Flow in the lower continental crust as a mechanism for the Quaternary uplift of south-east England: constraints from the Thames terrace record

Abramowitz, M., Stegun, I.A., 1965. Handbook of Mathematical Functions. Dover, New York, 1048pp. Ahnert, 1970, Functional relationships between denudation, relief, and uplift in large mid-latitude drainage basins, American Journal of Science, 268, 243, 10.2475/ajs.268.3.243 Ansell, 1986, The 1984 July 19 North Wales earthquake—a lower crustal continental event indicating brittle behaviour at an unusual depth, Geophysical Journal of the Royal Astronomical Society, 84, 201, 10.1111/j.1365-246X.1986.tb04352.x Antoine, 1994, The Somme valley terrace system (northern France); a model of river response to Quaternary climatic variations since 800,000 B.P, Terra Nova, 6, 453, 10.1111/j.1365-3121.1994.tb00889.x Armijo, 1996, Quaternary evolution of the Corinth Rift and its implications for the Late Cenozoic evolution of the Aegean, Geophysical Journal International, 126, 11, 10.1111/j.1365-246X.1996.tb05264.x Balling, 1995, Heat flow and thermal structure of the lithosphere across the Baltic Shield and northern Tornquist Zone, Tectonophysics, 244, 13, 10.1016/0040-1951(94)00215-U Balson, 1990, The Trimley Sands, Tertiary Research, 11, 145 Barrow, 1919, Notes on the correlation of the deposits described in Mr. C.J. Gilbert's paper with the high-level gravels of the south of England (or the London Basin), Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society of London, 75, 44, 10.1144/GSL.JGS.1919.075.01-04.07 Barton, 1992, LISPB revisited, Geophysical Journal International, 110, 371, 10.1111/j.1365-246X.1992.tb00881.x Bassinot, 1994, The astronomical theory of climate and the age of the Brunhes–Matuyama magnetic reversal, Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 126, 91, 10.1016/0012-821X(94)90244-5 Bates, 1997, The chronology, palaeogeography and archaeological significance of the marine Quaternary record of the Sussex coastal plain, southern England, U.K, Quaternary Science Reviews, 16, 1227, 10.1016/S0277-3791(96)00119-9 Bathurst, R.G.C., 1971. Carbonate sediments and their diagenesis. Developments in Sedimentology, Vol. 12. Elsevier, Amsterdam, 658pp. Bauer, 1955, Über die in her heutigen Vergletscherung der Erde als Eis gebundene Wassermasse, Eiszeitalter und Gegenwärt, 6, 60 van den Berg, M.W., 1996. Fluvial sequences of the Maas: a 10Ma record of neotectonics and climate change at various time-scales. Ph.D. Thesis, University of Wageningen, The Netherlands. Blundell, 1990, Seismic images of continental lithosphere, Journal of the Geological Society of London, 147, 895, 10.1144/gsjgs.147.6.0895 Blundell, 1991, Crustal structure beneath the central and southern North Sea from BIRPS deep seismic reflection profiling, Journal of the Geological Society of London, 148, 445, 10.1144/gsjgs.148.3.0445 Boulton, 1985, Glacial geology and glaciology of the last mid-latitude ice sheets, Journal of the Geological Society of London, 142, 447, 10.1144/gsjgs.142.3.0447 Bowen, 1986, Correlations of Quaternary glaciations in England, Ireland, Scotland and Wales, Quaternary Science Reviews, 5, 299, 10.1016/S0277-3791(86)80024-5 Bowen, 1994, How old is Boxgrove Man?, Nature, 371, 751, 10.1038/371751a0 Bridgland, 1985, Uniclinal shifting, Quaternary Newsletter, 32, 15 Bridgland, 1988, The Pleistocene fluvial stratigraphy and palaeogeography of Essex, Proceedings of the Geologists Association, 99, 291, 10.1016/S0016-7878(88)80055-5 Bridgland, D.R., 1994. The Quaternary of the Thames. Nature Conservancy Council, London, 441pp. Bridgland, 1995, The Quaternary sequence of the eastern Thames basin, 35 Bridgland, 1999, Wealden rivers north of the Thames, Proceedings of the Geologists’ Association, 110, 133, 10.1016/S0016-7878(99)80065-0 Bridgland, 2000, River terrace systems in north-west Europe, Quaternary Science Reviews, 19, 1293, 10.1016/S0277-3791(99)00095-5 Bridgland, D.R., 2001. The importance of fluvial deposition on periodically emergent shelves in the Quaternary, with examples from the shelf around Britain. Quaternary International, in press. Bridgland, 1996, A revised model for terrace formation and its significance for the early Middle Pleistocene terrace aggradations of north-east Essex, England, 121 Bridgland, 1988, Report of Geologists’ Association field meeting in north-east Essex, May 22–24, 1987, Proceedings of the Geologists’ Association, 99, 315, 10.1016/S0016-7878(88)80056-7 Bridgland, D.R., D’Olier, B., 1995. The Pleistocene evolution of the Thames and Rhine drainage systems in the southern North Sea Basin. In: Preece, R.C. (Ed.), Island Britain: a Quaternary Perspective. Geological Society of London Special Publication 96, pp. 27–45. Bridgland, 1990, The geology and significance of the interglacial sediments at Little Oakley, Essex, Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, Series B, 328, 307, 10.1098/rstb.1990.0115 Bridgland, 2001, River terrace formation in synchrony with long-term climatic fluctuation, 229 Bruno, 1997, Dating of Sirius Group tillites in the Antarctic Dry Valleys with cosmogenic 3He and 21Ne, Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 147, 37, 10.1016/S0012-821X(97)00003-4 Buck, 1988, Flexural rotation of normal faults, Tectonics, 7, 959, 10.1029/TC007i005p00959 Cameron, T.D.J., Crosby, A., Balson, P.S., Jeffery, D.H., Lott, G.K., Bulat, J., Harrison, D.J., 1992. The Geology of the southern North Sea. British Geological Survey UK Offshore Regional Report, HMSO, London, 152pp. Carslaw, H.S., Jaeger, J.C., 1959. Conduction of Heat in Solids, 2nd Edition. Oxford University Press, Oxford, 510pp. Catt, 1976, Soils and geomorphology of the Chalk in south-east England, Earth Surface Processes, 1, 181, 10.1002/esp.3290010208 Chatwin, 1927, Fossils from the ironsands on Netley Heath (Surrey), Summary of Progress of the Geological Survey for, 1926, 154 Chatwin, 1963, Palaeontology of the Lenham Beds, 91 Cogels, 1882, Note sur les sables ferrugineux des Downs du Nord, Bulletin de la Société Malacologique de Belgique, 17, 43 Conway, B., McNabb, J., Ashton, N., 1996. Excavations at Barnfield Pit, Swanscombe, 1968–72. Department of Prehistoric and Romano-British Antiquities, British Museum, London. Curry, D., Adams, C.G., Boulter, M.C., Dilley, F.C., Eames, F.E., Funnell, B.M., Wells, M.K., 1978. A correlation of Tertiary rocks in the British Isles. Geological Society of London Special Report 12, 72pp. Davies, 1915, The rocks and minerals of the Croydon regional survey area, Proceedings and Transactions of the Croydon Natural History and Scientific Society, 8, 53 Davies, 1917, Excursion to Netley Heath, Newlands Corner, and the Silent Pool, Proceedings of the Geologists’ Association, 28, 48, 10.1016/S0016-7878(17)80016-X Denton, 1971, The Late Cenozoic glacial history of Antarctica, 267 Dines, 1969 Dines, H.G., Chatwin, C.P., 1930. Pliocene sandstone from Rothampstead (Hertfordshire). Summary of Progress of the Geological Survey for 1929, part iii, pp. 1–7. Dixon, 1979, Sedimentary facies in the Red Crag (Lower Pleistocene, East Anglia), Proceedings of the Geologists’ Association, 90, 117, 10.1016/S0016-7878(79)80014-0 Edmunds, 1927, Pliocene deposits on the South Downs, Geological Magazine, 64, 287, 10.1017/S0016756800103413 Erdelyi, A., 1954. Tables of Integral Transforms, Vol. II. McGraw-Hill, London, 451pp. Evans, C.D.R., 1990. The geology of the western English Channel and its western approaches. British Geological Survey UK Offshore