Pectin in diet: Interactions with the human microbiome, role in gut homeostasis, and nutrient-drug interactions

Abbott, 2008, Structural biology of pectin degradation by enterobacteriaceae, Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews, 72, 301, 10.1128/MMBR.00038-07 Adamberg, 2014, Degradation of fructans and production of propionic acid by Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron are enhanced by the shortage of amino acids, Frontiers in Nutrition, 1, 21, 10.3389/fnut.2014.00021 Aguirre, 2014, In vitro characterization of the impact of different substrates on metabolite production, energy extraction and composition of gut microbiota from lean and obese subjects, PloS One, 9, e113864, 10.1371/journal.pone.0113864 Amorim, 2016, Modified pectin from Theobroma cacao induces potent pro-inflammatory activity in murine peritoneal macrophage, International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 92, 1040, 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2016.08.015 An, 2019, Sugar beet pectin supplementation did not alter profiles of fecal microbiota and exhaled breath in healthy young adults and healthy elderly, Nutrients, 11, 2193, 10.3390/nu11092193 Arumugam, 2011, Enterotypes of the human gut microbiome, Nature, 473, 174, 10.1038/nature09944 Bai, 2017, Effects of pectin on molecular structural changes in starch during digestion, Food Hydrocolloids, 69, 10, 10.1016/j.foodhyd.2017.01.021 Bain, 2018, Origin, differentiation, and function of intestinal macrophages, Frontiers in Immunology, 9, 2733, 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02733 Bang, 2018, The influence of in vitro pectin fermentation on the human fecal microbiome, AMB Express, 8, 98, 10.1186/s13568-018-0629-9 Barroso, 2015, Development of human colonic microbiota in the computer-controlled dynamic simulator of the gastrointestinal tract SIMGI, LWT Food Science and Technology, 61, 283, 10.1016/j.lwt.2014.12.014 Baylisss, 1984, Characterization of plant polysaccharide- and mucin-fermenting anaerobic bacteria from human feces, Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 48, 626, 10.1128/aem.48.3.626-632.1984 Benítez-Páez, 2017, The glycolytic versatility of bacteroides uniformis CECT 7771 and its genome response to oligo and polysaccharides, Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology, 7 Benoit, 2012, Degradation of different pectins by fungi: Correlations and contrasts between the pectinolytic enzyme sets identified in genomes and the growth on pectins of different origin, BMC Genomics, 13, 321, 10.1186/1471-2164-13-321 Bensoussan, 2017, Broad phylogeny and functionality of cellulosomal components in the bovine rumen microbiome, Environmental Microbiology, 19, 185, 10.1111/1462-2920.13561 Bhatt, 2014, Regulation of the NF-κB-mediated transcription of inflammatory genes, Frontiers in Immunology, 5, 10.3389/fimmu.2014.00071 Bianchi, 2018, Modulation of gut microbiota from obese individuals by in vitro fermentation of citrus pectin in combination with bifidobacterium longum BB-46, Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, 102, 8827, 10.1007/s00253-018-9234-8 Bilski, 2017, The role of intestinal alkaline phosphatase in inflammatory disorders of gastrointestinal tract, Mediators of inflammation, 10.1155/2017/9074601 Burger-van Paassen, 2009, The regulation of intestinal mucin MUC2 expression by short-chain fatty acids: Implications for epithelial protection, The Biochemical Journal, 420, 211, 10.1042/BJ20082222 Centanni, 2019, Utilization of complex pectic polysaccharides from New Zealand plants (Tetragonia Tetragonioides and Corynocarpus Laevigatus) by gut bacteroides species, Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 67, 7755, 10.1021/acs.jafc.9b02429 Cerisy, 2019, ABC transporters required for hexose uptake by clostridium phytofermentans, Journal of Bacteriology, 201, e00241, 10.1128/JB.00241-19 Cervantes-Paz, 2017, Effects of pectin on lipid digestion and possible implications for carotenoid bioavailability during pre-absorptive stages: A review, Food Research International, 99, 917, 10.1016/j.foodres.2017.02.012 Chassard, 2008, Bacteroides Xylanisolvens Sp. Nov., a xylandegrading bacterium isolated from human