An integrated view of pathophysiological models of schizophrenia
Tài liệu tham khảo
Adler, 1998, Effects of ketamine on thought disorder, working memory, and semantic memory in healthy volunteers, Biol. Psychiatry, 43, 811, 10.1016/S0006-3223(97)00556-8
Akbarian, 1993, Altered distribution of nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide phosphate-diaphorase cells in frontal lobe of schizophrenics implies disturbances of cortical development, Arch. Gen. Psychiatry, 50, 169, 10.1001/archpsyc.1993.01820150007001
Akbarian, 1995, Gene expression for glutamic acid decarboxylase is reduced without loss of neurons in prefrontal cortex of schizophrenics, Arch. Gen. Psychiatry, 52, 258, 10.1001/archpsyc.1995.03950160008002
Akbarian, 1993, Distorted distribution of nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide phosphate-diaphorase neurons in temporal lobe of schizophrenics implies anomalous cortical development, Arch. Gen. Psychiatry, 50, 178, 10.1001/archpsyc.1993.01820150016002
Akiyama, 1994, Methamphetamine-induced behavioral sensitization and its implications for relapse of schizophrenia, Schizophr. Res., 12, 251, 10.1016/0920-9964(94)90035-3
Andreasen, 1995, Symptoms of schizophrenia methods, meanings and mechanisms, Arch. Gen. Psychiatry, 52, 341, 10.1001/archpsyc.1995.03950170015003
Andreasen, 1993, Diagnosis and classification of schizophrenia, Schizophr. Bull., 19, 199, 10.1093/schbul/19.2.199
Andreasen, 1992, Hypofrontality in neuroleptic-naive patients and in patients with chronic schizophrenia, Arch. Gen. Psychiatry, 19, 943, 10.1001/archpsyc.1992.01820120031006
Angrist, 1970, The phenomenology of experimentally-induced amphetamine psychosis—preliminary observations, Biol. Psychiatry, 2, 95
Angrist, 1980, Responses to apomorphine, amphetamine, and neuroleptics in schizophrenic subjects, Psychopharmacology, 67, 31, 10.1007/BF00427592
Anis, 1983, The dissociative anesthetics, ketamine and phencyclidine, selectively reduce excitation of central mammalian neurons by N-methyl-aspartate, Br. J. Pharmacol., 79, 565, 10.1111/j.1476-5381.1983.tb11031.x
Antelman, 1980, Interchangeability of stress and amphetamine in sensitization, Science, 207, 329, 10.1126/science.7188649
Arvanov, 1997, Clozapine and haloperidol modulate N-methyl-d-aspartate- and non-N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor-mediated neurotransmission in rat prefrontal cortical neurons in vitro, J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther., 283, 226
Bakker, 1961, Observations on the psychotomimetic effects of sernyl, Compr. Psychiatry, 2, 269, 10.1016/S0010-440X(61)80033-3
Bakshi, 1995, Antagonism of phencyclidine-induced deficits in prepulse inhibition by the putative atypical antipsychotic olanzapine, Psychopharmacology, 122, 198, 10.1007/BF02246096
V.P. Bakshi, N.R. Swerdlow, M.A. Geyer, Clozapine antagonizes phencyclidine-induced deficits in sensorimotor gating of the startle response, J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 271, 787–794.
Beck, 1995, Conditioned fear-induced changes in behavior and in the expression of the immediate early gene c-fos with and without diazepam pretreatment, Neuroscience, 15, 709, 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.15-01-00709.1995
Bell, 1965, Comparison of amphetamine psychosis and schizophrenia, Am. J. Psychiatry, 111, 701, 10.1192/bjp.111.477.701
Benes, 1995, Development of the glutamate, GABA and dopamine systems in relation to NRH-induced neurotoxicity, Biol. Psychiatry, 38, 783, 10.1016/0006-3223(95)00529-3
Benes, 1995, Is there a neuroanatomic basis for schizophrenia? An old question revisited, The Neuroscientist, 1, 104, 10.1177/107385849500100207
Bloom, 1993, Advancing a neurodevelopmental origin for schizophrenia, Arch. Gen. Psychiatry, 50, 224, 10.1001/archpsyc.1993.01820150074008
Bogerts, 1993, Recent advances in the neuropathology of schizophrenia, Schizophr. Bull., 19, 431, 10.1093/schbul/19.2.431
Bogerts, 1990, Reduced temporal limbic structure volumes on magnetic resonance images in first episode schizophrenia, Psychiatry Research, 35, 1, 10.1016/0925-4927(90)90004-P
Breier, 1998, Effects of NMDA antagonism on striatal dopamine release in healthy subjects—application of a novel PET approach, Synapse, 29, 142, 10.1002/(SICI)1098-2396(199806)29:2<142::AID-SYN5>3.0.CO;2-7
A. Breier, A.K. Malhortra, D.A. Pinals, N.I. Weisenfeld, D. Pickar, Association of ketamine-induced psychosis with focal activation of the prefrontal cortex in healthy volunteers, Am. J. Psychiatry 154, 805–811.
