Investigation of the presence of ghrelin in the central nervous system of the rat and mouse

Andrews, 2009, Ghrelin promotes and protects nigrostriatal dopamine function via a UCP2-dependent mitochondrial mechanism, J Neurosci, 29, 14057, 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.3890-09.2009 Andrews, 2008, UCP2 mediates ghrelin's action on NPY/AgRP neurons by lowering free radicals, Nature, 454, 846, 10.1038/nature07181 Boyer, 1994, Effects of intranigral injections of colchicine on the expression of some neuropeptides in the rat forebrain: an immunohistochemical and in situ hybridization study, Brain Res Bull, 33, 541, 10.1016/0361-9230(94)90081-7 Canpolat, 2006, Effects of pinealectomy and exogenous melatonin on immunohistochemical ghrelin staining of arcuate nucleus and serum ghrelin leves in the rat, Neurosci Lett, 410, 132, 10.1016/j.neulet.2006.09.071 Chuang, 2011, Ghrelin mediates stress-induced food-reward behavior in mice, J Clin Invest, 121, 2684, 10.1172/JCI57660 Cowley, 2003, The distribution and mechanism of action of ghrelin in the CNS demonstrates a novel hypothalamic circuit regulating energy homeostasis, Neuron, 37, 649, 10.1016/S0896-6273(03)00063-1 Date, 2002, The role of the gastric afferent vagal nerve in ghrelin-induced feeding and growth hormone secretion in rats, Gastroenterology, 123, 1120, 10.1053/gast.2002.35954 Diano, 2006, Ghrelin controls hippocampal spine synapse density and memory performance, Nat Neurosci, 9, 381, 10.1038/nn1656 Ekblad, 1996, Vasoactive intestinal peptide expression in enteric neurons is upregulated by both colchicine and axotomy, Regul Pept, 63, 113 Faulconbridge, 2003, Hyperphagic effects of brainstem ghrelin administration, Diabetes, 52, 2260, 10.2337/diabetes.52.9.2260 Ferens, 2010, Functional and in situ hybridisation evidence that preganglionic sympathetic vasoconstrictor neurons express ghrelin receptors, Neuroscience, 166, 671, 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2010.01.001 Ferens, 2010, Evidence for functional ghrelin receptors on parasympathetic preganglionic neurons of micturition control pathways in the rat, Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol, 37, 926, 10.1111/j.1440-1681.2010.05409.x Fick, 2010, Rhythmic clock and neuropeptide gene expression in hypothalamic mHypoE-44 neurons, Mol Cell Endocrinol, 323, 298, 10.1016/j.mce.2010.02.042 Fry, 2009, Ghrelin modulates electrical activity of area postrema neurons, Am J Physiol, 296, R485 Furness, 1985, Neurochemically similar myenteric and submucous neurons directly traced to the mucosa of the small intestine, Cell Tissue Res, 241, 155, 10.1007/BF00214637 Gahete, 2010, Expression of the ghrelin and neurotensin systems is altered in the temporal lobe of Alzheimer's disease patients, J Alzheimers Dis, 22, 819, 10.3233/JAD-2010-100873 Grouselle, 2008, Pulsatile cerebrospinal fluid and plasma ghrelin in relation to growth hormone secretion and food intake in the sheep, J Neuroendocrinol, 20, 1138, 10.1111/j.1365-2826.2008.01770.x Guan, 1997, Distribution of mRNA encoding the growth hormone secretagogue receptor in brain and peripheral tissues, Brain Res Mol Brain Res, 48, 23, 10.1016/S0169-328X(97)00071-5 Heimer, 1974, Improved mountant for immunofluorescence preparations, J Clin Pathol, 27, 254, 10.1136/jcp.27.3.254 Hewson, 2000, Systemic administration of ghrelin induces Fos and Egr-1 proteins in the hypothalamic arcuate nucleus of fasted and fed rats, J Neuroendocrinol, 12, 1047, 10.1046/j.1365-2826.2000.00584.x Hirayama, 2010, Contrasting effects of ghrelin and des-acyl ghrelin on the lumbo-sacral defecation center and regulation of colorectal motility in rats, Neurogastroenterol Motil, 22, 1124, 10.1111/j.1365-2982.2010.01553.x Hökfelt, 1984, Chemical anatomy of the brain, Science, 225, 1326, 10.1126/science.6147896 Holst, 2004, Constitutive ghrelin receptor activity as a signaling set-point in appetite regulation, Trends Pharmacol Sci, 25, 113, 10.1016/j.tips.2004.01.010 Hosoda, 2000, Ghrelin and des-acyl ghrelin: two