Management of invasive candidiasis and candidemia in adult non-neutropenic intensive care unit patients: Part II. Treatment

Parkins MD, Sabuda DM, Elsayed S, Laupland KB (2007) Adequacy of empirical antifungal therapy and effect on outcome among patients with invasive Candida species infections. J Antimicrob Chemother 60:613–618 Nolla-Salas J, Sitges-Serra A, Leon-Gil C, Martinez-Gonzalez J, Leon-Regidor MA, Ibanez-Lucia P, Torres-Rodriguez JM (1997) Candidemia in non-neutropenic critically ill patients: analysis of prognostic factors and assessment of systemic antifungal therapy. Study Group of Fungal Infection in the ICU. Intensive Care Med 23:23–30 Garey KW, Rege M, Pai MP, Mingo DE, Suda KJ, Turpin RS, Bearden DT (2006) Time to initiation of fluconazole therapy impacts mortality in patients with candidemia: a multi-institutional study. Clin Infect Dis 43:25–31 Morrell M, Fraser VJ, Kollef MH (2005) Delaying the empiric treatment of candida bloodstream infection until positive blood culture results are obtained: a potential risk factor for hospital mortality. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 49:3640–3645 Garnacho-Montero J, Garcia-Garmendia JL, Barrero-Almodovar A, Jimenez-Jimenez FJ, Perez-Paredes C, Ortiz-Leyba C (2003) Impact of adequate empirical antibiotic therapy on the outcome of patients admitted to the intensive care unit with sepsis. Crit Care Med 31:2742–2751 Kumar A, Roberts D, Wood KE, Light B, Parrillo JE, Sharma S, Suppes R, Feinstein D, Zanotti S, Taiberg L, Gurka D, Kumar A, Cheang M (2006) Duration of hypotension before initiation of effective antimicrobial therapy is the critical determinant of survival in human septic shock. Crit Care Med 34:1589–1596 Hughes WT, Armstrong D, Bodey GP, Bow EJ, Brown AE, Calandra T, Feld R, Pizzo PA, Rolston KV, Shenep JL, Young LS (2002) 2002 guidelines for the use of antimicrobial agents in neutropenic patients with cancer. Clin Infect Dis 34:730–751 Garbino J, Lew DP, Romand JA, Hugonnet S, Auckenthaler R, Pittet D (2002) Prevention of severe Candida infections in nonneutropenic, high-risk, critically ill patients: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial in patients treated by selective digestive decontamination. Intensive Care Med 28:1708–1717 Eggimann P, Francioli P, Bille J, Schneider R, Wu MM, Chapuis G, Chiolero R, Pannatier A, Schilling J, Geroulanos S, Glauser MP, Calandra T (1999) Fluconazole prophylaxis prevents intra-abdominal candidiasis in high-risk surgical patients. Crit Care Med 27:1066–1072 Pelz RK, Lipsett PA, Swoboda SM, Diener-West M, Hammond JM, Hendrix CW (2000) The diagnostic value of fungal surveillance cultures in critically ill patients. Surg Infect (Larchmt) 1:273–281 Manzoni P, Stolfi I, Pugni L, Decembrino L, Magnani C, Vetrano G, Tridapalli E, Corona G, Giovannozzi C, Farina D, Arisio R, Merletti F, Maule M, Mosca F, Pedicino R, Stronati M, Mostert M, Gomirato G (2007) A multicenter, randomized trial of prophylactic fluconazole in preterm neonates. N Engl J Med 356:2483–2495 Cruciani M, de Lalla F, Mengoli C (2005) Prophylaxis of Candida infections in adult trauma and surgical intensive care patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Intensive Care Med 31:1479–1487 Pfaller MA, Diekema DJ (2007) Epidemiology of invasive candidiasis: a persistent public health problem. Clin Microbiol Rev 20:133–163 Rex JH, Sobel JD (2001) Prophylactic