Degradation of prochloraz by rice bakanae disease pathogen fusarium fujikuroi with differing sensitivity: a Possible explanation for resistance mechanism
Tóm tắt
The fungicide prochloraz was subjected to degradation by the pathogen causing rice Bakanae disease, Fusarium fujikuroi, in order to gain an insight into the mechanisms of sensitivity and resistance to the fungicide. Growth-inhibiting assays of pathogens conducted on potato dextrose agar (PDA) plates by a paper-disc agar-diffusion method. Significant growth inhibition of the sensitive strain CF106 was observed at the recommended treatment level of prochloraz, whereas negligible growth inhibition of the resistant strain CF245 was observed at the same treatment level. The strain CF245 was shown to be able to grow on PDA with 500 mg/L of the fungicide, which is significantly higher than its recommended treatment level. Growth-inhibiting assays of pathogens were also conducted in potato dextrose broth (PDB) medium supplemented with prochloraz at different concentrations, measuring their biomass weights over the incubation period. Significant growth inhibition was observed in the strain CF106 at a level of 0.5 mg/L, but negligible growth inhibition was observed in the strain CF245 at the same treatment level with the strain CF106. The strain CF245 could grow in PDB supplemented with 1.0 mg/L of prochloraz. The degradation of prochloraz by the two strains was evaluated by gas liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry analyses. The strain CF245 completely degraded 1.0 mg/L of prochloraz in 5 days after incubation, whereas no degradation of prochloraz was observed by the strain CF106 at the same treatment level. Liquid chromatography Q-TOF MS detected N-(2-(2,4,6-trichlorophenoxy)ethyl)propan-1-amine as a major degradation product of prochloraz by the strain CF245. These results indicated that the degradation of prochloraz may account for the reduced sensitivity of the strain CF245 to prochloraz.
Tài liệu tham khảo
Channoum M and Rice L (1999) Antifungal agents: Mode of action, mechanisms of resistance, and correlation of these mechanisms with bacterial resistance. Clin Microbiol Rev 12, 501–517.
De Paoli M, Barbina MT, Damiano V, Fabbro D, and Bruno R (1997) Simplified determination of combined residues of prochloraz and its metabolites in vegetable, fruit and wheat sample by gas chromatography. J Chromatogr A 765, 127–131.
Gea FJ, Navarro MJ, and Tello JC (2005) Reduced sensitivity of the mushroom pathogen Verticillium fungicola to prochloraz-manganese in vitro. Mycol Res 109, 741–747.
Gilbert-López B, García-Reyes JF, Mezcua M, Molina-Díaz A, and Pernández-Alba AR (2007) Determination of postharvest fungicides in fruit juices by solid-phase extraction followed by liquid chromatography electrospray time-of-flight mass spectrometry. J Agric Food Chem 55, 10548–10556.
Hayashi K, Schoonbeek H, Sugiura H, and De Waard M (2001) Multidrug resistance in Botrytis cinerea associated with decreased accumulation of the azole fungicide oxpoconazole and increased transcription of the ABC transporter gene BcatrD. Pestic Biochem Physiol 70, 168–179.
Joseph-Horne T and Holloman DW (1997) Molecular mechanisms of azole resistance in fungi. FEMS Microbiol Lett 149, 141–149.
Kapteyn JC, Pillmoor JB, and De-Waard MA (1992) Biochemical mechanisms involved in selective fungitoxicity of two sterol 14α-demethylation inhibitors, prochloraz and quinconaole: Accumulation and metabolism studies. Pestic Sci 36, 85–93.
Kapteyn JC, Milling RJ, Simpson DJ, and De Waard MA (1994) Inhibition of sterol biosynthesis in cell-free extracts of Botrytis cinerea by prochloraz and prochloraz analogues. Pestic Sci 40, 313–319.
Kim IS, Lee H, and Trevors JT (2001) Effect of 2,2′,5,5′-tetrachlrophenol and biphenyl on cell membrane of Ralstonia eutropha H850. FEMS Microbiol Lett 200, 17–24.
Leroux P and Gredt M (1997) Evolution of fungicide resistance in the cereal eyespot fungi Tapesia yallundae and Tapesia acuformis in France. Pestic Sci 51, 321–327.
Leroux P, Albertini C, Gautier A, Gredt M, and Walker A (2007) Mutations in the CYP51 gene correlated with changes in sensitivity to sterol 14α-demethylation inhibitors in field isolates of Mycosphaerella graminicola. Pest Manag Sci 63, 688–698.
Miguez M, Reeve C, Wood PME, and Holloman DW (2004) Alternative oxidase reduces the sensitivity of Mycospherella graminicola to QoI fungicides. Pest Manag Sci 63, 3–7.
Myung IS, Park KS, Hong SK, Park JW, Shim HS, Lee YK, Lee SY, Lee SD, Lee SH, Choi HW, Heu S, Shin DB, Ra DS, Yeh WH, and Cho WD (2005) Review of disease incidence of major crops of the South Korea in 2004. Res Plant Dis 11, 89–92.
Park WS, Yeh WH, Lee SW, Han SS, Lee JS, Lim CK, and Lee YH (2008) Electron microscopic study for the influence of soaking in hot water and prochloraz solution on spore and mycelium of Fusarium fujikuroi infected rice seed. Res Plant Dis 14, 176–181.
Park WS, Choi HW, Han SS, Shin DB, Shim HK, Jeong ES, Lee SW, Lim CK, and Lee YH (2009) Control of bakanae disease of rice by seed soaking into the mixed solution of prochloraz and fludioxonil. Res Plant Dis 15, 94–100.
Shin MU, Kang HJ, Lee Y, and Kim HT (2008) Detection of the resistance of Fusarium spp. isolated from rice seeds to prochloraz and cross-resistance to other fungicides inhibiting sterol biosynthesis. Korean J Pestic Sci 12, 277–282.
Stehmann C, and De-Waard MA (1995) Accumulation of tebuconazole by isolates of Botrytis cinerea differing in sensitivity to sterol demethylation inhibiting fungicides. Pestic Sci 45, 311–318.
Taechowisan T, Lu C, Shen Y, and Lumyong S (2005) Secondary metabolites from endophytic Streptomyces aureofaciens CMUAc130 and their antifungal activity. Microbiology 151, 1691–1695.
Thurman EM, Ferrer I, Zweigenbaum JA, García-Reyes JF, Woodman M, and Fernández-Alba AR (2005) Discovering metabolites of post-harvest fungicides in citrus with liquid chromatography/time-of-flight mass spectrometry and ion trap tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 1982, 71–80.
Vinggaard AM, Hass U, Dalgaard M, Andersen HR, Jorgønsen EB, Christiansen S, Laier P, and Poulsen ME (2005) Prochloraz: an imidazole fungicide with multiple mechanisms of action. Int J Androl 29, 186–192.
White TC, Marr KA, and Bowden RA (1998) Clinical, cellular, and molecular factors that contribute to antifungal drug resistance. Clin Microbiol Rev 11, 382–402.