Three Grand Designs: The U.S.A., Great Britain, and the Gaullist Concept of Atlantic Partnership and European Unity

Maurice Vaisse, ‘Europe européenne ou Europe atlantique? Les conceptions de Charles de Gaulle’, Michel Dumoulin & Geneviève Duchenne, eds., The European Union and the United States, Bruxelles, Bern, Berlin, 2003, p. 106 Hans-Peter Schwarz, Adenauer. Der Staatsmann 1952–1967, Stuttgart, 1991, pp. 687f., 704.,729f., 743ff., 774. Thomas Zoumaras, ‘Plugging the Dike: The Kennedy Administration Confronts the Balance-of Payments Crisis with Europe’, Douglas Brinkley, Richard T. Griffiths, eds., John F. Kennedy and Europe, Baton Rouge, 1999, pp. 169 ff. Robert Dallek, An Unfinished Life. John F. Kennedy, 1917–1963, Boston, 2003, pp. 332ff., 510 f. Frank Costigliola, ‘The Failed Design: Kennedy, de Gaulle, and the Struggle for Europe’, in: Diplomatic History, vol. 8, no. 3, summer 1984, pp. 229, 233. George-Henri Soutou, L’alliance incertaine. Les rapport politico-stratégique franco-allemands 1954–1996, Paris, 1996, S. 66 f. Norbert Wiggershaus, ‘Adenauer und die amerikanische Sicherheitspolitik in Europa’, Klaus Schwabe, ed., Adenauer und die USA, Bonn, 1994, pp.29 ff. K. Schwabe, ‘Adenauer and Nuclear Deterrence’, Wilfried Loth, ed., Europe, Cold War and Coexistence 1953–1965, London, 2004, pp. 38 f. Marc Trachtenberg, A Constructed Peace. The Making of the European Settlement 1945–1963, Princeton, 1999, pp. 205f. Lawrence Kaplan, ‘The MLF Debate’, Brinkley, Griffiths, Kennedy and Europe, pp. pp52ff.; Costigliola, ‘The Failed Design’, p. 235. Maurice Vaisse, La Grandeur. Politique étrangère du général de Gaulle, 1958–1969, Paris, 1998, pp. 117ff Erin Mahan, Kennedy, de Gaulle, and Western Europe, Houndmills, 2002, p. 48. George-Henri Soutou, ‘Le général de Gaulle et le Plan Fouchet d’union politique européenne: Un projet stratégique,’ Anne Deighton, Alan S. Milward, eds., Widening, Deepening, Acceleration: The European Economic Unity 1957–1963, Baden-Baden, 1999, p. 55 ff. Maurice Vaisse, La Grandeur, p. 187. Soutou, ‘Le général de Gaulle et le Plan Fouchet’, p. 68 Quoted by G.H. Soutou, L’alliance incertaine, p. 131 ( tranlation by the author). Vaisse, ‘Europe européenne’, p. 108. De Gaulle - Adenauer talks, minutes in: Konrad Adenauer, Erinnerungen, Fragmente 1959–1963, Stuttgart, 1968, pp. 64, 84ff. Charles S. Maier, ‘Alliance and autonomy: European identity and U.S. foreign policy objectives in the Truman years’, Michael L. Lacey, ed., The Truman presidency, Cambridge, 1989, p. 292 K. Schwabe, ‘The United States and European Integration: 1947–1957’, Clemens Wurm ed., Western Europe and Gennany. The Beginnings of European Integration, Oxford 1995, pp. 123 ff. David L. DiLeo, ‘George Ball and the Europeanists in the State Department, 1961–1963’, in: Brinkley, Griffiths, Kennedy and Europe, pp. 264f. 267ff., 272, 275. DiLeo, ‘George Ball’, pp. 276 ff. Quoted in D.C. Watt ed., Documents on International Affairs 1961, London 1971, p. 412. Jeffrey Glen Giauque, Grand Designs & Visions of Unity. The Atlantic Powers and the Reorganization of Western Europe, 1955–1963, Chapell Hill, 2002, p. 113. Walt Rostow, ‘Kennedy’s View of Monnet and Vice Versa’, Brinkley, Griffiths, eds., John F. Kennedy and Europe p. 284 Eckart Conze, Die gaullistische Herausforderung. Die deutsch-französischen Beziehungen in der amerikanischen Europapolitik 1958–1963, München 1995, p. 227f. Conze, Die gaullistische Herausforderung, p. 234 f. Kaplan, ‘The MLF Debate’, in: Brinkley, Griffiths, eds., John F. Kennedy and Europe, p. 59. Mahan, Kennedy, de Gaulle, p. 74., 77; DiLeo, ‘George Ball’, p. 278. Geir Lundetad, “Empire” by Integration. The United States and European Integration, 