Breier, 1997, Schizophrenia is associated with elevated amphetamine-induced synaptic dopamine concentrations—evidence from a novel positron emission tomography method, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., 94, 2569, 10.1073/pnas.94.6.2569
Bristow, 1993, The glycine/NMDA receptor antagonist, R-(+)-HA-966, blocks activation of the mesolimbic dopaminergic system induced by phencyclidine and dizocilpine (MK-801) in rodents, Br. J. Pharmacol., 108, 1156, 10.1111/j.1476-5381.1993.tb13520.x
Brown, 1968, Crises and life changes and the onset of schizophrenia, J. Health Soc. Behav., 9, 203, 10.2307/2948405
Bubser, 1992, Differential behavioral and neurochemical effects of competitive and non-competitive NMDA receptor antagonists in rats, Eur. J. Pharmacol., 229, 75, 10.1016/0014-2999(92)90288-F
Bunney, 1978, Acute and chronic haloperidol treatment comparison of effects on nigral dopaminergic cell activity, Life Sci., 23, 1715, 10.1016/0024-3205(78)90471-X
Bustos, 1992, Regulation of excitatory amino acid release by N-methyl-d-aspartate receptors in rat striatum: in vivo microdialysis studies, Brain Res., 585, 105, 10.1016/0006-8993(92)91195-K
Carlsson, 1990, Interactions between glutamatergic and monoaminergic systems within the basal ganglia—implications for schizophrenia and Parkinson's disease, Trends. Neurosci., 13, 272, 10.1016/0166-2236(90)90108-M
Carlsson, 1993, Are the disparate pharmacological profiles of competitive and un-competitive NMDA antagonists due to different baseline activities of distinct glutaminergic pathways?, J. Neural Transm., 94, 1, 10.1007/BF01244978
Carlsson, 1989, The NMDA antagonist, MK-801 causes marked locomotor stimulation in monamine-depleted mice, J. Neural Transm., 75, 221, 10.1007/BF01258633
Carpenter, 1993, Strong inference, theory testing, and the neuroanatomy of schizophrenia, Arch. Gen. Psychiatry, 50, 825, 10.1001/archpsyc.1993.01820220081009
Carpenter, 1991, Psychopathology and the question of neurodevelopmental or neurodegenerative disorder, Schizophr. Res., 5, 192, 10.1016/0920-9964(91)90067-2
Carpenter, 1988, The heterogeneity of the long term course of schizophrenia, Schizophr. Bull., 14, 645, 10.1093/schbul/14.4.645
Cartwright, 1984, Midazolam and diazepam in ketamine anesthesia, Anaesthesia, 59, 439, 10.1111/j.1365-2044.1984.tb07312.x
Cohen, 1962, Comparison of phencyclidine hydrochloride (sernyl) with other drugs: simulation of schizophrenic performance with phencyclidine hydrochloride (sernyl)lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD-25), and amobarbital (Amytal) sodium: II. Symbolic and sequential thinking, Arch. Gen. Psychiatry, 6, 79, 10.1001/archpsyc.1962.01710230063007
Cohen, 1974, Inhibition of mammalian brain acetylcholinesterase by ketamine, Biochem. Pharmacol., 23, 1647, 10.1016/0006-2952(74)90377-3
Coppel, 1973, The taming of ketamine, Anaesthesia, 28, 293, 10.1111/j.1365-2044.1973.tb00449.x
Coppens, 1991, High central D2-dopamine receptor occupancy as assessed with positron emission tomography in medicated but therapy-resistant schizophrenic patients, Biol. Psychiatry, 29, 629, 10.1016/0006-3223(91)90132-6
Corbett, 1995, Antipsychotic agents antagonize non-competitive N-methyl-d-aspartate antagonist-induced behaviors, Psychopharmacology, 120, 67, 10.1007/BF02246146
Corssen, 1966, Dissociative anesthesia: further pharmacologic studies and first clinical experience with phencyclidine derivative Cl-581, Anesth. Analg., 45, 29, 10.1213/00000539-196601000-00007
Coyle, 1996, The glutamatergic dysfunction hypothesis for schizophrenia, Harvard Review of Psychiatry, 3, 241, 10.3109/10673229609017192
Creese, 1976, Dopamine receptor binding predicts clinical and pharmacological potencies of antischizophrenic drugs, Science, 192, 480, 10.1126/science.3854
Criswell, 1993, Evidence for involvement of brain dopamine and other mechanisms in the behavioral action of the N-methyl-d- aspartic acid antagonist MK-801 in control and 6-hydroxydopamine-lesioned rats, J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther., 265, 1001
Crosby, 1982, Local changes in cerebral glucose utilization during ketamine anesthesia, Anesthesiology, 56, 437, 10.1097/00000542-198206000-00005
Crow, 1980, Molecular pathology of schizophrenia: more than one dimension of pathology?, BMJ, 280, 66, 10.1136/bmj.280.6207.66
Crow, 1990, Temporal lobe asymmetries as the key to the etiology of schizophrenia, Schizophr. Bull., 16, 433, 10.1093/schbul/16.3.433
Crow, 1986, A randomized controlled trial of prophylactic neuroleptic treatment, Br. J. Psychiatry, 148, 120, 10.1192/bjp.148.2.120
Csernansky, 1990, Sensitization vs. tolerance to the dopamine turnover elevating effects of haloperidol the effect of regular/intermittent dosing, Psychopharmacology, 101, 519, 10.1007/BF02244231
Cullinan, 1995, Pattern and time course of immediate early gene expression in rat brain following acute stress, Neuroscience, 64, 477, 10.1016/0306-4522(94)00355-9
Davies, 1960, The effect of 1-arylcyclohexylamine (sernyl) on twelve normal volunteers, J. Ment. Sci., 106, 912, 10.1192/bjp.106.444.912
Davis, 1991, Dopamine in schizophrenia: a review and reconceptualization, Am. J. Psychiatry, 148, 1474, 10.1176/ajp.148.11.1474
Day, 1987, Stressful life events preceding the acute onset of schizophrenia a cross-national study from the World Health Organization, Culture, Medicine and Psychiatry, 11, 123, 10.1007/BF00122563
Deutch, 1992, The regulation of subcortical dopamine systems by the prefrontal cortex interactions of central dopamine systems and the pathogenesis of schizophrenia, J. Neural Transm. Suppl., 36, 61
Deutsch, 1989, A glutamate hypothesis of schizophrenia, Clin. Neuropharmacol., 12, 1, 10.1097/00002826-198902000-00001
Domino, 1965, Pharmacological effects of CI-581, a new dissociative anesthetic in man, Clin. Pharmacol. Ther., 6, 279, 10.1002/cpt196563279
Done, 1994, Childhood antecedents of schizophrenia and affective illness social adjustment at ages 7 and 11, BMJ, 309, 699, 10.1136/bmj.309.6956.699
Duncan, 1993, Topographic patterns of brain activity in response to swim stress: assessment by 2-deoxyglucose uptake and expression of Fos-like immunoreactivity, J. Neurosci., 13, 3932, 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.13-09-03932.1993
Duncan, 1996, Neuroanatomical characterization of Fos induction in rat behavioral models of anxiety, Brain Res., 713, 79, 10.1016/0006-8993(95)01486-1
Duncan, 1996, Functional classification of antidepressants based upon antagonism of swim stress-induced Fos-like immunoreactivity, J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther., 277, 1076
G.E. Duncan, J.N. Leipzig, J.A. Lieberman, Effects of ketamine and MK-801 on regional 2-deoxyglucose uptake, Soc. Neurosci. Abstr. 291.5, 1998.
