A review of airborne polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and their human health effects

ACGIH (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists), 2005, Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) biologic exposure indices (BEI) Cincinnati Akyuz, 2010, Gas-particle partitioning and seasonal variation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the atmosphere of Zonguldak, Turkey, Sci Total Environ, 408, 5550, 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2010.07.063 Arey, 2003, Photochemical reactions of PAH in the atmosphere, 47 Armstrong Armstrong, 2004, Lung cancer risk after exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons: a review and meta-analysis, Environ Health Perspect, 112, 970, 10.1289/ehp.6895 ATSDR (Agency for Toxic Substances, Disease Registry), 1995, Toxicological profile for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, US Department of Health and Human Services Bach, 2003, Screening for lung cancer: a review of the current literature, Chest, 123, 72, 10.1378/chest.123.1_suppl.72S Baklanov, 2007, Integrated systems for forecasting urban meteorology, air pollution and population exposure, Atmos Chem Phys, 7, 855, 10.5194/acp-7-855-2007 Boers, 2005, The influence of occupational exposure to pesticides, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, diesel exhaust, metal dust, metal fumes, and mineral oil on prostate cancer: a prospective cohort study, Occup Environ Med, 62, 531, 10.1136/oem.2004.018622 Boffetta, 1997, Cancer risk from occupational and environmental exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, Cancer Causes Control, 8, 444, 10.1023/A:1018465507029 Boström, 2002, Cancer risk assessment, indicators and guidelines for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in ambient air, Environ Health Perspect, 110, 451 Brown, 2012, Correlations in polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) concentrations in UK ambient air and implications for source apportionment, J Environ Monit, 14, 2072, 10.1039/c2em10963h Brown, 2012, Principal component analysis as an outlier detection tool for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon concentrations in ambient air, Water Air Soil Pollut, 223, 3807, 10.1007/s11270-012-1149-x Brown, 2013, Twenty years of measurement of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in UK ambient air by nationwide air quality networks, Environ Sci Process Impacts, 15, 1199, 10.1039/c3em00126a Brown, 2013, A temperature-based approach to predicting lost data, Environ Sci Process Impacts, 15, 1256, 10.1039/c3em00131h Brown, 2013, Data loss from time series of pollutants in ambient air exhibiting seasonality: consequences and strategies for data prediction from highly seasonal pollutant data sets, Environ Sci Process Impacts, 15, 545, 10.1039/c3em30918e Buckley, 1992, An examination of the time course from human dietary exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons to urinary elimination of 1-hydroxypyrene, Br J Ind Med, 49, 113 Butterfield, 2012, Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in Northern Ireland CCME (Canadian Council of Ministers of the Environment), 2010 CEN (European Committee for Standardisation), 2011 Chen, 2001, Formation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the smoke from heated model lipids and food lipids, J Agric Food Chem, 49, 5238, 10.1021/jf0106906 Ciecierska, 2013, Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the bakery chain, Food Chem, 141, 1, 10.1016/j.foodchem.2013.03.006 Clapp, 2008, Environmental and occupational causes of cancer: new evidence 2005–2007, Rev Environ Health, 23, 1, 10.1515/REVEH.2008.23.1.1 Delgado Saborit, 2010, Determination of atmospheric particulate-phase polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from low volume air samples, Anal Methods, 2, 231, 10.1039/b9ay00157c Diggs, 2011, Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and digestive tract cancers: a perspective, J Environ Sci Health C Environ Carcinog Ecotoxicol Rev, 29, 324, 10.1080/10590501.2011.629974 Diggs, 2012, Tumor microsomal metabolism of the food toxicant, benzo(a)pyrene, in ApcMin mouse model of colon cancer, Tumor Biol, 33, 1255, 10.1007/s13277-012-0375-6 Di-Toro, 2000, Technical basis for narcotic chemicals and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon criteria. I. Water and tissue, Environ Toxicol Chem, 19, 1951, 10.1002/etc.5620190803 Duarte-Salles, 2010, Smoking during pregnancy is associated with higher dietary intake