1945–1997, Oxford, 1998, p. 92. Nigel Fisher, Harold Macmillan. A Biography, London, 1982, p. 306 Trachtenberg, A Constructed Peace, p. 216 ff.; Gustav Schmidt, ‘Die politischen und sicherheitspolitischen Dimensionen der britischen Europapolitik 1955–56–1963–64’, idem, ed., Großbritannien und Europa- Großbritannien in Europa, Bochum, 1989, p. 198 Ralph Dietl, ‘Kontinuität und Wandel- Zur Geschichte der europäischen Zusammenarbeit auf dem Gebiet der Sicherheits- und Verteidigungspolitik 1948–2003’, Reinhard C. Meier-Walser, ed., Gemeinsam sicher? Vision und Realität europäischer Sicherheitspolitik, Neuwied, 2004, p. 47. Stuart Ward, ‘Kennedy, Britain, and the European Community’, Brinkley, Griffiths, eds., John F. Kennedy and Europe, p. 318f. Wolfram Kaiser, ‘The Bomb and Europe. Britain, France and the EEC Entry Negotiations (1961–1963)’, Journal of European Integration History, vol. 1, no. 1 (1995), p. 78. Wolfram Kaiser, Using Europe, abusing the Europeans. Britain and European Integration, 1945–1963, Houndmills, 1996, pp. 189f. (for a different view cf. Ralph Dietl, ‘Kontinuität und Wandel’, p. 59.) Wolfram Kaiser, Using Europe, pp. 111ff. Kaiser, Using Europe, p. 168 ‘Ward, Kennedy, Britain, and the European Community’, John F. Kennedy and Europe, p. 320; James A. Bill, George Ball. Behind the Scenes in U.S. Foreign Policy, New Haven, 1997, pp. 125f. Alan P. Dobson, Anglo-American Relations in the Twentieth Century, Of friendship, conflict and the rise and decline of superpowers, London, 1995, p.126. Trachtenberg, A Constructed Peace, p. 216; Giauque, Grand Designs & Visions of Unity, p. 111. Vaisse, La Grandeur, p. 196; Kaiser, Using Europe, p. 166. Wolfram Kaiser, Using Europe, p. 116, 160; for the background see: Constantin Pagedas, Franco-British Nuclear Cooperation, London, 2001, passim. Pierce Ludlow, ‘A mismanaged application: Britain and the EEC’, Deighton, Milward, eds., Widening, p. 283. Ward, ‘Kennedy, Britain, and the European Community’, Brinkley, Griffiths, eds., John F. Kennedy and Europe, p.324. Macmillan, note of 11 June 1961, cited in Kaiser, Using Europe, p. 166. Kaiser, Using Europe, p. 168. Kaiser, Using Europe, p. 126. Gabriele Clemens, ‘“A delicate matter”: Großbritannien und die Fouchet-Verhandlungen 1960‐1962’, Manuscript, Journal of European Integration History, vol. 10, 2004, forthcoming. Trachtenberg, A Constructed Peace, pp. 316f. Soutou, ‘Le général de Gaulle et le Plan Fouchet’, Deighton, Milward, eds., Widening, p. 68; Kaiser, Using Europe, p. 165. Maurice Vaisse, ‘De Gaulle et l’élargissement du Marché commun 1961‐1963’, Deighton, Milward, eds., Widening, p. 209. Vaisse, ‘De Gaulle et l’élargissement’, p. 202 ( 3‐7-1962); Bernd Leupold. “Weder anglophil noch anglophob”. Großbritannien im politischen Denken Konrad Adenauers, Frankfurt, 1997, p. 285. Kaiser, Using Europe, p. 159 Vaisse, La Grandeur, p. 201 f. Kaiser, Using Europe, pp. 188f. Kaiser, ‘The Bomb’, Journal ofEuropean Integration History, vol. 1, no. 1 (1995), p.84. Vaisse, La Grandeur, pp. 201, 204, 209. Kaiser, ‘The Bomb’, Journal of European Integration History, vol. 1, no. 1 (1995), p. 77. Vaisse, La Grandeur, pp. 141, 201. Pierce Ludlow, ‘A mismanaged application: Britain and the EEC, in: Deighton, Milward, eds., Widening, pp. 276, 282 ff. I follow the account in Vaisse, La grandeur, pp.205 ff. which is based both on British and French minutes. Ward, ‘Kennedy, Britain, and the European Community’, Brinkley,Griffiths, eds., John F. Kennedy and Europe, p. 329. Trachtenberg, A Constructed Peace, pp. 359 ff.; Pascaline Winand, Eisenhower, Kennedy, and the United States of Europe, Houndmills, 1993, pp. 315 ff. Ward, ‘Kennedy, Britain, and the European