major forms of rat ghrelin peptide in gastrointestinal tissue, Biochem Biophys Res Commun, 279, 909, 10.1006/bbrc.2000.4039 Kageyama, 2008, Visualization of ghrelin-producing neurons in the hypothalamic arcuate nucleus using ghrelin-EGFP transgenic mice, Regul Pept, 145, 116, 10.1016/j.regpep.2007.09.026 Kineman, 2007, Identification of a mouse ghrelin gene transcript that contains intron 2 and is regulated in the pituitary and hypothalamus in response to metabolic stress, J Mol Endocrinol, 38, 511, 10.1677/JME-06-0026 Kojima, 1999, Ghrelin is a growth-hormone-releasing acylated peptide from stomach, Nature, 402, 656, 10.1038/45230 Lin, 2004, Ghrelin acts at the nucleus of the solitary tract to decrease arterial pressure in rats, Hypertension, 43, 977, 10.1161/01.HYP.0000122803.91559.55 Ljungdahl, 1978, Distribution of substance P-like immunoreactivity in the central nervous system of the rat-I, Neuroscience, 3, 861, 10.1016/0306-4522(78)90116-1 Lu, 2002, Immunocytochemical observation of ghrelin-containing neurons in the rat arcuate nucleus, Neurosci Lett, 321, 157, 10.1016/S0304-3940(01)02544-7 Lutter, 2008, The orexigenic hormone ghrelin defends against depressive symptoms of chronic stress, Nat Neurosci, 11, 752, 10.1038/nn.2139 Menyhért, 2006, Distribution of ghrelin-immunoreactive neuronal networks in the human hypothalamus, Brain Res, 1125, 31, 10.1016/j.brainres.2006.09.048 Mitchell, 2001, Comparative distribution of mRNA encoding the growth hormone secretagogue-receptor (GHS-R) in Microcebus murinus (Primate, lemurian) and rat forebrain and pituitary, J Comp Neurol, 429, 469, 10.1002/1096-9861(20010115)429:3<469::AID-CNE8>3.0.CO;2-# Mizutani, 2009, Localization of acyl ghrelin- and des-acyl ghrelin-immunoreactive cells in the rat stomach and their responses to intragastric pH, Am J Physiol, 297, G974 Mondal, 2005, Identification of ghrelin and its receptor in neurons of the rat arcuate nucleus, Regul Pept, 126, 55, 10.1016/j.regpep.2004.08.038 Nakazato, 2001, A role for ghrelin in the central regulation of feeding, Nature, 409, 194, 10.1038/35051587 Patterson, 2005, Characterization of ghrelin-like immunoreactivity in human plasma, J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 90, 2205, 10.1210/jc.2004-1641 Perello, 2010, Ghrelin increases the rewarding value of high-fat diet in an orexin-dependent manner, Biol Psychiatry, 67, 880, 10.1016/j.biopsych.2009.10.030 Sakata, 2009, Characterization of a novel ghrelin cell reporter mouse, Regul Pept, 155, 91, 10.1016/j.regpep.2009.04.001 Sasek, 1984, The immunohistochemical localization of nine peptides in the sacral parasympathetic nucleus and the dorsal gray commissure in rat spinal cord, Neuroscience, 12, 855, 10.1016/0306-4522(84)90175-1 Sato, 2005, Molecular forms of hypothalamic ghrelin and its regulation by fasting and 2-deoxy-d-glucose administration, Endocrinology, 146, 2510, 10.1210/en.2005-0174 Seim, 2011, Ghrelin axis genes, peptides and receptors: recent findings and future challenges, Mol Cell Endocrinol, 340, 3, 10.1016/j.mce.2011.05.002 Shimizu, 2006, Evidence that stimulation of ghrelin receptors in the spinal cord initiates propulsive activity in the colon of the rat, J Physiol (Lond), 576, 329, 10.1113/jphysiol.2006.116160 Tsubota, 2005, Hypotensive effect of des-acyl ghrelin at nucleus tractus solitarii of rat, Neuroreport, 16, 163, 10.1097/00001756-200502080-00019 Turek, 2005, Obesity and metabolic syndrome in circadian Clock mutant mice, Science, 308, 1043, 10.1126/science.1108750 Wortley, 2004, Genetic deletion of ghrelin does not decrease food intake but influences metabolic fuel preference, Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 101, 8227, 10.1073/pnas.0402763101 Zhang, 2008, Optimal locations and parameters of gastric electrical stimulation in altering ghrelin and oxytocin in the hypothalamus of rats, Neurosci Res, 62, 262, 10.1016/j.neures.2008.09.004 Zigman, 2006, Expression of ghrelin receptor mRNA in the rat and the mouse brain, J Comp Neurol, 494, 528, 10.1002/cne.20823