of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and poor diet quality, Public Health Nutr, 13, 2034, 10.1017/S1368980010001278 Edwards, 2010, Prenatal exposure to airborne polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and children's intelligence at 5years of age in a prospective cohort study in Poland, Environ Health Perspect, 118, 1326, 10.1289/ehp.0901070 European Commission, 2005, Directive 2004/107/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 15 December 2004 relating to arsenic, cadmium, mercury, nickel and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in ambient air, Off J, L 023, 0003 European Environment Agency, 2012 Garcia-Suastegui, 2011, Seasonal variations in the levels of PAH-DNA adducts in young adults living in Mexico City, Mutagenesis, 26, 385, 10.1093/mutage/geq104 Gunter, 2007, Leukocyte polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon-DNA adduct formation and colorectal adenoma, Carcinogenesis, 28, 1426, 10.1093/carcin/bgm022 Hecht, 1999, Tobacco smoke carcinogens and lung cancer, J Natl Cancer Inst, 91, 1194, 10.1093/jnci/91.14.1194 Hecht, 2002, Human urinary carcinogen metabolites: biomarkers for investigating tobacco and cancer, Carcinogenesis, 23, 907, 10.1093/carcin/23.6.907 IARC (International Agency for Research on Cancer), 2010, Some non-heterocyclic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and some related exposures, Monogr Eval Carcinog Risks Hum, 92, 765 IPCS (International Programme on Chemical Safety), 1998, Selected nonheterocyclic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons IPCS (International Programme On Chemical Safety) John, 2009, Quantification of phase I/II metabolizing enzyme gene expression and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon-DNA adduct levels in human prostate, Prostate, 69, 505, 10.1002/pros.20898 Jong, 1999, Detection of immunotoxicity of benzo[a]pyrene in a subacute toxicity study after oral exposure in rats, Toxicol Sci, 50, 214, 10.1093/toxsci/50.2.214 Jongeneelen, 2001, Benchmark guideline for urinary 1-hydroxypyrene as biomarker of occupational exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, Ann Occup Hyg, 45, 3, 10.1016/S0003-4878(00)00009-0 Jung, 2013, Characteristic molecular signature for the early detection and prediction of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in rat liver, Toxicol Lett, 216, 1, 10.1016/j.toxlet.2012.11.001 Kamangar, 2008, High levels of carcinogenic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in mate drinks, Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev, 17, 1262, 10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-08-0025 Kameda, 2011, Atmospheric chemistry of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and related compounds, J Health Sci, 57, 504, 10.1248/jhs.57.504 Kameda, 2005, Atmospheric polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons: size distribution, estimation of their risk and their depositions to human respiratory tract, Sci Total Environ, 340, 71, 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2004.08.009 Kang, 1995, Interindividual differences in the concentration of 1-hydroxypyrene-glucuronide in urine and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon-DNA adducts in peripheral white blood cells after charbroiled beef consumption, Carcinogenesis, 16, 1079, 10.1093/carcin/16.5.1079 Kennaway, 1995, The identification of a carcinogenic compound in coal-tar, Br Med J, 2, 749, 10.1136/bmj.2.4942.749 Kim, 2011, The modern paradox of unregulated cooking activities and indoor air quality, J Hazard Mater, 195, 1, 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2011.08.037 Kristensen, 1995, Fertility in mice after prenatal exposure to benzo[a]pyrene and inorganic lead, Environ Health Perspect, 103, 588, 10.1289/ehp.95103588 Kuo, 2003, Study of human exposure to particulate PAHs using personal air samplers, Arch Environ Contam Toxicol, 44, 454, 10.1007/s00244-002-1177-4 Kuo, 2012, Comparison of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon emissions on gasoline- and diesel-dominated routes, Environ Monit Assess, 185, 5749, 10.1007/s10661-012-2981-6 Lai, 2011, Seasonal variation of atmospheric polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons along the Kaohsiung coast, 92, 2029 Langlois, 2013, Maternal occupational exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and risk of oral cleft-affected pregnancies, Cleft Palate Craniofac J, 50, 337, 10.1597/12-104 Lannerö, 2008, Exposure to environmental tobacco smoke and sensitisation in