faeces, International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology, 58, 1008, 10.1099/ijs.0.65504-0 Chassard, 2011, Ruminococcus champanellensis Sp. Nov., a cellulose-degrading bacterium from human gut microbiota, International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology, 62, 138, 10.1099/ijs.0.027375-0 Chelakkot, 2018, Mechanisms regulating intestinal barrier integrity and its pathological implications, Experimental & Molecular Medicine, 50, 10.1038/s12276-018-0126-x Chen, 2020, Treatment with subcritical water-hydrolyzed citrus pectin ameliorated cyclophosphamide-induced immunosuppression and modulated gut microbiota composition in ICR mice, Molecules, 25, 10.3390/molecules25061302 Chen, 2018, Inflammatory responses and inflammation-associated diseases in organs, Oncotarget, 9, 7204, 10.18632/oncotarget.23208 Chung, 2017, Prebiotic potential of pectin and pectic oligosaccharides to promote anti-inflammatory commensal bacteria in the human colon, FEMS Microbiology Ecology, 93, fix127, 10.1093/femsec/fix127 Chung, 2016, Modulation of the human gut microbiota by dietary fibres occurs at the species level, BMC Biology, 14, 3, 10.1186/s12915-015-0224-3 Collins, 1994, The phylogeny of the genus clostridium: Proposal of five new genera and eleven new species combinations, International Journal of Systematic Bacteriology, 44, 812, 10.1099/00207713-44-4-812 Conway, 2016, Multidomain, surface layer-associated glycoside hydrolases contribute to plant polysaccharide degradation by caldicellulosiruptor species, The Journal of Biological Chemistry, 291, 6732, 10.1074/jbc.M115.707810 Corrêa-Oliveira, 2016, Regulation of immune cell function by short-chain fatty acids, Clinical and Translational Immunology, 5, 10.1038/cti.2016.17 David, 2015, Ruminococcal cellulosome systems from rumen to human, Environmental Microbiology, 17, 3407, 10.1111/1462-2920.12868 de Oliveira, 2017, Chemical structure and anti-inflammatory effect of polysaccharides obtained from infusion of Sedum dendroideum leaves, International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 105, 940, 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2017.07.122 de Vries, 2001, Aspergillus enzymes involved in degradation of plant cell wall polysaccharides, Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews, 65, 497, 10.1128/MMBR.65.4.497-522.2001 Deshmane, 2009, Monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1): An overview, Journal of Interferon and Cytokine Research, 29, 313, 10.1089/jir.2008.0027 do Nascimento, 2017, The influence of sweet pepper pectin structural characteristics on cytokine secretion by THP-1 macrophages, Food Research International, 102, 588, 10.1016/j.foodres.2017.09.037 Domozych, 2001, Algal cell walls Dongowski, 2000, Degradation of pectins with different degrees of esterification by bacteroides thetaiotaomicron isolated from human gut flora, Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 66, 1321, 10.1128/AEM.66.4.1321-1327.2000 Dongowski, 1996, Interactions between food components and drugs. Part 4: Influence of pectins and bile salts on propranolol absorption, International Journal of Pharmaceutics, 144, 233, 10.1016/S0378-5173(96)04738-2 Dongowski, 1997, Interactions between food components and drugs. Part 5: Effect of acetylation and amidation of pectins on the interaction with drugs, International Journal of Pharmaceutics, 158, 99, 10.1016/S0378-5173(97)00252-4 Dorofeyev, 2013, Mucosal barrier in ulcerative colitis and Crohn’s disease, Gastroenterology Research and Practice, 2013, 10.1155/2013/431231 Duncan, 2002, Growth requirements and fermentation products of fusobacterium prausnitzii, and a proposal to reclassify it as Faecalibacterium prausnitzii Gen. Nov., Comb. Nov, International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology, 52, 2141 Egesten, 2007, The proinflammatory CXC-chemokines GRO-α/CXCL1 and MIG/CXCL9 are concomitantly expressed in ulcerative colitis and decrease during treatment with topical corticosteroids, International Journal of Colorectal Disease, 22, 1421, 10.1007/s00384-007-0370-3 Espinal-Ruiz, 2016, Impact of pectin properties on lipid digestion under simulated gastrointestinal conditions: Comparison of citrus and banana passion fruit (Passiflora tripartita