Regional Report, HMSO, London, 93pp. Funder, 1985, Forested arctic, Geology, 13, 542, 10.1130/0091-7613(1985)13<542:FAEFNG>2.0.CO;2 Funnell, 1987, Late Pliocene and Early Pleistocene stages of East Anglia and the adjacent North Sea, Quaternary Newsletter, 52, 1 Funnell, B.M., 1995. Global sea-level and the (pen-)insularity of late Cenozoic Britain. In: Preece, R.C. (Ed.), Island Britain: a Quaternary Perspective. Geological Society of London Special Publication 96, pp. 3–13. Funnell, 1962, The Early Pleistocene of Easton Bavents, Suffolk, Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society of London, 118, 125, 10.1144/gsjgs.118.1.0125 Gallois, R.W., 1965. British Regional Geology, The Wealden District, 4th Edition. HMSO, London, 101pp. Gallois, 1993 Geikie, 1866, The Pliocene deposits of north-western Europe, Nature, 34, 341 Gibbard, P.L., 1985. The Pleistocene History of the Middle Thames Valley. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 155pp. Gibbard, P.L., 1994. Pleistocene History of the Lower Thames Valley. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 229pp. Gibbard, P.L., 1995. The formation of the Strait of Dover. In: Preece, R.C. (Ed.), Island Britain: a Quaternary Perspective, Geological Society of London Special Publication 96, pp. 15–26. Gibbard, 1990, Palynology of the interglacial deposits at Little Oakley, Essex, and their correlation, Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, Series B, 328, 341, 10.1098/rstb.1990.0116 Gibbard, P.L., et al., 1991. Early and Middle Pleistocene correlations in the southern North Sea basin. Quaternary Science Reviews 10, 23–52. Gilbert, 1919, On the occurrence of extensive deposits of high-level sands and gravels resting upon the Chalk at Little Heath near Berkhamsted, Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society of London, 75, 32, 10.1144/GSL.JGS.1919.075.01-04.06 Gilchrist, 1994, Post-Gondwana evolution of southwestern Africa, Journal of Geophysical Research, 99, 12211, 10.1029/94JB00046 Gilchrist, 1990, Differential denudation and flexural isostasy in the formation of rifted-margin upwarps, Nature, 346, 739, 10.1038/346739a0 Gilchrist, 1991, Landscape dissection, isostatic uplift, and the morphologic development of orogens, Geology, 22, 963, 10.1130/0091-7613(1994)022<0963:LDIUAT>2.3.CO;2 Gradshteyn, I.S., Ryzhik, I.M., 1994. Tables of Integrals, Series, and Products, 5th Edition. Academic Press, Boston, MA, pp. 1–10 (English translation: Jeffrey, A. (Ed.)). Green, 1999, Pre-Anglian gravel deposits of the River Thames and its tributaries between Goring and Cromer, Proceedings of the Geologists’ Association, 110, 117, 10.1016/S0016-7878(99)80064-9 Hamblin, R.J.O., Crosby, A., Balson, P.S., Jones, S.M., Chadwick, R.A., Penn, I.E., Arthur, M.J., 1992. The geology of the English Channel. British Geological Survey UK Offshore Regional Report, HMSO, London, 106pp. Hamblin, 1997, Proceedings of the Geologists’ Association, 108, 11, 10.1016/S0016-7878(97)80002-8 Hampton, 1983, The age and nature of the basement of southern Britain, Journal of the Geological Society of London, 140, 499, 10.1144/gsjgs.140.3.0499 Harmer, 1898, The Pliocene deposits of the east of England, Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society of London, 54, 308, 10.1144/GSL.JGS.1898.054.01-04.28 Harmer, 1902, Un desideratum stratigraphique au sujet des couches de Lenham par rapport au Pliocène belge, le Miocène démantelé et les Boxstones en Angleterre, Bulletin de la Société Belge de Géologie, 16, 169 Harmer, F.W., 1920. The Pliocene Mollusca of Great Britain, Vol. 2. Palaeontological Society, London. Hey, 1967, The Westleton Beds reconsidered, Proceedings of the Geologists’ Association, 78, 427, 10.1016/S0016-7878(67)80008-7 Hilgen, 