Digital trust substitution technologies to support smallholder livelihoods in Sub-Saharan Africa

Alemu, 2021, Contract farming, cooperatives and challenges of side selling: malt barley value-chain development in Ethiopia, Dev. Pract., 31, 496, 10.1080/09614524.2020.1860194 Ameru, 2018, Implications for access and non-access of agricultural market information in Tharaka Nithi county, J. Agric. Sustain., 11, 35 Barrett, 2011, Smallholder participation in contract farming: comparative evidence from five countries, World Dev., 40, 715, 10.1016/j.worlddev.2011.09.006 Bellemare, 2012, As you sow, so shall you reap: the welfare impacts of contract farming, World Dev., 40, 1418, 10.1016/j.worlddev.2011.12.008 Bernard, 2008, Reaching the rural poor through rural producer organizations? A study of agricultural marketing cooperatives in Ethiopia, Food Pol., 34, 60, 10.1016/j.foodpol.2008.08.001 Birner, 2010, The political economy of policies for smallholder agriculture, World Dev., 38, 1442, 10.1016/j.worlddev.2010.06.001 Borah, 2020, Supply chain management in agriculture using blockchain and IoT, 227 Botsman, 2017 Bowman, 2011, Mass production or production by the masses? Tractors, cooperatives, and the politics of rural development in post-independence Zambia, J. Afr. Hist., 52, 201, 10.1017/S0021853711000235 Caro, 2018, Blockchain-based traceability in agri-food supply chain management: a practical implementation, 640 Casaburi, 2015, Loyalty, exit, and enforcement: evidence from a Kenya dairy cooperative, Am. Econ. Rev., 105, 286, 10.1257/aer.p20151076 Cila, 2020, The blockchain and the commons: dilemmas in the design of local platforms, 1 Croman, 2016, On scaling decentralized blockchains, 106 de Janvry, 1991, Peasant household behaviour with missing markets: some paradoxes explained, Econ. J., 101, 1400, 10.2307/2234892 Deutsch, 1958, Trust and suspicion, J. Conflict Resolut., 2, 265, 10.1177/002200275800200401 Doney, 1997, An examination of the nature of trust in buyer-seller relationships, J. Market., 61, 35 Fafchamps, 2018, Formal and informal market institutions: embeddedness revisited, 1 Fafchamps, 2003 Fafchamps, 2001, Property rights in a Flea market economy, Econ. Dev. Cult. Change, 49, 229, 10.1086/452501 Feder, 1985, Adoption of agricultural innovations in developing countries: a survey, Econ. Dev. Cult. Change, 33, 255, 10.1086/451461 Fedosov, 2018, Sharing physical objects using smart contracts, 346 Felin, 2018, What problems will you solve with blockchain?, MIT Sloan Manag. Rev., 1 Gopalakrishnan, 2021, Cost analysis and optimization of Blockchain-based solid waste management traceability system, Waste Manag., 120, 594, 10.1016/j.wasman.2020.10.027 GSMA, 2021 Hardjono, 2020, Toward an interoperability architecture for blockchain autonomous systems, IEEE Trans. Eng. Manag., 67, 1298, 10.1109/TEM.2019.2920154 Iansiti, 2017, The truth about blockchain, Harv. Bus. Rev., 95, 118 Jayne, 2010, Principal challenges confronting smallholder agriculture in Sub-Saharan Africa, World Dev., 38, 1384, 10.1016/j.worlddev.2010.06.002 Jayne, 2010, Principal challenges confronting smallholder agriculture in Sub-Saharan Africa, World Dev., 38, 1384, 10.1016/j.worlddev.2010.06.002 Kamilaris, 2019, The rise in blockchain technology in agriculture and food supply chains, 2Trends Food Sci. Technol., 91, 640, 10.1016/j.tifs.2019.07.034 Lashitew, 2019, Mobile phones for financial inclusion: what explains the diffusion of mobile money innovations?, Res. Pol., 48, 1201, 10.1016/j.respol.2018.12.010 Lewick, 2012, Measuring trust beliefs and behaviours, 29 Mayer, 1995, An integrative model of organizational trust, Acad. Manag. Rev., 20, 709, 10.2307/258792 Meador, 2019, Placing Rwanda's agriculture boom: trust, women empowerment and policy impact in maize agricultural cooperatives, Food Secur., 11, 869, 10.1007/s12571-019-00944-9 Meemken, 2020, Smallholder farmers and contract farming in developing countries, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. Unit. States Am., 117, 259, 10.1073/pnas.1909501116 Metzlar, 2017, Strategic intent and the strategic position of smallholders: a case study of a smallholders' organization in the Ghanaian cocoa industry, Rev. Soc. Econ., 75, 371, 10.1080/00346764.2017.1299202 Mujawamariya, 2013, Exploring double side-selling in cooperatives, case study of four coffee cooperatives in Rwanda, Food Pol., 39, 72, 10.1016/j.foodpol.2012.12.008 Narayanan, 2016 Niforos, 2017, Beyond Fintech: leveraging blockchain for more sustainable and inclusive supply chains, 1 Ostrom, 2010, Analyzing collective action, Agric. Econ., 41, 155, 10.1111/j.1574-0862.2010.00497.x Poghossian, 2019, Rapid methods and sensors for milk quality monitoring and spoilage detection, Biosens. Bioelectron., 140, 1, 10.1016/j.bios.2019.04.040 Poole, 2010 Rey, 2000 Rousseau, 1998, Not so different after all: a cross-discipline view of trust, Acad. Manag. Rev., 23, 393, 10.5465/amr.1998.926617 Saberi, 2019, Blockchain technology and its relationships to sustainable supply chain management, Int. J. Prod. Res., 57, 2117, 10.1080/00207543.2018.1533261 Schulte, 2019, Towards blockchain interoperability, 361, 2019, 10.1007/978-3-030-30429-4_1 Scuri, 2019, An HCI perspective on distributed ledger technologies for peer-to-peer energy trading, 91 Sebhatu, 2020, Conflict, fraud, and distrust in Ethiopian agricultural cooperatives, J. Co-Operat. Organ. Manag., 8, 1 Seetha, 2021, Constraints perceived by the small ruminant farmers of Tamil Nadu: the socio-economic determinants, J. Entomol. Zool. Stud., 9, 953 Sheahan, 2017, Ten striking facts about agricultural input use in Sub-Saharan Africa, Food Pol., 67, 12, 10.1016/j.foodpol.2016.09.010 Tapscott, 2016 Ton, 2016 Wedig, 2018, Neoliberalism and the revival of agricultural cooperatives: the case of the coffee sector in Uganda, J. Agrar. Change, 18, 348, 10.1111/joac.12221 World Bank, 2007 Zavolokina, 2020, Designing for trust in blockchain platforms, IEEE Trans. Eng. Manag., 1 Zhang, 2016, Town Crier