children, Thorax, 63, 172, 10.1136/thx.2007.079053 Latif, 2010, Pulmonary modulation of benzo[a]pyrene-induced hemato- and hepatotoxicity in broilers, Poult Sci, 89, 1379, 10.3382/ps.2009-00622 Latimer, 2003, The sources, transport, and fate of PAH in the marine environment Li, 2011, Characterization of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in fog-rain events, J Environ Monit, 3, 2988, 10.1039/c1em10543d Lima, 2005, Combustion-derived polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the environment, Rev Environ Forensic, 6, 109, 10.1080/15275920590952739 Lupo, 2012, Maternal occupational exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, Environ Health Perspect, 120, 910, 10.1289/ehp.1104305 Lynch, 2013, Bridging the gap between biologic, individual, and macroenvironmental factors in cancer: a multilevel approach, Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev, 22, 485, 10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-13-0010 Masih, 2010, Characteristics of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in indoor and outdoor atmosphere in the north central part of India, J Hazard Mater, 177, 190, 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2009.12.017 Masih, 2012, Seasonal variation and sources of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in indoor and outdoor air in a semi arid tract of Northern India, Aerosol Air Qual Res, 12, 515, 10.4209/aaqr.2011.11.0192 Mcclean, 2004, Urinary 1-hydroxypyrene and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon exposure among asphalt paving workers, Ann Occup Hyg, 48, 565 McClean, 2012, Using urinary biomarkers of polycyclic aromatic compound exposure to guide exposure-reduction strategies among asphalt paving workers, Ann Occup Hyg, 56, 1013 Mersch-Sundermann, 1992, Genotoxicity of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in Escherichia coli PQ37, Mutat Res Genet Toxicol, 278, 1, 10.1016/0165-1218(92)90279-9 Mohanraj, 2012, Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons bound to PM2.5 in urban Coimbatore, India with emphasis on source apportionment, Sci World J, 10.1100/2012/980843 Moolgavkar, 1998, Estimation of unit risk for coke oven emissions, Risk Anal, 18, 813, 10.1111/j.1539-6924.1998.tb01124.x NAEI (National Atmospheric Emissions Inventory) NIOSH (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health) Nylund, 1992, Application of a semi-automated SOS chromotest for measuring genotoxicities of complex environmental mixtures containing polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, Mutat Res, 276, 125, 10.1016/0165-1110(92)90061-D Olsson, 2010, Occupational exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and lung cancer risk: a multicenter study in Europe, Occup Environ Med, 67, 98, 10.1136/oem.2009.046680 Park, 2001, Atmospheric distribution of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and deposition to Galveston Bay, Texas, USA, Atmos Environ, 35, 3241, 10.1016/S1352-2310(01)00080-2 Perera, 2011, Prenatal environmental exposures, epigenetics, and disease, Reprod Toxicol, 31, 363, 10.1016/j.reprotox.2010.12.055 Perera, 2005, DNA damage from polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons measured by benzo[a]pyrene-DNA adducts in mothers and newborns from Northern Manhattan, the World Trade Center Area, Poland, and China, Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev, 14, 709, 10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-04-0457 Perera, 2011, Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons — aromatic DNA adducts in cord blood and behavior scores in New York City children, Environ Health Perspect, 119, 1176, 10.1289/ehp.1002705 Poirier, 1991, Biomarkers of susceptibility and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) exposure in urine and blood cell DNA from US army soldiers exposed to oil well fires in Kuwait in 1991, Polycycl Aromat Compd, 17, 197, 10.1080/10406639908020615 Possanzini, 2004, Determination of phase-distributed PAH in Rome ambient air by denuder/GC-MS method, Atmos Environ, 38, 1727, 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2003.12.024 Ravindra, 2008, Atmospheric polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons: source attribution, emission factors and regulation, Atmos Environ, 42, 2895, 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2007.12.010 Ray, 2012, Distribution, sources, and association of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, black carbon, and total organic carbon in size-segregated soil samples along a background-urban–rural