Recollective experience in the revelation effect: Separating the contributions of recollection and familiarity
Tóm tắt
The revelation effect is a phenomenon of recognition memory in which words presented for a recognition decision are more likely to be identified as previously studied if they are initially disguised and are then somehow revealed to the subject. The goal of the present experiments was to determine whether the revelation effect has similar or different influences on the conscious recollection of a previous encounter with a test item and on the feeling of familiarity evoked by a test item. The process-dissociation procedure (Experiment 1) and the remember/know procedure (Experiment 2) were used to achieve this goal. The main findings of these experiments were that revealing an item at test (1) increased the feeling of familiarity associated with that item, especially if it was not previously studied, and (2) decreased conscious recollection of previously studied items. These data narrow the range of potential explanations of the revelation effect.
Tài liệu tham khảo
Debner, J. A., &Jacoby, L. L. (1994). Unconscious perception: Attention, awareness, and control.Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, & Cognition,20, 304–317.
Ellis, H. D. (1984). Practical aspects of face memory. In G. L. Wells & E. F. Loftus (Eds.),Eyewitness testimony: Psychological perspectives (pp. 12–37). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Gardiner, J. M. (1988). Functional aspects of recollective experience.Memory & Cognition,16, 309–313.
Gardiner, J. M., &Java, R. I. (1990). Recollective experience in word and nonword recognition.Memory & Cognition,18, 23–30.
Gardiner, J. M., &Java, R. I. (1991). Forgetting in recognition memory with and without recollective experience.Memory & Cognition,19, 617–623.
Gardiner, J. M., &Parkin, A. J. (1990). Attention and recollective experience in recognition memory.Memory & Cognition,18, 579–583.
Gonzalez, R., Ellsworth, P. C., &Pembroke, M. (1993). Response biases in lineups and showups.Journal of Personality & Social Psychology,64, 525–537.
Jacoby, L. L. (1991). A process dissociation framework: Separating automatic from intentional uses of memory.Journal of Memory & Language,30, 513–541.
Jacoby, L. L., Allan, L. G., Collins, J. C., &Larwill, L. K. (1988). Memory influences subjective experience: Noise judgments.Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, & Cognition,14, 240–247.
Jacoby, L. L., Kelley, C. M., &Dywan, J. (1989). Memory attributions. In H. L. Roediger III & F. I. M. Craik (Eds.),Varieties of memory and consciousness: Essays in honour of Endel Tulving (pp. 391–422). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
Jacoby, L. L., Toth, J. P., &Yonelinas, A. P. (1993). Separating conscious and unconscious influences of memory: Measuring recollection.Journal of Experimental Psychology: General,122, 139–154.
Jacoby, L. L., Toth, J. P., Yonelinas, A. P., &Debner, J. A. (1994). The relationship between conscious and unconscious influences: Independence or redundancy?Journal of Experimental Psychology: General,123, 216–219.
Jacoby, L. L., &Whitehouse, K. (1989). An illusion of memory: False recognition influenced by unconscious perception.Journal of Experimental Psychology: General,118, 126–135.
Jacoby, L. L., Woloshyn, V., &Kelley, C. (1989). Becoming famous without being recognized: Unconscious influences of memory produced by dividing attention.Journal of Experimental Psychology: General,118, 115–125.
Jacoby, L. L., Yonelinas, A. P., & Jennings, J. M. (in press). The relationship between conscious and unconscious (automatic) influences: A declaration of independence. In J. Cohen & J. W. Schooler (Eds.),Scientific approaches to the question of consciousness. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
Joordens, S., &Merikle, P. M. (1993). Independence or redundancy? Two models of conscious and unconscious influences.Journal of Experimental Psychology: General,122, 462–467.
Kučera, H., &Francis, W. N. (1967).Computational analysis of present-day American English. Providence, RI: Brown University Press.
Loftus, E. F. (1979).Eyewitness testimony. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Loftus, E. F. (1993). The reality of repressed memories.American Psychologist,48, 518–537.
Luo, C. R. (1993). Enhanced feeling of recognition: Effects of identifying and manipulating test items on recognition.Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, & Cognition,19, 405–413.
Neisser, U., &Harsch, N. (1992). Phantom flashbulbs: False recollections of hearing the news about Challenger. In E. Winograd & U. Neisser (Eds.),Affect and accuracy in recall: Studies of “flashbulb” memories (pp. 9–31). New York: Cambridge University Press.
Nisbett, R. E., &Wilson, T. D. (1977). Telling more than we can know: Verbal reports on mental processes.Psychological Review,84, 231–259.
Parkin, A. J., & Russo, R. (1993). On the origin of functional differences in recollective experience.Memory, 231-237.
Peynirciogľu, Z. F., &Teckan, A. I. (1993). Revelation effect: Effort or priming does not create the sense of familiarity.Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, & Cognition,19, 382–388.
Rajaram, S. (1993). Remembering and knowing: Two means of access to the personal past.Memory & Cognition,21, 89–102.
Roediger, H. L., III,Weldon, M. S., &Challis, B. H. (1989). Explaining dissociations between implicit and explicit measures of retention: A processing account. In H. L. Roediger III & F. I. M. Craik (Eds.),Varieties of memory and consciousness: Essays in honour of Endel Tulving (pp. 3–41). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
Spiro, R. J. (1980). Accommodative reconstruction in prose recall.Journal of Verbal Learning & Verbal Behavior,19, 84–95.
Thorndike, E. L., &Lorge, I. (1944).The teacher’s word book of 30,000 words. New York: Teachers College Press, Columbia University.
Toth, J. P., Reingold, E. M., &Jacoby, L. L. (1994). Toward a redefinition of implicit memory: Process dissociations following elaborative processing and self-generation.Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, & Cognition,20, 290–303.
Tulving, E. (1983).Elements of episodic memory. New York: Oxford University Press.
Tulving, E. (1985). Memory and consciousness.Canadian Psychologist,26, 1–12.
Watkins, M. J., &Peynircioğlu, Z. F. (1990). The revelation effect: When disguising test items induces recognition.Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, & Cognition,16, 1012–1020.