var. mollissima) pectins, Food Hydrocolloids, 52, 329, 10.1016/j.foodhyd.2015.05.042 Ey, 2009, TLR2 mediates gap junctional intercellular communication through connexin-43 in intestinal epithelial barrier injury, The Journal of Biological Chemistry, 284, 22332, 10.1074/jbc.M901619200 Fodor, 2012, The “most Wanted” taxa from the human microbiome for whole genome sequencing, PloS One, 7, e41294, 10.1371/journal.pone.0041294 Fu, 2019, Nondigestible carbohydrates, butyrate, and butyrate-producing bacteria, Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition, 59, S130, 10.1080/10408398.2018.1542587 Fuchs, 2003, Lic16A of clostridium thermocellum, a non-cellulosomal, highly complex endo-β-1,3-glucanase bound to the outer cell surface, Microbiology, 149, 1021, 10.1099/mic.0.26153-0 Georgiev, 2017, Tilia tomentosa pectins exhibit dual mode of action on phagocytes as β-glucuronic acid monomers are abundant in their rhamnogalacturonans I, Carbohydrate Polymers, 175, 178, 10.1016/j.carbpol.2017.07.073 Greger, 1999, Nondigestible carbohydrates and mineral bioavailability, The Journal of Nutrition, 129, 1434S, 10.1093/jn/129.7.1434S Hallegraeff, 1993, A review of harmful algal blooms and their apparent global increase, Phycologia, 32, 79, 10.2216/i0031-8884-32-2-79.1 Havemann, 2003, Protein content of polyhedral organelles involved in coenzyme B 12-dependent degradation of 1,2-propanediol in salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium LT2, Journal of Bacteriology, 185, 5086, 10.1128/JB.185.17.5086-5095.2003 Hoshaw, 1988, The zygnemataceae (Chlorophyta): A twenty-year update of research, Phycologia, 27, 511, 10.2216/i0031-8884-27-4-511.1 Hug, 2018, Toll-like receptors: regulators of the immune response in the human gut, Nutrients, 10, 10.3390/nu10020203 Huttenhower, 2012, Structure, function and diversity of the healthy human microbiome, Nature, 486, 207, 10.1038/nature11234 Ishisono, 2019, Dietary fiber pectin ameliorates experimental colitis in a neutral sugar side chain-dependent manner, Frontiers in Immunology, 10, 10.3389/fimmu.2019.02979 Jensen, 1985, Nutritionally Limited Pectinolytic Bacteria from the Human Intestine, Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 50, 172, 10.1128/aem.50.1.172-173.1985 Jensen, 1986, Bacteroides Pectinophilus Sp. Nov. and Bacteroides Galacturonicus Sp. Nov.: Two pectinolytic bacteria from the human intestinal tract, Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 52, 880, 10.1128/aem.52.4.880-887.1986 Jiang, 2016, Apple-derived pectin modulates gut microbiota, improves gut barrier function, and attenuates metabolic endotoxemia in rats with diet-induced obesity, Nutrients, 8, 126, 10.3390/nu8030126 Jin, 2019, Structure characterization of a polysaccharide extracted from noni (Morinda citrifoliaL.) and its protective effect against dss-induced bowel disease in mice, Food Hydrocolloids, 90, 189, 10.1016/j.foodhyd.2018.11.049 Kabisch, 2014, Functional characterization of polysaccharide utilization loci in the marine bacteroidetes “Gramella Forsetii” KT0803, The ISME Journal, 8, 1492, 10.1038/ismej.2014.4 Kaoutari, 2013, The abundance and variety of carbohydrate-active enzymes in the human gut microbiota, Nature Reviews Microbiology, 11, 497, 10.1038/nrmicro3050 Kim, 2019, Genomic insights from monoglobus pectinilyticus: A pectin-degrading specialist bacterium in the human colon, The ISME Journal, 13, 1437, 10.1038/s41396-019-0363-6 Kim, 2017, Monoglobus Pectinilyticus Gen. Nov., Sp. Nov., a pectinolytic bacterium isolated from human faeces, International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology, 67, 4992, 10.1099/ijsem.0.002395 Kim, 2016, Gut microbial metabolites fuel host antibody responses, Cell Host and Microbe, 20, 202, 10.1016/j.chom.2016.07.001 Lamed, 1983, Characterization of a cellulose-binding, cellulase-containing complex in clostridium thermocellum, Journal of Bacteriology, 156, 828, 10.1128/jb.156.2.828-836.1983 Lapébie, 2019, Bacteroidetes use thousands of enzyme combinations to break down glycans, Nature Communications, 10, 2043, 10.1038/s41467-019-10068-5 Larsen, 2019, Potential of pectins to beneficially modulate the gut microbiota depends on their structural properties, Frontiers in Microbiology, 10, 223, 