lieberman E, Nowak MA (2006) A simple rule for the evolution of cooperation on graphs and social networks. Nature 441:502–505 Peterson MG (2000) Nest, but not egg, fidelity in a territorial salamander. Ethology 106:781–794 Pugesek BH (1990) Parental effort in the California gull: tests of parent–offspring conflict theory. Behav Ecol Sociobiol 27:211–215 Quinlan RJ (2007) Human parental effort and environmental risk. Proc Royal Soc B: Biol Sci 274:121–125 Queller DC (1994) Male-female conflict and parent–offspring conflict. Am Nat 144:S84–S99 Ramos-Fernández G, Boyer D, Gómez V (2006) A complex social structure with fission–fusion properties can emerge from a simple foraging model. Behav Ecol Sociobiol 60:536–549 Reeve HK (1989) The evolution of conspecific acceptance thresholds. Am Nat 133(3):407–435 Riehl C (2010) A simple rule reduces costs of extragroup parasitism in a communally breeding bird. Curr Biol 20(20):1830–1833 Ross C (2003) Life history, infant care strategies, and brain size in primates. In: Kappeler PM, Pereira ME (eds) Primate life histories and socioecology. The University of Chicago Press, Chicago, pp 266–284 Sherman PW, Holmes WG (1985) Kin recognition: issues and evidence. Fortschr Zool 31:437–460 Steinegger M, Taborsky B (2007) Asymmetric sexual conflict over parental care in a biparental cichlid. Behav Ecol Sociobiol 61:933–941 Stynoski JL (2009) Discrimination of offspring by indirect recognition in an egg-feeding dendrobatid frog, Oophaga pumilio. Anim Behav 78:1351–1356 Tang-Martinez Z (2001) The mechanisms of kin discrimination and the evolution of kin recognition in vertebrates: a critical re-evaluation. Behavioral Processes 55:21–40 Taylor PD, Day T, Wild G (2007) Evolution of cooperation in a finite homogeneous graph. Nature 447:469–472 Trivers RL (1972) Parental investment and sexual selection. In: Campbell B (ed) Sexual selection and the descent of man. Aldine, Chicago, pp 135–179 Uvnäs-Moberg K, Ahlenius S, Hillegaart V, Alster P (1994) High doses of oxytocin cause sedation and low doses cause an anxiolytic-like effect in male rats. Pharmacol Biochm Behav 49:101–106 Vos HD, Zeggelink E (1994) Reciprocal altruism in human social evolution: the viability of altruism with a preference for "old-helping-partners". Evol Hum Behav 18:261–278 Wade MJ, Shuster SM (2002) The evolution of parental care in the context of sexual selection: a critical reassessment of parental investment theory. Am Nat 160:285–292 Waldman B (1988) The ecology of kin recognition. Ann Rev Ecolog Syst 19:543–571 Waldman B, Frumhoff PC, Sherman PW (1988) Problems of kin recognition. Tree 3(7):8–13 Wilensky U (1999) NetLogo. Center for Connected Learning and Computer-Based Modeling. Northwestern University, Evanston, http://ccl.northwestern.edu/netlogo/ Wolovich CK, Perea-Rodriguez JP, Fernandez-Duque E (2008) Food transfers to young and mates in wild owl monkeys (Aotus azarai). Am J Primatol 70:211–221