antifungal therapy in the intensive care unit. Clin Infect Dis 32:1191–1200 Bassetti M, Righi E, Costa A, Fasce R, Molinari MP, Rosso R, Pallavicini FB, Viscoli C (2006) Epidemiological trends in nosocomial candidemia in intensive care. BMC Infect Dis 6:21 Pasqualotto AC, Nedel WL, Machado TS, Severo LC (2006) Risk factors and outcome for nosocomial breakthrough candidaemia. J Infect 52:216–222 Krogh-Madsen M, Arendrup MC, Heslet L, Knudsen JD (2006) Amphotericin B and caspofungin resistance in Candida glabrata isolates recovered from a critically ill patient. Clin Infect Dis 42:938–944 Rocco TR, Reinert SE, Simms HH (2000) Effects of fluconazole administration in critically ill patients: analysis of bacterial and fungal resistance. Arch Surg 135:160–165 Garey KW, Neuhauser MM, Bearden DT, Cannon JP, Lewis RE, Gentry LO, Kontoyiannis DP (2006) Evaluation of antifungals in the surgical intensive care unit: a multi-institutional study. Mycoses 49:226–231 Piarroux R, Grenouillet F, Balvay P, Tran V, Blasco G, Millon L, Boillot A (2004) Assessment of preemptive treatment to prevent severe candidiasis in critically ill surgical patients. Crit Care Med 32:2443–2449 Reboli AC, Rotstein C, Pappas PG, Chapman SW, Kett DH, Kumar D, Betts R, Wible M, Goldstein BP, Schranz J, Krause DS, Walsh TJ (2007) Anidulafungin versus fluconazole for invasive candidiasis. N Engl J Med 356:2472–2482 Levy MM, Fink MP, Marshall JC, Abraham E, Angus D, Cook D, Cohen J, Opal SM, Vincent JL, Ramsay G (2003) 2001 SCCM/ESICM/ACCP/ATS/SIS International Sepsis Definitions Conference. Crit Care Med 31:1250–1256 Mora-Duarte J, Betts R, Rotstein C, Colombo AL, Thompson-Moya L, Smietana J, Lupinacci R, Sable C, Kartsonis N, Perfect J (2002) Comparison of caspofungin and amphotericin B for invasive candidiasis. N Engl J Med 347:2020–2029 DiNubile MJ, Lupinacci RJ, Strohmaier KM, Sable CA, Kartsonis NA (2007) Invasive candidiasis treated in the intensive care unit: observations from a randomized clinical trial. J Crit Care 22:237–244 Pappas PG, Rotstein CM, Betts RF, Nucci M, Talwar D, De Waele JJ, Vazquez JA, Dupont BF, Horn DL, Ostrosky-Zeichner L, Reboli AC, Suh B, Digumarti R, Wu C, Kovanda LL, Arnold LJ, Buell DN (2007) Micafungin versus caspofungin for treatment of candidemia and other forms of invasive candidiasis. Clin Infect Dis 45:883–893 Nguyen TH, Hoppe-Tichy T, Geiss HK, Rastall AC, Swoboda S, Schmidt J, Weigand MA (2007) Factors influencing caspofungin plasma concentrations in patients of a surgical intensive care unit. J Antimicrob Chemother 60:100–106 Ostrosky-Zeichner L, Oude Lashof AM, Kullberg BJ, Rex JH (2003) Voriconazole salvage treatment of invasive candidiasis. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 22:651–655 Kullberg BJ, Sobel JD, Ruhnke M, Pappas PG, Viscoli C, Rex JH, Cleary JD, Rubinstein E, Church LW, Brown JM, Schlamm HT, Oborska IT, Hilton F, Hodges MR (2005) Voriconazole versus a regimen of amphotericin B followed by fluconazole for candidaemia in non-neutropenic patients: a randomised non-inferiority trial. Lancet 366:1435–1442 Spellberg BJ, Filler SG, Edwards JE Jr (2006) Current treatment strategies for disseminated candidiasis. Clin Infect Dis 42:244–251 Bougnoux ME, Kac G, Aegerter P, d’Enfert C, Fagon JY (2008) Candidemia and candiduria in critically ill patients admitted to intensive care units in France: incidence, molecular diversity, management