10.3389/fmicb.2019.00223 Lee, 2018, The characterization, selenylation and anti-inflammatory activity of pectic polysaccharides extracted from Ulmus pumila L, International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 111, 311, 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2018.01.005 Li, 2012, Modified apple polysaccharide prevents against tumorigenesis in a mouse model of colitis-associated colon cancer: Role of galectin-3 and apoptosis in cancer prevention, European Journal of Nutrition, 51, 107, 10.1007/s00394-011-0194-3 Lim, 2003, Effect of dietary pectin on the production of immunoglobulins and cytokines by mesenteric lymph node lymphocytes in mouse colitis induced with dextran sulfate sodium, Bioscience, Biotechnology, and Biochemistry, 67, 1706, 10.1271/bbb.67.1706 Lim, 1997, Dietary fibers modulate indices of intestinal immune function in rats, The Journal of Nutrition, 127, 663, 10.1093/jn/127.5.663 Liu, 2005, Interaction of various pectin formulations with porcine colonic tissues, Biomaterials, 26, 5907, 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2005.03.005 Lopetuso, 2013, Commensal clostridia: Leading players in the maintenance of gut homeostasis, Gut Pathogens, 5, 23, 10.1186/1757-4749-5-23 Lopez-Siles, 2012, Cultured representatives of two major phylogroups of human colonic faecalibacterium prausnitzii can utilize pectin, uronic acids, and host-derived substrates for growth, Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 78, 420, 10.1128/AEM.06858-11 Louis, 2009, Diversity, metabolism and microbial ecology of butyrate-producing bacteria from the human large intestine, FEMS Microbiology Letters, 294, 1, 10.1111/j.1574-6968.2009.01514.x Louis, 2017, Formation of propionate and butyrate by the human colonic microbiota, Environmental Microbiology, 19, 29, 10.1111/1462-2920.13589 Louis, 2014, The gut microbiota, bacterial metabolites and colorectal cancer, Nature Reviews Microbiology, 12, 661, 10.1038/nrmicro3344 Lynd, 2002, Microbial cellulose utilization: Fundamentals and biotechnology, Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews, 66, 506, 10.1128/MMBR.66.3.506-577.2002 Macia, 2015, Metabolite-sensing receptors GPR43 and GPR109A facilitate dietary fibre-induced gut homeostasis through regulation of the inflammasome, Nature Communications, 6, 1, 10.1038/ncomms7734 Maljaars, 2008, Ileal brake: A sensible food target for appetite control. A review, Physiology & Behavior, 95, 271, 10.1016/j.physbeh.2008.07.018 Martens, 2011, Recognition and degradation of plant cell wall polysaccharides by two human gut symbionts, PLoS Biology, 9, e1001221, 10.1371/journal.pbio.1001221 Maxwell, 2015, Rhamnogalacturonan I containing homogalacturonan inhibits colon cancer cell proliferation by decreasing ICAM1 expression, Carbohydrate Polymers, 123, 546, 10.1016/j.carbpol.2015.06.082 Minzanova, 2018, Biological activity and pharmacological application of pectic polysaccharides: A review, Polymers, 10, 10.3390/polym10121407 Mohnen, 2008, Pectin structure and biosynthesis, Current Opinion in Plant Biology, 57, 929 Monteleone, 2012, The dual role of inflammation in colon carcinogenesis, International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 13, 11071, 10.3390/ijms130911071 Nacer, 2004, Interactions between β-lactoglobulin and pectins during in vitro gastric hydrolysis, Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 52, 355, 10.1021/jf034584a Naqash, 2017, Emerging concepts in the nutraceutical and functional properties of pectin—A review, Carbohydrate polymers, 168, 227, 10.1016/j.carbpol.2017.03.058 Ndeh, 2018, Biochemistry of complex glycan depolymerisation by the human gut microbiota, FEMS Microbiology Reviews, 42, 146, 10.1093/femsre/fuy002 Ndeh, 2017, Complex pectin metabolism by gut bacteria reveals novel catalytic functions, Nature, 544, 65, 10.1038/nature21725 Pacheco, 2018, Anti-Inflammatory bowel effect of industrial orange by-products in DSS-treated mice, Food and Function, 9, 4888, 10.1039/C8FO01060A Petit, 2013, Involvement of a bacterial microcompartment in the metabolism of fucose and rhamnose by clostridium phytofermentans, PloS One, 8, e54337., 10.1371/journal.pone.0054337 Popov, 2006, Preventive effect of a peptic polysaccharide of the