transect, Environ Eng Sci, 29, 1008, 10.1089/ees.2011.0323 Ren, 2011, Association of selected persistent organic pollutants in the placenta with the risk of neural tube defects, Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 108, 12770, 10.1073/pnas.1105209108 Rice, 2007, Workplace hazards to women's reproductive health, Minn Med, 90, 44 Rothman, 1993, Contribution of occupation and diet to white blood cell polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon-DNA adducts in wildland firefighters, Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev, 2, 341 Samanta, 2002, Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons: environmental pollution and bioremediation, Trends Biotechnol, 20, 243, 10.1016/S0167-7799(02)01943-1 See, 2006, Health risk assessment of occupational exposure to particulate-phase polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons associated with Chinese, Malay and Indian cooking, J Environ Monit, 8, 369, 10.1039/b516173h Sobus, 2009, Comparing urinary biomarkers of airborne and dermal exposure to polycyclic aromatic compounds in asphalt-exposed workers, Ann Occup Hyg, 53, 561 Srogi, 2007, Monitoring of environmental exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons: a review, Environ Chem Lett, 5, 169, 10.1007/s10311-007-0095-0 Stroomberg, 2003, Pyrene biotransformation products as biomarkers of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon exposure in terrestrial Isopoda: concentration-response relationship, and field study in a contaminated forest, Environ Toxicol Chem, 22, 224 Sverdrup, 2002, Soil ecotoxicity of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in relation to soil sorption, lipophilicity, and water solubility, Environ Sci Technol, 36, 2429, 10.1021/es010180s Travares, 2004, Emission of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from diesel engine in a bus station, Londrina, Brazil, Atmos Environ, 38, 5039, 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2004.06.020 Unwin, 2006, An assessment of occupational exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the UK, Ann Occup Hyg, 50, 395 US EPA (Environmental Protection Agency) USEPA (Environmental Protection Agency), 2008 Van Rooij, 1994, Smoking and dietary intake of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons as sources of interindividual variability in the baseline excretion of 1-hydroxypyrene in urine, Int Arch Occup Environ Health, 66, 55, 10.1007/BF00386580 Wang, 2012, Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in soils and vegetation near an e-waste recycling site in South China: concentration, distribution, source, and risk assessment, Sci Total Environ, 439, 187, 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2012.08.018 Wang, 2013, Gas/particle partitioning of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in coastal atmosphere of the north Yellow Sea, Environ Sci Pollut Res: China, 20, 5753, 10.1007/s11356-013-1588-y Warneck, 2012, 56, 127 Wassenberg, 2004, Synergistic embryotoxicity of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon aryl hydrocarbon receptor agonists with cytochrome P4501A inhibitors in Fundulus heteroclitus, Environ Health Perspect, 112, 1658, 10.1289/ehp.7168 Wells, 2010, Oxidative DNA damage and repair in teratogenesis and neurodevelopmental deficits, Birth Defects Res C Embryo Today, 90, 103, 10.1002/bdrc.20177 White, 2002, The genotoxicity of priority polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in complex mixtures, Mutat Res, 515, 85, 10.1016/S1383-5718(02)00017-7 WHO (World Health Organization), 2003, Polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons in drinking-water Yuan, 2013, Levels of PAH-DNA adducts in placental tissue and the risk of fetal neural tube defects in a Chinese population, Reprod Toxicol, 37, 70, 10.1016/j.reprotox.2013.01.008 Zhang, 2009, Global atmospheric emission inventory of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) for 2004, Atmos Environ, 43, 812, 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2008.10.050 Zhong, 2013, Distribution, input pathway and soil-air exchange of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in Banshan Industry Park, China, Sci Total Environ, 444, 177, 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2012.11.091 Zhu, 2009, Pollution level, phase distribution and source analysis of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in residential air in Hangzhou, China, J Hazard Mater, 162, 1165, 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2008.05.150