1991, Astronomical calibration of Gauss to Matuyama sapropels in the Mediterranean and implications for the geomagnetic polarity time scale, Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 104, 226, 10.1016/0012-821X(91)90206-W Hilgen, 1991, Extension of the astronomically calibrated (polarity) time scale to the Miocene/Pliocene boundary, Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 107, 349, 10.1016/0012-821X(91)90082-S Hodgson, 1987, Foraminiferal biofacies of the Early Pliocene Coralline Crag, 44 Hodgson, 1974, The geomorphological significance of the Clay-with-Flints on the South Downs, Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers, 61, 119, 10.2307/621603 Jarvis, 1980, Sedimentary basin formation with finite extension rates, Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 48, 42, 10.1016/0012-821X(80)90168-5 John, D.T., 1974. A study of the soils and superficial deposits on the North Downs of Surrey. Ph.D. Thesis, University of London. John, 1984, The stratigraphical and geomorphological significance of the Red Crag fossils at Netley Heath, Surrey, Proceedings of the Geologists’ Association, 95, 235, 10.1016/S0016-7878(84)80010-3 Jones, D.K.C., 1999a. Evolving models of the Tertiary evolutionary geomorphology of southern England, with special reference to the Chalklands. In: Smith, B.J., Whalley, W.B., Warke, P.A. (Eds.), Uplift, Erosion, and Stability: Perspectives on Long-term Landscape Development. Geological Society of London Special Publication 162, pp. 1–23. Jones, D.K.C., 1999b. On the uplift and denudation of the Weald. In: Smith, B.J., Whalley, W.B., Warke, P.A. (Eds.), Uplift, Erosion, and Stability: Perspectives on Long-term Landscape Development. Geological Society of London Special Publication 162, pp. 25–43. Kasse, K., 1998. Early Pleistocene fluvial and estuarine archives in the southern Netherlands and northern Belgium: impact of climatic and environmental change (abstract). Presented at the September 1998 Quaternary Research Association conference on River Basin Sediment Systems, Cheltenham, England. Kerney, 1971, Interglacial deposits in Barnfield pit, Swanscombe, and their molluscan fauna, Journal of the Geological Society, London, 127, 69, 10.1144/gsjgs.127.1.0069 King, 1990, The origin of large local uplift in extensional regions, Nature, 348, 689, 10.1038/348689a0 King, 1988, The growth of geological structures by repeated earthquakes, 1. Conceptual framework, Journal of Geophysical Research, 93, 13307, 10.1029/JB093iB11p13307 Klemperer, 1991 Knighton, 1998 von Koenen, 1865, Die Fauna der unter-oligocänen Tertiärgeschichten von Helmstädt bei Braunschweig, Zeitschrift der Deutsche Geologische Gesellschaft, 17, 459 Kooi, 1994, Escarpment evolution on high-elevation rifted margins, Journal of Geophysical Research, 99, 12191, 10.1029/94JB00047 Kooi, 1991, Lithospheric dynamics and the rapid Pliocene–Quaternary subsidence phase in the southern North Sea basin, Tectonophysics, 192, 245, 10.1016/0040-1951(91)90102-X Kusznir, N.J., Marsden, G., Egan, S., 1991. A flexural-cantilever simple-shear/pure-shear model of continental extension: application to the Jeanne d’Arc basin, Grand Banks, and Viking Graben, North Sea. In: Roberts, A.M., Yielding, G., Freeman, B. (Eds.), The Geometry of Normal Faults. Geological Society of London Special Publication 56, pp. 41–60. Lake, 1987 Lautridou, 1986, The Pleistocene of northern France, Quaternary Science Reviews, 5, 387, 10.1016/0277-3791(86)90201-5 Lautridou, J.