common cranberry Vaccinium oxycoccos L. on acetic acid-induced colitis in mice, World Journal of Gastroenterology, 12, 6646, 10.3748/wjg.v12.i41.6646 Popov, 2013, Anti-inflammatory activity of low and high methoxylated citrus pectins, Biomedicine & Preventive Nutrition, 3, 59, 10.1016/j.bionut.2012.10.008 Popov, 2006, Protective effect of comaruman, a pectin of cinquefoil Comarum palustre L., on acetic acid-induced colitis in mice, Digestive Diseases and Sciences, 51, 1532, 10.1007/s10620-005-9034-8 Popov, 2007, Preventative antiinflammatory effect of potamogetonan, a pectin from the common pondweed Potamogeton natans L, Phytotherapy Research, 21, 609, 10.1002/ptr.2125 Pickersgill, 1998, Crystal structure of polygalacturonase from Erwinia Caratovora Ssp. carotovora, The Journal of Biological Chemistry, 273, 24660, 10.1074/jbc.273.38.24660 Popov, 2013, Polypotency of the immunomodulatory effect of pectins, Biochemistry (Moscow), 78, 823, 10.1134/S0006297913070134 Prado, 2020, Pectin interaction with immune receptors is modulated by ripening process in papayas, Scientific Reports, 10, 1, 10.1038/s41598-020-58311-0 Qin, 2010, A human gut microbial gene catalogue established by metagenomic sequencing, Nature, 464, 59, 10.1038/nature08821 Reichardt, 2018, Specific substrate-driven changes in human faecal microbiota composition contrast with functional redundancy in short-chain fatty acid production, The ISME Journal, 12, 610, 10.1038/ismej.2017.196 Randhawa, 2014, A review on chemical-induced inflammatory bowel disease models in rodents, Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology, 18, 279, 10.4196/kjpp.2014.18.4.279 Reichardt, 2014, Phylogenetic distribution of three pathways for propionate production within the human gut microbiota, The ISME Journal, 8, 1323, 10.1038/ismej.2014.14 Renard, 1995, Structure of the repeating units in the rhamnogalacturonic backbone of apple, beet and citrus pectins, Carbohydrate Research, 275, 155, 10.1016/0008-6215(95)00140-O Robert, 2007, Bacteroides Cellulosilyticus Sp. Nov., a cellulolytic bacterium from the human gut microbial community, International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology, 57, 1516, 10.1099/ijs.0.64998-0 Sabater, 2019, Intestinal anti-inflammatory effects of artichoke pectin and modified pectin fractions in the dextran sulfate sodium model of mice colitis. Artificial neural network modelling of inflammatory markers, Food and Function, 10, 7793, 10.1039/C9FO02221J Sahasrabudhe, 2018, Dietary fiber pectin directly blocks toll-like receptor 2-1 and prevents doxorubicin-induced ileitis, Frontiers in Immunology, 9, 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00383 Salyers, 1984, Bacteroides of the human lower intestinal tract, Annual Review of Microbiology, 38, 293, 10.1146/annurev.mi.38.100184.001453 Salyers, 1977, Fermentation of mucins and plant polysaccharides by anaerobic bacteria from the human colon, Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 34, 529, 10.1128/aem.34.5.529-533.1977 Samuelsen, 2007, Structural features and complement-fixing activity of pectin from three Brassica oleraceavarieties: White cabbage, kale, and red kale, Biomacromolecules, 8, 644, 10.1021/bm060896l Sasaki, 2012, Influence of non-starch polysaccharides on the in vitro digestibility and viscosity of starch suspensions, Food Chemistry, 133, 1420, 10.1016/j.foodchem.2012.02.029 Sasaki, 2015, In vitro starch digestibility and in vivo glucose response of gelatinized potato starch in the presence of non-starch polysaccharides, Starch-Starke, 67, 415, 10.1002/star.201400214 Sender, 2016, Revised estimates for the number of human and bacteria cells in the body, PLoS Biology, 14, e1002533, 10.1371/journal.pbio.1002533 Silveira, 2017, Preventive rather than therapeutic treatment with high fiber diet attenuates clinical and inflammatory markers of acute and chronic DSS-induced colitis in mice, European Journal of Nutrition, 56, 179, 10.1007/s00394-015-1068-x Sommer, 2013, The gut microbiota-masters of host development and physiology, Nature Reviews Microbiology, 11, 227, 10.1038/nrmicro2974 Suh, 2013, Peyer’s patch-mediated intestinal immune system modulating activity of pectic-type polysaccharide from peel of citrus unshiu, Food