Duncan, 1998, Differential effects of clozapine and haloperidol on ketamine-induced brain metabolic activation, Brain Res., 812, 65, 10.1016/S0006-8993(98)00926-3
Duncan, 1998, Metabolic mapping of the rat brain after subanesthetic doses of ketamine: potential relevance to schizophrenia, Brain Res., 787, 181, 10.1016/S0006-8993(97)01390-5
Dundee, 1977, Ketamine–lorazepam: attenuation of the psychic sequelae of ketamine by lorazepam, Anaesthesia, 37, 312
Ellison, 1978, Long term changes in dopaminergic innervation of caudate nucleus after continuous amphetamine administration, Science, 201, 276, 10.1126/science.26975
Erlenmeyer-Kimling, 1987, High-risk research in schizophrenia: a summary of what has been learned, J. Psychiatr. Res., 21, 401, 10.1016/0022-3956(87)90087-2
Farber, 1996, Olanzapine and fluperlapine mimic clozapine in preventing MK-801 neurotoxicity, Schizophr. Res., 21, 13, 10.1016/0920-9964(96)00024-2
Farber, 1993, Antipsychotic drugs block phencyclidine receptor-mediated neurotoxicity, Biol. Psychiatry, 34, 119, 10.1016/0006-3223(93)90265-F
Farber, 1995, Age-specific neurotoxicity in the rat associated with NMDA receptor blockade, potential relevance to schizophrenia, Biol. Psychiatry, 38, 788, 10.1016/0006-3223(95)00046-1
Farde, 1992, Positron emission tomographic analysis of central D1 and D2 dopamine receptor occupancy in patients treated with classical neuroleptics and clozapine relation to extrapyramidal side effects, Arch. Gen. Psychiatry, 49, 538, 10.1001/archpsyc.1992.01820070032005
Feinberg, 1982, Schizophrenia caused by a fault in programmed synaptic elimination during adolescence?, J. Psychiatr. Res., 17, 319, 10.1016/0022-3956(82)90038-3
Ferrer-Allado, 1973, Ketamine-induced electroconvulsive phenomena in human limbic and thalamic regions, Anesthesiology, 38, 333, 10.1097/00000542-197304000-00006
Fish, 1977, Neurobiologic antecedents of schizophrenia in children: evidence for an inherited, congenital neurointegrative defect, Arch. Gen. Psychiatry, 34, 1297, 10.1001/archpsyc.1977.01770230039002
Freeman, 1984, The effects of phencyclidine and N-allylnormetazocine on midbrain dopamine neuronal activity, Eur. J. Pharmacol., 104, 287, 10.1016/0014-2999(84)90404-7
French, 1986, Effects of phencyclidine on ventral tegmental A10 dopamine neurons in the rat, Neuropharmacology, 25, 241, 10.1016/0028-3908(86)90246-7
French, 1990, Non-competitive N-methyl-d-aspartate antagonists are potent activators of ventral tegmental A10 dopamine neurons, Neurosci. Lett., 119, 159, 10.1016/0304-3940(90)90823-R
French, 1991, Effects of competitive N-methyl-d-aspartate antagonists on midbrain dopamine neurons—an electrophysiological and behavioral comparison to phencyclidine, Neuropharmacology, 30, 1039, 10.1016/0028-3908(91)90131-T
Goff, 1997, Glutamate in schizophrenia: clinical and research implications (review), Schizophr. Res., 27, 157, 10.1016/S0920-9964(97)00079-0
Grace, 1991, Phasic vs. tonic dopamine release and the modulation of dopamine system responsivity a hypothesis for the etiology of schizophrenia, Neuroscience, 41, 1, 10.1016/0306-4522(91)90196-U
Grace, 1993, Cortical regulation of subcortical dopamine systems and its possible relevance to schizophrenia, J. Neural Transm., 91, 111, 10.1007/BF01245228
Grace, 1995, The tonic/phasic model of dopamine system regulation: its relevance for understanding how stimulant abuse can alter basal ganglia function, Drug Alcohol Depend., 37, 111, 10.1016/0376-8716(94)01066-T
Grace, 1984, The control of firing pattern in nigral dopamine neurons burst firing, J. Neurosci., 4, 2877, 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.04-11-02877.1984
Griffith, 1972, d-amphetamine evaluation of psychotomimetic properties in man, Arch. Gen. Psychiatry, 26, 97, 10.1001/archpsyc.1972.01750200001001
