Induction of autophagy and inhibition of tumorigenesis by beclin 1

Dunn,W. A. J. Autophagy and related mechanisms of lyosomal-mediated protein degradation. Trends Cell Biol. 4, 139– 143 (1994).

Kisen,G. O. et al. Reduced autophagic activity in primary rat hepatocellular carcinoma and ascites hepatoma cells. Carcinogenesis 14, 2501–2505 (1993).

Liang,X. H. et al. Protection against fatal Sindbis virus encephalitis by Beclin, a novel Bcl-2-interacting protein. J. Virol. 72, 8586–8596 (1998).

Kametaka,S., Okano,T., Ohsumi,M. & Ohsumi,Y. Apg14p and Apg6/Vps30p form a protein complex essential for autophagy in the yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisiae. J. Biol. Chem. 273, 22284 –22291 (1998).

Seaman,M. N. J., Marcusson,E. G., Cereghino, J. L. & Emr,S. D. Endosome to golgi retrieval of the vacuolar protein sorting receptor, Vps10p, requires the function of the VPS29, VPS30, and VPS35 gene products. J. Cell. Biol. 137, 79–92 (1997).

Aita,V. M. et al. Cloning and genomic structure of beclin 1, a candidate tumor suppressor gene on chromosome 17q21. Genomics 59, 59–65 (1999).

Tsukada,M. & Ohsumi,Y. Isolation and characterization of autophagy-defective mutants of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. FEBS 333, 169–174 (1993).

Kametaka,S., Matsuura,A., Wada,Y. & Ohsumi,Y. Structural and functional analyses of APG5, a gene involved in autophagy in yeast. Gene 178, 139–143 (1996).

Friedman,L. S. et al. The search for BRCA1. Cancer Res. 54 , 6374–6382 (1994).

Rommens,J. M. et al. Generation of a transcription map at the HSD17B locus centromeric to BRCA1 at 17q21. Genomics 28, 530– 542 (1995).

Holt,J. T. et al. Growth retardation and tumour inhibition by BRCA1. Nature Genet. 12, 298–302 (1996).

Wu,K.-J., Polack,A. & Dalla-Favera, R. Coordinated regulation of iron-controlling genes, H-ferritin and IRP2, by c-MYC. Science 283, 676– 679 (1999).

Mortimore,G. E. & Poso,A. R. Amino acid control of intracellular protein degradation. Methods Enzymol. 166, 461–476 (1988).

Dunn,W. A. Studies on the mechanisms of autophagy; formation of the autophagic vacuole. J. Cell. Biol. 110, 1923– 1933 (1990).

Dunn,W. A. Studies on the mechanisms of autophagy; maturation of the autophagic vacuole. J. Cell. Biol. 110, 1935– 1945 (1990).

Mitchener,J. S., Shelburne,J. D., Bradford, W. D. & Hawkins,H. K. Cellular autophagocytosis induced by deprivation of serum and amino acids in HeLa cells. Am. J. Pathol. 83, 485– 498 (1976).

Seglen,P. O. & Gordon,P. B. 3-methyladenine: specific inhibitor of autophagic/lysosomal protein degradation in isolated rat hepatocytes. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 79, 1889– 1892 (1982).

Bradley,M. O. Regulation of protein degradation in normal and transformed human cells. J. Biol. Chem. 252, 5310–5315 (1977).

Lee,H.-K., Jones,R. T., Myers,R. A. M. & Marzella,L. Regulation of protein degradation in normal and transformed human bronchial epithelial cells in culture. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 296, 271–278 (1992).

Gunn,J. M., Clark,M. G., Knowles,S. E., Hopgood,M. F. & Ballard,F. J. Reduced rates of proteolysis in transformed cells. Nature 266, 58– 60 (1977).

Gronostajski,R. M. & Pardee,A. B. Protein degradation in 3T3 and tumorigenic transformed 3T3 cells. J. Cell. Physiol. 119, 127–132 (1984).

Knecht,E., Hernandez-Yago,J. & Grisolia, S. Regulation of lysosomal autophagy in transformed and non-transformed mouse fibroblasts under several growth conditions. Exp. Cell. Res. 154, 224–232 (1984).

Otsuka,H. & Moskowitz,M. Differences in the rates of protein degradation in untransformed and transformed cell lines. Exp. Cell. Res. 112, 127–135 (1978).

Blommaart,E. F. C., Luiken,J. J. F. P., Blommaart, P. J. E., vanWoerkom,G. M. & Meijer,A. J. Phosphorylation of ribosomal protein S6 is inhibitory for autophagy in isolated rat hepatocytes. J. Biol. Chem. 270, 2320– 2326 (1995).

Eble,R. A simple and efficient procedure for transformation of yeasts. Biotechniques 13, 18–20 (1992).

Oldenburg,K. R., Vo,K. T., Michaelis,S. & Paddon,C. Recombination-mediated PCR-directed plasmid construction in vivo in yeast. Nucleic Acids Res. 25, 451–452 (1997).

Jiang,W. & Al,E. Overexpression of cyclin D1 in rat fibroblasts causes abnormalities in growth control, cell cycle progression and gene expression. Oncogene 8, 3447–3457 (1993).