Community’, Brinkley, Griffiths, eds., John F. Kennedy and Europe, p. 330. Minutes in: Foreign Relations of the United States (henceforth quoted as FRUS), 1961‐1963, vol. 13, Washington 1994, pp. 1100, 1103, 1109. Kennedy did not explicitly define what he meant by that ( Harald Biermann, Kennedy’s Europapolitik’, Ralph Dietl, Franz Knipping, eds., Begegnung zweier Kontinente. Die Vereinigten Staaten und Europa seit dem Ersten Weltkrieg, Trier, 1999, p. 181; Trachtenberg, A Constructed Peace, p, 367). Winand, Eisenhower Kennedy and the United States of Europe, Houndmills, 1993, p. 316. Winand, Eisenhower Kennedy and the United States of Europe, p. 320; Donette Murray, Kennedy, Macmillan and Nuclear Weapons, New York, 2000, p. 94f., 100. Dietl, ‘Kontinuität und Wandel’, S. 65; Summary Record National Security Council. Executive Committee Meeting, 31 January 1963, FRUS 1961–1963, vol. 13, p. 161. Dobson, Anglo-American Relations, p. 129, Douglas Brinkley, ‘Dean Acheson and John Kennedy’, in: Brinkley Griffiths, eds., John F. Kennedy and Europe, p.305. Memorandum of Conversation. Kennedy-Macmillan, 19 December 1962, FRUS 1961–1963, vol. 13, p. 1096. Trachtenberg, A Constructed Peace, pp. 367 ff. Kennedy to de Gaulle, 20 December 1962, FRUS 1961–1963, vol. 13, p. 1114. Beatrice Heuser, Nuclear Mentalities? Strategies and Beliefs in Britain, France and the FRG, Houndmills, 1998, p. 29. Trachtenberg, A Constructed Peace, p. 369. Vaisse, La Grandeur, pp.155 ff.; Soutou, L’alliance incertaine, pp. 234 ff. Vaisse, La Grandeur, pp. 157. Rolf Steininger, ‘Großbritannien und de Gaulle. Das Scheitern des britischen EWG-Beitritts im Januar 1963’, Vierteljahrshefte für Zeitgeschichte, vol. 44, no. 1, 1996, pp. 87 f., 93 ff. Fisher, Macmillan, p. 320. Kaiser, Using Europe, p. 199. Kennedy to Adenauer, 18 January 1963, FRUS 1961–1963, pp. 482f. Schwarz, Adenauer. Der Staatsmann, pp. 820 f. Rusk to Embassy Bonn, 23 January 1963, FRUS 1961–1963, vol. 13, p. 149. Summary of NSC Executive Committee Meetings, 25 & 31 January 1963, in: FRUS 1961–63, vol. 13, pp. 157, 161ff., 487ff. Memorandum from the Under Secretary of State (Ball), 20 June 1963, FRUS 1961–1963, vol. 13, p. 207. Conze, Die gaullistische Herausforderung, p. 259; Winand, Eisenhower, Kennedy, p. 333. Conze, Die gaullistische Herausforderung, pp. 267ff., 272, 275. Oliver Bange, ‘English-American and German interests behind the Preamble to the Franco-German Treaty, 1963’, Gustav Schmidt, ed., Zwischen Bündnissicherung und priveligierter Partnerschaft. Die deutsch-britischen Beziehungen und die Vereinigten Staaten von Amerika, 1955–1963, Bochum, 1995, pp. 230, 233, 243, 247; Steininger, ‘Großbritannien und de Gaulle’, pp. 112f. François Duchêne, Jean Monnet. The First Statesman of Interdependence, New York, 1994, pp. 330f. Eric Roussel, Jean Monnet, Paris, 1996, pp. 747f. Vaisse, La Grandeur, pp. 261f. Rusk, Circular Telegram, 19 January 1963, in: FRUS 1961–1963, vol. 13, pp. 146ff. Trachtenberg, A Constructed Peace, pp. 371ff. Ward, ‘Kennedy, Britain, and the European Community’, Brinkley,Griffiths, eds., John F. Kennedy and Europe, p. 330. Ward, ‘Kennedy, Britain, and the European Community’, pp. 331f. Alan P. Dobson, ‘The USA, Britain and the Question of Hegemony,’ Geir Lundestad, ed., No End to Alliance. The United States and Western Europe: Past,Present, and Future, Houndmills, 1998, p. 150. Memorandum Conversation Kennedy-Macmillan, 20 December 1962, FRUS 1961–63, vol. 13, p. 1109; Vaisse, La Grandeur, p. 208. Klaus Schwabe, ‘Atlantic Partnership and European Integration’, Lundestad, ed., No End to Alliance, pp. 66f. Dobson, ‘The USA, Britain and the Question of Hegemony’, Lundestad, ed., No End to Alliance, pp. 156f.