Gur, 1995, Resting cerebral glucose metabolism in first-episode and treated patients with schizophrenia, Arch. Gen. Psychiatry, 52, 657, 10.1001/archpsyc.1995.03950200047013
Hafner, 1997, Epidemiology of schizophrenia, Can. J. Psychiatry, 42, 139, 10.1177/070674379704200204
Hafner, 1998, Causes and consequences of the gender difference in age at onset of schizophrenia, Schizophr. Bull., 24, 99, 10.1093/oxfordjournals.schbul.a033317
Hamamura, 1993, Enhanced stress-induced dopamine release in the prefrontal cortex of amphetamine-sensitized rats, Eur. J. Pharmacol., 237, 65, 10.1016/0014-2999(93)90094-X
Hammer, 1983, Altered metabolic activity in the cerebral cortex of rats exposed to ketamine, J. Comp. Neurol., 220, 396, 10.1002/cne.902200404
Hauber, 1993, The non-NMA glutamate receptor antagonist GYKI Y1-52466 counteracts locomotor stimulation and anticataleptic activity induced by the NMDA antagonist dizocilpine, Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's Arch. Pharmacol., 348, 486, 10.1007/BF00173207
Hoffman, 1992, Typical and atypical neuroleptics antagonize MK-801-induced locomotion and stereotypy in rats, J. Neural Transm., 89, 1, 10.1007/BF01245347
Hondo, 1994, Effect of phencyclidine on dopamine release in the rat prefrontal cortex, an in vivo microdialysis study, Brain Res., 633, 337, 10.1016/0006-8993(94)91558-X
Huber, 1980, Longitudinal studies of schizophrenic patients, Schizophr. Bull., 6, 592, 10.1093/schbul/6.4.592
Huttenlocher, 1979, Synaptic density in the human frontal cortex—developmental changes and the effects of aging, Brain Res., 163, 195, 10.1016/0006-8993(79)90349-4
Illowsky, 1988, Stability of CT scan findings in schizophrenia results of an 8-year follow-up study, J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry, 51, 209, 10.1136/jnnp.51.2.209
Imperato, 1990, NMDA receptors and in vivo dopamine release in the nucleus accumbens and caudatus, Eur. J. Pharmacol., 187, 555, 10.1016/0014-2999(90)90387-L
Innis, 1992, Amphetamine-stimulated dopamine release competes in vivo for [123I] IBZM binding to the D2 receptor in non-human primates, Synapse, 10, 177, 10.1002/syn.890100302
Jakob, 1986, Prenatal developmental disturbances in the limbic allocortex in schizophrenics, J. Neural Transm., 65, 303, 10.1007/BF01249090
Jaskiw, 1990, Persistent elevations in dopamine and its metabolites in the nucleus accumbens after mild subchronic stress in rats with ibotenic acid lesions of the medial prefrontal cortex, Brain Res., 534, 321, 10.1016/0006-8993(90)90149-6
Javitt, 1991, Recent advances in the phencyclidine model of schizophrenia, Am. J. Psychiatry, 148, 1301, 10.1176/ajp.148.10.1301
Jentsch, 1997, Enduring cognitive deficits and cortical dopamine dysfunction in monkeys after long-term administration of phencyclidine, Science, 277, 953, 10.1126/science.277.5328.953
Jentsch, 1998, Subchronic phencyclidine administration increases mesolimbic dopaminergic system responsivity and augments stress- and psychostimulant-induced hyperlocomotion, Neuropsychopharmacology, 19, 105, 10.1016/S0893-133X(98)00004-9
Jentsch, 1997, Subchronic phencyclidine administration reduces mesoprefrontal dopamine utilization and impairs prefrontal cortical-dependent cognition in the rat, Neuropsychopharmacology, 17, 92, 10.1016/S0893-133X(97)00034-1
Kalivas, 1993, Time course of extracellular dopamine and behavioral sensitization: II. Dopamine perikarya, J. Neurosci., 13, 276, 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.13-01-00276.1993
Kalivas, 1991, Dopamine transmission in the initiation and expression of drug- and stress-induced sensitization of motor activity, Brain Res. Rev., 16, 223, 10.1016/0165-0173(91)90007-U
J.M. Kane, J.A. Lieberman, Maintenance pharmacotherapy in schizophrenia, in: H.Y. Meltzer (Ed.), Psychopharmacology: the 3rd Generation of Progress, Raven Press, New York, 1987, pp. 1103–1109.