-P., et al., 1999. The river Seine, the river Manche. Bulletin de la Société Géologique de France 170, 545–558 (in French with English summary). Letzer, 1973, The nature and origins of superficial sands at Headley Heath, Proceedings and Transactions of the Croydon Natural History and Scientific Society, 14, 262 Lyell, 1865 Maddy, 1997, Uplift-driven valley incision and river terrace formation in southern England, Journal of Quaternary Science, 12, 539, 10.1002/(SICI)1099-1417(199711/12)12:6<539::AID-JQS350>3.0.CO;2-T Maddy, 1998, Reply, Journal of Quaternary Science, 13, 574 Maddy, 1999, Middle Pleistocene reconstruction of the Baginton River Basin, 169 Maddy, 2000, Accelerated uplift resulting from Anglian glacioisostatic rebound in the Middle Thames valley, UK?, Quaternary Science Reviews, 19, 1581, 10.1016/S0277-3791(99)00105-5 Maddy, 2000, Crustal uplift in southern England, Geomorphology, 33, 167, 10.1016/S0169-555X(99)00120-8 Maddy, 2001, Uplift-driven valley incision and climate-controlled river terrace development in the Thames Valley, UK, Quaternary International, 79, 23, 10.1016/S1040-6182(00)00120-8 Maddy, 1998, The Upper Pleistocene deposits at Cassington, near Oxford, England, Journal of Quaternary Science, 13, 205, 10.1002/(SICI)1099-1417(199805/06)13:3<205::AID-JQS357>3.0.CO;2-N Mathers, 1988, The Red Crag and Norwich Crag formations of southern East Anglia, Proceedings of the Geologists’ Association, 99, 261, 10.1016/S0016-7878(88)80053-1 Milliman, 1992, Geomorphic/tectonic control of sediment discharge to the ocean, Journal of Geology, 100, 525, 10.1086/629606 Mitchell, 1999, Chronology of Neogene and Quaternary uplift and magmatism in the Caucasus, Tectonophysics, 304, 157, 10.1016/S0040-1951(99)00027-X Moffat, 1986, A re-examination of the evidence for a Plio–Pleistocene marine transgression on the Chiltern Hills. III, Deposits. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms, 11, 233, 10.1002/esp.3290110302 Molengraaff, G.A.F., van Waterschoot van der Gracht, W.A.J.M., 1913. Niederlande: Handbuch der Regionalen Geologie. Winter, Heidelberg, 98pp. Moseley, M.P., McKerchar, A.I., 1992. Streamflow. In: Maidment, D.R. (Ed.), Handbook of Hydrology. McGraw-Hill, London, pp. 8.1–8.39. Mudelsee, 1997, The Mid-Pleistocene climate transition, Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 151, 117, 10.1016/S0012-821X(97)00114-3 Murray, J.M., 1992. Palaeogene and Neogene. In: Cope, J.C.W., Ingham, J.K., Rawson, P.F. (Eds.), Atlas of Palaeogeography and Lithofacies. Geological Society of London Memoir 13, pp. 141–147. Newton, R.B., 1916. On the conchological features of the Lenham sandstones of Kent, and their stratigraphical importance. Journal of Conchology 15, 56–84, 97–118, 137–149. Pantin, 1984, The Quaternary history of the central and southwestern Celtic Sea, Marine Geology, 57, 259, 10.1016/0025-3227(84)90202-0 Pazzaglia, 1994, Late Cenozoic flexural deformation of the middle U.S. Atlantic passive margin, Journal of Geophysical Research, 99, 12143, 10.1029/93JB03130 Preece, 1990, The molluscan fauna of the Middle Pleistocene interglacial deposits at Little Oakley, Essex, and its environmental and stratigraphic implications, Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, Series B, 328, 387, 10.1098/rstb.1990.0118 Preece, 2000, The Cromer Forest-bed Formation, 1 Prestwich, 1858, On the age of some sands and iron-sandstones on the North Downs; with a note on the fossils by S.V. Wood, Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society of London, 14, 322, 10.1144/GSL.JGS.1858.014.01-02.41 Ramsay, 1864 Rasmussen, 1966, Molluscan faunas and biostratigraphy of the marine Younger Miocene formations in Denmark, Danmarks Geologiske Undersoegelse, 88, 1 Reid, C., 1890. The Pliocene deposits of Britain. Memoir of the Geological Survey of the UK, viii+326pp. Richards, 1999, The sedimentology and palaeoecology of the Westleton Member of the Norwich Crag Formation (Early Pleistocene) at Thorington, Suffolk, England, Geological Magazine, 136, 453, 