Chemistry, 138, 1079, 10.1016/j.foodchem.2012.11.091 Sumagin, 2016, Neutrophil interactions with epithelial-expressed ICAM-1 enhances intestinal mucosal wound healing, Mucosal Immunology, 9, 1151, 10.1038/mi.2015.135 Sun, 2018, Modified apple polysaccharide influences MUC-1 expression to prevent ICR mice from colitis-associated carcinogenesis, International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 120, 1387, 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2018.09.142 Świȩch, 2012, The effects of pectin and rye on amino acid ileal digestibility, threonine metabolism, nitrogen retention, and morphology of the small intestine in young pigs, Journal of Animal and Feed Sciences, 21, 89, 10.22358/jafs/66055/2012 Tancula, 1992, Location and characterization of genes involved in binding of starch to the surface of bacteroides thetaiotaomicron, Journal of Bacteriology, 174, 5609, 10.1128/jb.174.17.5609-5616.1992 Tiwary, 2016, Utilizing pectin interactions for modifying drug release, Therapeutic Delivery, 7, 517, 10.4155/tde-2016-0033 Turnbaugh, 2010, Organismal, genetic, and transcriptional variation in the deeply sequenced gut microbiomes of identical twins, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 107, 7503, 10.1073/pnas.1002355107 van der Beek, 2017, Role of short-chain fatty acids in colonic inflammation, carcinogenesis, and mucosal protection and healing, Nutrition Reviews, 75, 286, 10.1093/nutrit/nuw067 van Laere, 2000, Fermentation of plant cell wall derived polysaccharides and their corresponding oligosaccharides by intestinal bacteria, Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 48, 1644, 10.1021/jf990519i Vital, 2013, A gene-targeted approach to investigate the intestinal butyrate-producing bacterial community, Microbiome, 4, 1 Vogt, 2016, The impact of lemon pectin characteristics on TLR activation and T84 intestinal epithelial cell barrier function, Journal of Functional Foods, 22, 398, 10.1016/j.jff.2016.02.002 Wang, 2019, Functions of macrophages in the maintenance of intestinal homeostasis, Journal of Immunology Research, 10.1155/2019/1512969 Wei, 2016, Pectin enhances the effect of fecal microbiota transplantation in ulcerative colitis by delaying the loss of diversity of gut flora, BMC Microbiology, 16, 1, 10.1186/s12866-016-0869-2 Werch, 1940, On the fate of ingested pectin, Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine, 44, 366, 10.3181/00379727-44-11456 Westereng, 2006, Pectin isolated from white cabbage-structure and complement-fixing activity, Molecular Nutrition & Food Research, 50, 746, 10.1002/mnfr.200600026 Xu, 2003, A genomic view of the human-bacteroides thetaiotaomicron symbiosis, Science, 299, 2074, 10.1126/science.1080029 Yadav, 2017, Molecular biology, genomics and bioinformatics insights into fungal pectin lyase: An overview, Applications of Biotechnology for Sustainable Development, 51, 10.1007/978-981-10-5538-6_8 Yang, 2018, Implication of g protein-coupled receptor 43 in intestinal inflammation: A mini-review, Frontiers in Immunology, 9, 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01434 Yang, 2013, Invitro characterization of the impact of selected dietary fibers on fecal microbiota composition and short chain fatty acid production, Anaerobe, 23, 74, 10.1016/j.anaerobe.2013.06.012 Yeager, 2017, Polysaccharide degradation capability of actinomycetales soil isolates from a semiarid grassland of the Colorado Plateau, Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 83, 10.1128/AEM.03020-16 Youssef, 2013, The genome of the anaerobic fungus Orpinomyces Sp. strain c1a reveals the unique evolutionary history of a remarkable plant biomass degrader, Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 79, 4620, 10.1128/AEM.00821-13 Zhang, 2019, Purification, structural elucidation and anti-inflammatory activity in vitro of polysaccharides from Smilax china L, International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 139, 233, 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.07.209 Zhou, 2021, Impact of pectin characteristics on lipid digestion under simulated gastrointestinal conditions: Comparison of water-soluble pectins extracted from different sources, Food Hydrocolloids, 112, 10.1016/j.foodhyd.2020.106350