Keefe, 1993, In vivo regulation of extracellular dopamine in the neostriatum influence of impulse activity and local excitatory amino acid release, J. Neural Transm., 91, 223, 10.1007/BF01245233
Kendler, 1993, The genetics of schizophrenia—a current, genetic–epidemiologic perspective, Schizophr. Bull., 19, 261, 10.1093/schbul/19.2.261
Kerwin, 1994, The new atypical antipsychotics—a lack of extrapyramidal side-effects and new routes in schizophrenia research, Br. J. Psychiatry, 164, 141, 10.1192/bjp.164.2.141
Kirch, 1993, Infection and autoimmunity as etiologic factors in schizophrenia—a review and reappraisal, Schizophr. Bull., 19, 355, 10.1093/schbul/19.2.355
Kovelman, 1984, A neurohistological correlate of schizophrenia, Biol. Psychiatry, 19, 1601
Kramer, 1967, Amphetamine abuse—pattern and effects of high doses taken intravenously, J. Am. Med. Assoc., 201, 89, 10.1001/jama.201.5.305
Krystal, 1994, Subanesthetic effects of non-competitive NMDA antagonist, ketamine, in humans, Arch. Gen. Psychiatry, 51, 199, 10.1001/archpsyc.1994.03950030035004
Krystal, 1998, Interactive effects of subanesthetic ketamine and subhypnotic lorazepam in humans, Psychopharmacology, 135, 213, 10.1007/s002130050503
Kurumaji, 1989, Effects of NMDA antagonists, MK-801 and CPP, upon local cerebral glucose use, Brain Res., 496, 268, 10.1016/0006-8993(89)91074-3
Lahti, 1995, Ketamine activates psychosis and alters limbic blood flow in schizophrenia, NeuroReport, 6, 869, 10.1097/00001756-199504190-00011
Lahti, 1995, Subanesthetic doses of ketamine stimulate psychosis in schizophrenia, Neuropsychopharmacology, 13, 9, 10.1038/sj.npp.1380271
Laruelle, 1996, Single photon emission computerized tomography imaging of amphetamine-induced dopamine release in drug-free schizophrenic subjects, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., 93, 9235, 10.1073/pnas.93.17.9235
Leff, 1994, Stress reduction in the social environment of schizophrenic patients, Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 90, 133, 10.1111/j.1600-0447.1994.tb05902.x
Levy, 1993, Methylphenidate increases thought disorder in recent onset schizophrenics, but not in normal controls, Biol. Psychiatry, 34, 507, 10.1016/0006-3223(93)90192-G
Lewis, 1987, Obstetrical complications, neurodevelopmental deviance, and risk of schizophrenia, J. Psychiatr. Res., 21, 413, 10.1016/0022-3956(87)90088-4
Lieberman, 1994, Methylphenidate response, psychopathology and tardive dyskinesia as predictors of relapse in schizophrenia, Neuropsychopharmacology, 11, 107, 10.1038/npp.1994.40
Lieberman, 1992, Qualitative assessment of brain morphology in acute and chronic schizophrenia, Am. J. Psychiatry, 149, 784, 10.1176/ajp.149.6.784
Lieberman, 1987, Provocative tests with psychostimulant drugs in schizophrenia, Psychopharmacology, 91, 415, 10.1007/BF00216006
Lieberman, 1990, Dopaminergic mechanisms in idiopathic and drug-induced psychoses, Schizophr. Bull., 16, 97, 10.1093/schbul/16.1.97
Lieberman, 1996, Factors influencing treatment response and outcome of first-episode schizophrenia implications for understanding the pathophysiology of schizophrenia, J. Clin. Psychiatry, 57, 5
Lieberman, 1997, Neurochemical sensitization in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia deficits and dysfunction in neuronal regulation and plasticity, Neuropsychopharmacology, 17, 205, 10.1016/S0893-133X(97)00045-6
Liljequist, 1991, Effect of the NMDA receptor antagonist, MK-801, on locomotor activity and the metabolism of dopamine in various brain areas of mice, Eur. J. Pharmacol., 195, 55, 10.1016/0014-2999(91)90381-Y
Lipska, 1995, Prefrontal cortical and hippocampal modulation of haloperidol-induced catalepsy and apomorphine-induced stereotypic behaviors in the rat, Biol. Psychiatry, 38, 255, 10.1016/0006-3223(94)00261-Z
Lipska, 1995, Neonatal excitotoxic hippocampal damage in rats causes postpubertal changes in prepulse inhibition of startle and its disruption by apomorphine, Psychopharmacology, 122, 35, 10.1007/BF02246439
B.K. Lipska, D.R. Weinberger, Cortical regulation of the mesolimbic dopamine system: implications for schizophrenia, in: P.W. Kalivas, C.D. Barnes (Eds.), Limbic Motor Circuits and Neuropsychiatry, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 1993, pp. 329–349.
Lipska, 1993, Delayed effects of neonatal hippocampal damage on haloperidol-induced catalepsy and apomorphine-induced stereotypic behaviors in the rat, Brain Res., 75, 213, 10.1016/0165-3806(93)90026-7
A. Loebel, J. Lieberman, J. Alvir, S. Geisler, A. Koreen, M. Chakos, Time to treatment response in successive episodes of early-onset schizophrenia, Presented at the International Congress on Schizophrenia Research in Hot Springs, VA, 12 4-8, 1995, GENERIC, Ref. Type: Conference Proceeding.