10.1017/S0016756899002782 Rollin, 1995, A simple heat-flow quality function and appraisal of heat-flow measurements and heat-flow estimates from the UK Geothermal Catalogue, Tectonophysics, 244, 185, 10.1016/0040-1951(94)00227-Z Rose, 1994, Major river systems of central and southern Britain during the Early and Middle Pleistocene, Terra Nova, 6, 435, 10.1111/j.1365-3121.1994.tb00887.x Rose, 1976, Middle Pleistocene stratigraphy in southern East Anglia, Nature, 263, 492, 10.1038/263492a0 Rose, 1999, The Kesgrave Sands and Gravels, Proceedings of the Geologists’ Association, 110, 93, 10.1016/S0016-7878(99)80063-7 Rzechowski, 1996, The Ferdynandowian Interglacial and its stratigraphical position in the Middle Pleistocene of Europe, 279 Schumm, S.A., Dumont, J.F., Holbrook, J.M., 2000. Active Tectonics and Alluvial Rivers. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 290pp. Shackleton, N.J., A. Berger, A., Peltier, W.R., 1990. An alternative astronomical calibration of the lower Pleistocene timescale based on ODP site 677. Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh, Earth Sciences 81, 251–261. Shackleton, N.J., et al., 1984. Oxygen isotope calibration of the onset of ice-rafting and history of glaciation in the North-east Atlantic. Nature 307, 620–623. Shepard-Thorn, 1976, The Quaternary of the Weald, Proceedings of the Geologists’ Association, 86, 537, 10.1016/S0016-7878(75)80062-9 Sinclair, 1999, Plio-Pleistocene relative sea-level changes in East Anglia, Proceedings of the Geologists’ Association, 110, 149, 10.1016/S0016-7878(99)80066-2 Smart, 1966 Smith, 1989, The English Channel—by geological design or catastrophic accident?, Proceedings of the Geologists’ Association, 100, 325, 10.1016/S0016-7878(89)80052-5 Snow, 1987, Mathematical modeling of graded river profiles, Journal of Geology, 95, 15, 10.1086/629104 Sparks, 1949, The denudation chronology of the dip slope of the South Downs, Proceedings of the Geologists’ Association, 60, 165, 10.1016/S0016-7878(49)80007-1 Stüwe, 1994, The influence of eroding topography on steady-state isotherms. Application to fission track analysis, Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 124, 63, 10.1016/0012-821X(94)00068-9 Sugden, 1995, Preservation of Miocene glacier ice in East Antarctica, Nature, 376, 412, 10.1038/376412a0 Sumbler, M.G., 1996. British Regional Geology, London and the Thames Valley, 4th Edition. HMSO, London, 173pp. Sutcliffe, A.T., 1964. The mammalian fauna. In: Ovey, C.D. (Ed.), The Swanscombe Skull: a Survey of Research on a Pleistocene Site. Royal Anthropological Institute Occasional Paper 20, pp. 8–10. Tavernier, 1943, Le Néogène de la Belgique, Bulletin de la Société Belge de Géologie, 52, 7 Turcotte, D.L., Schubert, G., 1982. Geodynamics: Applications of Continuum Physics to Geological Problems. Wiley, New York, 450pp. Turner, 1996, A brief survey of the early Middle Pleistocene in Europe, 295 Vandenberghe, 2000, A global perspective of the European chronostratigraphy for the past 650ka, Quaternary Science Reviews, 19, 1701, 10.1016/S0277-3791(00)00096-2 West, 1972, Relative land-sea-level changes in southeastern England during the Pleistocene, Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, Series A, 272, 87, 10.1098/rsta.1972.0034 West, 1996, Outline of the stratigraphy and vegetational history of the Cromer forest-bed formation, 1 West, 1980, An Early Pleistocene cold marine episode in the North Sea, Boreas, 9, 1, 10.1111/j.1502-3885.1980.tb01019.x Westaway, 1992, Analysis of tilting near normal faults using calculus of variations, Journal of Structural Geology, 14, 857, 10.1016/0191-8141(92)90046-Y Westaway, 1993, Neogene evolution of the Denizli region of western Turkey, Journal of Structural Geology, 15, 37, 