and outcome. Intensive Care Med 34:292–299 Rex JH, Pappas PG, Karchmer AW, Sobel J, Edwards JE, Hadley S, Brass C, Vazquez JA, Chapman SW, Horowitz HW, Zervos M, McKinsey D, Lee J, Babinchak T, Bradsher RW, Cleary JD, Cohen DM, Danziger L, Goldman M, Goodman J, Hilton E, Hyslop NE, Kett DH, Lutz J, Rubin RH, Scheld WM, Schuster M, Simmons B, Stein DK, Washburn RG, Mautner L, Chu TC, Panzer H, Rosenstein RB, Booth J (2003) A randomized and blinded multicenter trial of high-dose fluconazole plus placebo versus fluconazole plus amphotericin B as therapy for candidemia and its consequences in nonneutropenic subjects. Clin Infect Dis 36:1221–1228 Darling K, Singh J, Wilks D (2000) Successful treatment of Candida glabrata endophthalmitis with amphotericin B lipid complex (ABLC). J Infect 40:92–94 Smego RA Jr, Perfect JR, Durack DT (1984) Combined therapy with amphotericin B and 5-fluorocytosine for Candida meningitis. Rev Infect Dis 6:791–801 Singh N, Limaye AP, Forrest G, Safdar N, Munoz P, Pursell K, Houston S, Rosso F, Montoya JG, Patton P, Del Busto R, Aguado JM, Fisher RA, Klintmalm GB, Miller R, Wagener MM, Lewis RE, Kontoyiannis DP, Husain S (2006) Combination of voriconazole and caspofungin as primary therapy for invasive aspergillosis in solid organ transplant recipients: a prospective, multicenter, observational study. Transplantation 81:320–326 Golan Y, Wolf MP, Pauker SG, Wong JB, Hadley S (2005) Empirical anti-Candida therapy among selected patients in the intensive care unit: a cost-effectiveness analysis. Ann Intern Med 143:857–869 Chen H, Suda KJ, Turpin RS, Pai MP, Bearden DT, Garey KW (2007) High- versus low-dose fluconazole therapy for empiric treatment of suspected invasive candidiasis among high-risk patients in the intensive care unit: a cost-effectiveness analysis. Curr Med Res Opin 23:1057–1065 Aliyu SH, Enoch DA, Abubakar II, Ali R, Carmichael AJ, Farrington M, Lever AM (2006) Candidaemia in a large teaching hospital: a clinical audit. QJM 99:655–663 Fraser VJ, Jones M, Dunkel J, Storfer S, Medoff G, Dunagan WC (1992) Candidemia in a tertiary care hospital: epidemiology, risk factors, and predictors of mortality. Clin Infect Dis 15:414–421 Rex JH, Bennett JE, Sugar AM, Pappas PG, Serody J, Edwards JE, Washburn RG (1995) Intravascular catheter exchange and duration of candidemia. NIAID Mycoses Study Group and the Candidemia Study Group. Clin Infect Dis 21:994–996 Raad I, Hanna H, Boktour M, Girgawy E, Danawi H, Mardani M, Kontoyiannis D, Darouiche R, Hachem R, Bodey GP (2004) Management of central venous catheters in patients with cancer and candidemia. Clin Infect Dis 38:1119–1127 Gumbo T (2007) Impact of pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics on echinocandin dosing strategies. Curr Opin Infect Dis 20:587–591 Wagner C, Graninger W, Presterl E, Joukhadar C (2006) The echinocandins: comparison of their pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics and clinical applications. Pharmacology 78:161–177 Bellmann R (2007) Clinical pharmacokinetics of systemically administered antimycotics. Curr Clin Pharmacol 2:37–58 Ostrosky-Zeichner L, Rex JH, Pappas PG, Hamill RJ, Larsen RA, Horowitz HW, Powderly WG, Hyslop N, Kauffman CA, Cleary J, Mangino JE, Lee J (2003) Antifungal susceptibility survey of 2, 000 bloodstream Candida isolates in the United States. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 47:3149–3154