Loebel, 1992, Duration of psychosis and outcome in first-episode schizophrenia, Am. J. Psychiatry, 149, 1183, 10.1176/ajp.149.9.1183
Loscher, 1992, The behavioral effects of MK-801 in rats—involvement of dopaminergic, serotonergic and noradrenergic systems, Eur. J. Pharmacol., 214, 199, 10.1016/0014-2999(92)90029-4
Luby, 1959, Study of a new schizophrenomimeitc drug—sernyl, Arch. Neurol. Psychiatry, 81, 363, 10.1001/archneurpsyc.1959.02340150095011
Malhortra, 1996, NMDA receptor function and human cognition—the effects of ketamine in healthy volunteers, Neuropsychopharmacology, 14, 101
Malhotra, 1997, Clozapine blunts N-methyl-d-aspartate antagonist-induced psychosis: a study with ketamine, Biol. Psychiatry, 42, 664, 10.1016/S0006-3223(96)00546-X
Malhotra, 1997, Ketamine-induced exacerbation of psychotic symptoms and cognitive impairment in neuroleptic-free schizophrenics, Neuropsychopharmacology, 17, 141, 10.1016/S0893-133X(97)00036-5
Mari, 1994, An overview of family interventions and relapse on schizophrenia—meta-analysis of research findings, Psychological Medicine, 34, 565, 10.1017/S0033291700027720
May, 1981, Schizophrenia—a follow-up study of the results of five forms of treatment, Arch. Gen. Psychiatry, 38, 776, 10.1001/archpsyc.1981.01780320056006
McCreadie, 1993, The Nithsdale schizophrenia surveys: XIII. Parental rearing patterns, current symptomatology and relatives expressed emotion, Br. J. Psychiatry, 165, 347, 10.1192/bjp.165.3.347
McGlashan, 1993, Subtype progression and pathophysiologic deterioration in early schizophrenia, Schizophr. Bull., 19, 71, 10.1093/schbul/19.1.71
Meltzer, 1989, Classification of typical and atypical antipsychotic drugs on the basis of dopamine D1, D2 and serotonin 2 pKi values, J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther., 251, 238
Meltzer, 1976, The dopamine hypothesis of schizophrenia—a review, Schizophr. Bull., 2, 19, 10.1093/schbul/2.1.19
Moghaddam, 1993, Stress preferentially activates extraneuronal levels of excitatory amino acids in the prefrontal cortex a comparison to hippocampus and basal ganglia, J. Neurochem., 60, 1650, 10.1111/j.1471-4159.1993.tb13387.x
Moghaddam, 1997, Activation of glutamatergic neurotransmission by ketamine—a novel step in the pathway from NMDA receptor blockade to dopaminergic and cognitive disruptions associated with the prefrontal cortex, J. Neurosci., 17, 2921, 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.17-08-02921.1997
Moghaddam, 1998, Reversal of phencyclidine effects by a group II metabotrophic glutamate receptor agonist in rats, Science, 281, 1349, 10.1126/science.281.5381.1349
Murase, 1993, Effects of dizocilpine (MK-801) on rat midbrain dopamine cell activity: differential action on firing pattern related to anatomical localization, J. Neural Transm., 91, 13, 10.1007/BF01244915
Murray, 1994, Neurodevelopmental schizophrenia—the rediscovery of dementia praecox, Br. J. Psychiatry Suppl., 25, 6, 10.1192/S0007125000293148
Murray, 1992, A neurodevelopmental approach to the classification of schizophrenia, Schizophr. Bull., 18, 319, 10.1093/schbul/18.2.319
Murray, 1986, Genetic vulnerability to schizophrenia, Psychiatr. Clin. North Am., 1, 3, 10.1016/S0193-953X(18)30631-2
Nakao, 1996, Halothane and diazepam inhibit ketamine-induced c-fos expression in the rat cingulate cortex, Anesthesiology, 85, 874, 10.1097/00000542-199610000-00024
Nelson, 1980, Ketamine-induced changes in regional glucose utilization in the rat brain, Anesthesiology, 52, 330, 10.1097/00000542-198004000-00009
Norman, 1993, Stressful life events and schizophrenia—a review of the research, Br. J. Psychiatry, 162, 161, 10.1192/bjp.162.2.161
Nwanze, 1981, Amphetamine neurotoxicity on dopamine nerve terminals in the caudate nucleus of mice, Neurosci. Lett., 26, 163, 10.1016/0304-3940(81)90343-8
Nyberg, 1996, Positron emission tomography of in vivo binding characteristics of atypical antipsychotic drugs review of D2 of 5-HT2 receptor occupancy studies and clinical response, Br. J. Psychiatry, 168, 40, 10.1192/S0007125000298309
Olney, 1989, Excitatory amino acids and neuropsychiatric disorders, Biol. Psychiatry, 26, 505, 10.1016/0006-3223(89)90072-3
Olney, 1995, Glutamate receptor dysfunction and schizophrenia, Arch. Gen. Psychiatry, 52, 998, 10.1001/archpsyc.1995.03950240016004
Olney, 1991, NMDA antagonist neurotoxicity—mechanism and protection, Science, 154, 1515, 10.1126/science.1835799
Ouagazzal, 1993, Effects of dopamine D1 and D2 receptor blockade on MK-801-induced hyperlocomotion in rats, Psychopharmacology, 1, 427, 10.1007/BF02253532
Ouagazzal, 1994, Locomotor activation induced by MK-801 in the rat—postsynaptic interactions with dopamine receptors in the ventral striatum, Eur. J. Pharmacol., 251, 229, 10.1016/0014-2999(94)90404-9
N. Oye, O. Hustveit, P.J. Moberg, O. Pausen, L.A. Skoglund, The chiral forms of ketamine on probes for NMDA receptor function in humans, in: T. Kameyama, T. Nebeshima, E.F. Domino (Eds.), NMDA Receptor Related Agents: Biochemistry, Pharmacology, and Behavior, NPP Books, Ann Arbor, MI, 1991, pp. 381–389.