10.1016/0191-8141(93)90077-N Westaway, 1994, Re-evaluation of extension in the Pearl River Mouth basin, South China Sea, Journal of Structural Geology, 16, 823, 10.1016/0191-8141(94)90148-1 Westaway, 1994, Evidence for dynamic coupling of surface processes with isostatic compensation in the lower crust during active extension of western Turkey, Journal of Geophysical Research, 99, 20203, 10.1029/94JB01054 Westaway, 1996, Quaternary elevation change in the Gulf of Corinth of central Greece, Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, Series A, 354, 1125, 10.1098/rsta.1996.0043 Westaway, 1998, Dependence of active normal fault dips on lower-crustal flow regimes, Journal of the Geological Society of London, 155, 233, 10.1144/gsjgs.155.2.0233 Westaway, 1999, The mechanical feasibility of low-angle normal faulting, Tectonophysics, 308, 407, 10.1016/S0040-1951(99)00148-1 Westaway, 2001, Flow in the lower continental crust as a mechanism for the Quaternary uplift of the Rhenish Massif, north-west Europe, 87 Whipple, 1999, Geomorphic limits to climate-induced increases in topographic relief, Nature, 401, 39, 10.1038/43375 Whitaker, 1862, On the western end of the London Basin; on the westerly thinning of the Lower Eocene beds in that basin; and on the Greywethers of Wiltshire, Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society of London, 18, 258, 10.1144/GSL.JGS.1862.018.01-02.39 White, 1906, On the occurrence of quartzose gravel in the Reading Beds at Lane End, Bucks, Proceedings of the Geologists Association, 19, 371, 10.1016/S0016-7878(06)80025-8 Whiteman, 1992, Palaeogeography and correlation of pre-Anglian glaciation terraces of the River Thames in Essex and the London Basin, Proceedings of the Geologists Association, 103, 37, 10.1016/S0016-7878(08)80197-6 Whiteman, 1992, Thames river sediments of the British Early and Middle Pleistocene, Quaternary Science Reviews, 11, 363, 10.1016/0277-3791(92)90007-U Wood, 1993, Pliocene palaeotemperature reconstruction for the southern North Sea based on ostracoda, Quaternary Science Reviews, 12, 747, 10.1016/0277-3791(93)90015-E Wooldridge, 1927, The Pliocene history of the London Basin, Proceedings of the Geologists’ Association, 38, 49, 10.1016/S0016-7878(27)80024-6 Wooldridge, 1925, The Reading Beds of Lane End, Bucks., and their bearing on some unresolved questions of London geology, Proceedings of the Geologists Association, 36, 146, 10.1016/S0016-7878(25)80003-8 Wooldridge, 1955 Worssam, B.C., 1963. Geology of the Country around Maidstone: Memoir for 1:50,000 Scale Geological Map Sheet 288 (England and Wales), HMSO, London, 152pp. Worssam, B.C. (Ed.), 1963b. Pleistocene and recent. Geology of the Country around Maidstone: Memoir for 1:50,000 Scale Geological Map Sheet 288 (England and Wales). HMSO, London, pp. 101–126. Worssam, B.C., 1973. A new look at river capture and at the denudation history of the Weald. Reports of the Institute of Geological Sciences 73/17. Young, 1988 Zagwijn, 1974, The palaeogeographic evolution of the Netherlands during the Quaternary, Geologie en Mijnbouw, 53, 369 Zagwijn, 1989, The Netherlands during the Tertiary and the Quaternary, Geolojie en Mijnbouw, 68, 107 Zagwijn, 1996, The Cromerian Complex stage of the Netherlands and correlation with other areas in Europe, 145 Zalasiewicz, 1991, Age and relationships of the Chillesford Clay (Early Pleistocene, Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, Series B, 333, 81, 10.1098/rstb.1991.0061 Ziegler, P.A., 1990. Geological Atlas of Western and Central Europe, 2nd Edition. Shell Internationale Petroleum Maatschappij, B.V., The Hague, The Netherlands, 239pp. Zijlstra, H., 1995. The Sedimentology of Chalk. Lecture Notes in Earth Sciences, Vol 54. Springer, Berlin, 194pp.