Pilowsky, 1993, Antipsychotic medication, D2 dopamine receptor blockade and clinical response—a 123I IBZM SPET (single photon emission tomography) study, Psychological Medicine, 23, 791, 10.1017/S0033291700025575
Post, 1976, Cocaine, kindling, and psychosis, Am. J. Psychiatry, 133, 627, 10.1176/ajp.133.6.627
Post, 1986, Conditioning and sensitization in the longitudinal course of affective illness, Br. J. Psychiatry, 149, 191, 10.1192/bjp.149.2.191
Pycock, 1980, Effect of 6-hyroxydopamine lesions of the medial prefrontal cortex on neurotransmitter systems in subcortical sites in the rat, J. Neurochem., 34, 91, 10.1111/j.1471-4159.1980.tb04625.x
Rajkowska, 1998, Neuronal and glial somal size in the prefrontal cortex—a postmortem morphometric study of schizophrenia and Huntington disease, Arch. Gen. Psychiatry, 55, 215, 10.1001/archpsyc.55.3.215
Reich, 1989, Ketamine—an update on the first twenty years of clinical experience, Can. J. Anaesth., 36, 186, 10.1007/BF03011442
Robinson, 1986, Enduring changes in brain and behavior produced by chronic amphetamine administration—a review and evaluation of animal models of amphetamine psychosis, Brain Res. Rev., 11, 157, 10.1016/0165-0173(86)90002-0
Roth, 1988, Stress and the mesocorticolimbic dopamine system, Ann. New York Acad. Sci., 537, 138, 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1988.tb42102.x
Ryan, 1990, Histological and ultrastructural evidence that d-amphetamine causes degeneration in neostriatum and frontal cortex of rates, Brain Res., 518, 67, 10.1016/0006-8993(90)90955-B
Sato, 1992, Relapse of paranoid psychotic state in methamphetamine model of schizophrenia, Schizophr. Bull., 18, 115, 10.1093/schbul/18.1.115
Schmidt, 1996, Regional effects of MK-801 on dopamine release effects of competitive NMDA or 5-HT2A receptor blocade, J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther., 277, 1541
Seeman, 1987, Dopamine receptors and the dopamine hypothesis of schizophrenia, Synapse, 1, 133, 10.1002/syn.890010203
Seeman, 1976, Antipsychotic drug doses and neuroleptic/dopamine receptors, Nature, 261, 717, 10.1038/261717a0
Seeman, 1994, Dopamine receptor pharmacology, Trends Pharmacol. Sci., 15, 264, 10.1016/0165-6147(94)90323-9
Segal, 1995, Does dizocilpine (MK-801) selectively block the enhanced responsiveness to repeated amphetamine administration?, Behavioral Neuroscience, 109, 532, 10.1037/0735-7044.109.3.532
Siegel, 1993, Cortical–striatal–thalamic circuits and brain glucose metabolic activity in 70 unmedicated male schizophrenic patients, Am. J. Psychiatry, 150, 1325, 10.1176/ajp.150.9.1325
Sinclair, 1979, Neuronal responses to ketamine administered microiontophoretically or intraperitoneally in the rat, Gen. Pharmacol., 10, 51, 10.1016/0306-3623(79)90029-6
Smith, 1981, Properties of the optical isomers and metabolites of ketamine on the high affinity transport and catabolism of monoamines, Neuropharmacology, 120, 391, 10.1016/0028-3908(81)90015-0
Smith, 1980, The interaction of ketamine with the opiate receptor, Life Sci., 26, 789, 10.1016/0024-3205(80)90285-4
Smith, 1998, Glutamate modulation of dopamine measured in vivo with positron emission tomography (PET) and C-11-raclopride in normal human subjects, Neuropsychopharmacology, 18, 18, 10.1016/S0893-133X(97)00092-4
Snyder, 1974, Drugs, neurotransmitters, and schizophrenia, Science, 184, 1243, 10.1126/science.184.4143.1243
Sorg, 1993, Effects of cocaine and footshock stress on extracellular dopamine levels in the medial prefrontal cortex, Neuroscience, 53, 695, 10.1016/0306-4522(93)90617-O
Steinfels, 1989, Electrophysiological effects of selective sigma-receptor agonists, antagonists, and the selective phencyclidine receptor agonist MK-801 on midbrain dopamine neurons, Neuropsychopharmacology, 2, 201, 10.1016/0893-133X(89)90023-7
Strakowski, 1996, Enhanced response to repeated d-amphetamine challenge: evidence for behavioral sensitization in humans, Biol. Psychiatry, 40, 872, 10.1016/0006-3223(95)00497-1
Susser, 1992, Schizophrenia after prenatal exposure to the Dutch hunger winter of 1944–1945, Arch. Gen. Psychiatry, 49, 983, 10.1001/archpsyc.1992.01820120071010
Swerdlow, 1996, Seroquel restores sensorimotor gating in phencyclidine-treated rats, J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther., 279, 1290
Szymanski, 1995, Gender differences in onset of illness, treatment response, course, and biologic indexes in first-episode schizophrenic patients, Am. J. Psychiatry, 152, 698, 10.1176/ajp.152.5.698
Thomson, 1985, An N-methyl-aspartate receptor-mediated synapse in rat cerebral cortex: a site of action of ketamine?, Nature, 313, 479, 10.1038/313479a0
Tiedtke, 1990, MK-801-induced stereotypy and its antagonism by neuroleptic drugs, J. Neural Transm., 81, 173, 10.1007/BF01245040
Tolliver, 1996, Evidence for dissociable mechanisms of amphetamine- and stress-induced behavioral sensitization—effects of MK-801 and haloperidol pretreatment, Psychopharmacology, 126, 191, 10.1007/BF02246448
Torrey, 1991, A viral–anatomical explanation of schizophrenia, Schizophr. Bull., 17, 15, 10.1093/schbul/17.1.15
Tsai, 1998, d-serine added to antipsychotics for the treatment of schizophrenia, Biol. Psychiatry, 44, 1081, 10.1016/S0006-3223(98)00279-0
Tsai, 1995, Abnormal excitatory neurotransmitter metabolism in schizophrenic brains, Arch. Gen. Psychiatry, 52, 829, 10.1001/archpsyc.1995.03950220039008
Tsuang, 1991, The genetics of schizophrenia—current knowledge and future directions, Schizophr. Res., 4, 157, 10.1016/0920-9964(91)90031-L
Tsuang, 1990, Heterogeneity of schizophrenia—conceptual models and analytic strategies, Br. J. Psychiatry, 156, 17, 10.1192/bjp.156.1.17
Tzschentke, 1998, Does the non-competitive NMDA receptor antagonist dizocilpine (MK-801) really block behavioral sensitization associated with repeated drug administration?, Trends Pharmacol. Sci., 19, 447, 10.1016/S0165-6147(98)01255-3
Verma, 1996, NMDA receptor antagonists impair prefrontal cortex function as assessed via spatial delayed alternation performance in rats modulation by dopamine, J. Neurosci., 16, 373, 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.16-01-00373.1996
Volkow, 1994, Imaging endogenous dopamine competition with [11C] raclopride in the human brain, Synapse, 16, 255, 10.1002/syn.890160402
Vollenweider, 1997, Metabolic hyperfrontality and psychopathology in the ketamine model of psychosis using positron emission tomography (PET) and [18F] fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG), European Neuropsychopharmacology, 7, 9, 10.1016/S0924-977X(96)00039-9
Von Voightlander, 1971, Involvement of nigrostriatal neurons in the in vivo release of dopamine by amphetamine, amantadine, and tyramine, J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther., 184, 542
Waddington, 1998, Neurodevelopmental and neuroprogressive processes in schizophrenia: antithetical or complementary, over a lifetime trajectory of disease? (review), Psychiatr. Clin. North Am., 21, 123, 10.1016/S0193-953X(05)70364-6
Walker, 1991, Twin studies of psychopathology—why do the concordance rates vary?, Schizophr. Res., 1, 211, 10.1016/0920-9964(91)90079-7
Walker, 1990, Prediction of adult-onset schizophrenia from childhood home movies of the patients, Am. J. Psychiatry, 147, 1052, 10.1176/ajp.147.8.1052
Wang, 1998, M100907 and clozapine, but not haloperidol or raclopride, prevent phencyclidine-induced blockade of NMDA responses in pyramidal neurons of the rat medial prefrontal cortical slice, Neuropsychopharmacology, 19, 74, 10.1016/S0893-133X(98)00003-7
Watt, 1978, Patterns of childhood social development in adult schizophrenics, Arch. Gen. Psychiatry, 35, 160, 10.1001/archpsyc.1978.01770260038003
Wedzony, 1993, MK-801 elevates the extracellular concentration of dopamine in the rat prefrontal cortex and increases the density of striatal dopamine D1 receptors, Brain Res., 622, 325, 10.1016/0006-8993(93)90839-F
Weinberger, 1984, Computed tomography (CT) findings in schizophrenia—speculation on the meaning of it all, J. Psychiatr. Res., 18, 477, 10.1016/0022-3956(84)90035-9
Weinberger, 1987, Implications of normal brain development for the pathogenesis of schizophrenia, Arch. Gen. Psychiatry, 44, 660, 10.1001/archpsyc.1987.01800190080012
Weinberger, 1988, Physiologic dysfunction of the prefrontal cortex in schizophrenia—a new cohort and evidence of a monoaminergic mechanism, Arch. Gen. Psychiatry, 45, 609, 10.1001/archpsyc.1988.01800310013001
White, 1983, Differential effects of classical and atypical antipsychotic drugs on A9 and A10 dopamine neurons, Science, 221, 1054, 10.1126/science.6136093
White, 1982, Ketamine—its pharmacology and therapeutic uses, Anesthesiology, 56, 119, 10.1097/00000542-198202000-00007
Willins, 1993, The role of dopamine and AMPA/kainate receptors in the nucleus accumbens in the hypermotility response to MK801, Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav., 46, 881, 10.1016/0091-3057(93)90217-H
Winters, 1972, The cataleptic state induced by ketamine—a review of the neuropharmacology of anesthesia, Neuropharmacology, 11, 303, 10.1016/0028-3908(72)90016-0
Wise, 1996, MK-801 (dizocilpine) synergist and conditioned stimulus in bromocriptine-induced psychomotor sensitization, Synapse, 22, 362, 10.1002/(SICI)1098-2396(199604)22:4<362::AID-SYN7>3.0.CO;2-9
Wolf, 1998, The role of excitatory amino acids in behavioral sensitization to psychomotor stimulants, Progress in Neurobiology, 54, 679, 10.1016/S0301-0082(97)00090-7
Wolf, 1993, Behavioral sensitization to MK-801 (dizocilpine)—neurochemical and electrophysiological correlates in the mesoaccumbens dopamine system, Behav. Pharmacol., 4, 429, 10.1097/00008877-199308000-00017
Wood, 1997, Behavioral changes in rats with early ventral hippocampal damage vary with age at damage, Brain Res., 101, 17, 10.1016/S0165-3806(97)00050-3
Wyatt, 1991, Neuroleptics and the natural course of schizophrenia, Schizophr. Bull., 17, 325, 10.1093/schbul/17.2.325
Wyatt, 1995, Early intervention for schizophrenia—can the course of the illness be altered, Biol. Psychiatry, 38, 1, 10.1016/0006-3223(95)00191-I