Assessing hydrogeochemical heterogeneity in natural and constructed wetlands
Tóm tắt
While “water quality function” is cited as animportant wetland function to design for and preserve,we demonstrate that the scale at which hydrochemicalsamples are collected can significantly influenceinterpretations of biogeochemical processes inwetlands. Subsurface, chemical profiles for bothnutrients and major ions were determined at a site insouthwestern Wisconsin that contained areas of bothnatural and constructed wetlands. Sampling wasconducted on three different scales: (1) a large scale(3 m between sampling points), (2) an intermediatescale (0.15 m between sampling points), and (3) a smallscale (1.5 cm between sampling points). In mostcases, significant vertical heterogeneity was observedat the 0.15 m scale, which was much larger thanpreviously reported for freshwater wetlands and notdetected by sampling water table wells screened overthe same interval. However, profiles of ammonia andtotal phosphorus showed tenfold changes in the upper0.2 meters of the saturated zone when sampled at thesmall (1.5 cm) scale, that was not depicted bysampling at the intermediate scale. At theintermediate scale of observation, one constructedwetland site differed geochemically from the naturalwetlands and the other constructed wetland site due toapplication of off-site salvaged marsh surface anddownward infiltration of rain. While importantdifferences in dissolved inorganic phosphorus anddissolved inorganic carbon concentrations existedbetween the constructed wetland and the naturalwetlands, we also observed substantial differencesbetween the natural wetland sites for theseconstituents. A median-polishing analysis of our datashowed that temporal variations in constituentconcentrations within profiles, although extensivelyrecognized in the literature, were not as important asspatial variability.
Tài liệu tham khảo
Callender E, & Hammond DE (1982) Nutrient exchange across the sediment-water interface. Estuarine Coastal Shelf Science 15: 395–413
Casey WH & Lasaga AC (1987) Modeling solute transport and sulfate reduction in marsh sediments. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 51: 1109–1120
Chambers RM, Harvey JW, & Odum WE (1992) Ammonium and phosphate dynamics in a Virginia salt marsh. Estuaries 15(3): 349–359
Cole JJ, Caraco NF, Kling GW & Kratz TK (1994) Carbon dioxide supersaturation in the surface waters of lakes. Science 265: 1568–1570
Cowardin LM, CarterV, Golet FC & LaRoe ET (1979) Classification of Wetlands and Deepwater Habitats of the United States (103 p) US Fish & Wildlife Service Pub. FWS/OBS-79/31
Emerson JD & Hoaglin DC (1983) Analysis of two-way tables by medians. In: Understanding Robust and Exploratory Data Analysis. John Wiley and Sons, New York, NY, pp 166–210
Emerson JD & Wong GY (1985) Resistant nonadditive fits for two-way tables. In: Exploring Data Tables Trends and Shapes. John Wiley and Sons, New York, NY, pp 67–124
Gambrell RP & Patrick WH (1978) Chemical and microbiological properties of anaerobic soils and sediments. In: Plant Life in Anaerobic Environments. Ann Arbor Sci. Pub. Inc. Ann Arbor, MI pp 375–423
Harvey JW (1993) Measurement of variation of soil-solute tracer concentrations across a range of effective pore sizes. Water Res. Research. 29(6): 1831–1837
Harvey JW, Chambers RM & Hoelscher JR (1995a) Preferential flow and segregation of porewater solutes in wetland sediments. Estuaries (18)4: 568–578
Harvey JW & Nuttle WK (1995b) Fluxes of water and solutes in a coastal wetland sediment. J. Hydrol. 264: 209–125
Heliotis FD & DeWitt CB (1987) Rapid water table responses to rainfall in a northern peatland ecosystem Water Res. Bull. 23(6): 1011–1016
Helsel DR & Hirsch RM (1992) Statistical Methods in Water Resources. Elsevier New York, NY, 522 p
Hesslein RH (1976) An in situsampler for close interval pore water studies. Limnol. Oceanogr. 21: 912–914
Hite CD & Cheng S (1996) Spatial characterization of hydrogeochemistry within a constructed fen Greene County, Ohio. Ground Water 34(3): 415–424
Hirsch RM, Slack JR & Smith RA (1982) Techniques of trend analysis for monthly water quality data. Water Res. Research. 18(1): 107–121
Howes BL, Dacey JWH & Wakeham SG (1985) Effects of sampling technique on measurements of porewater constituents in salt marsh sediments. Limnol. Oceanogr 30: 221–227
Hughes PE, Hannuksela JS & Danchuk WJ (1981) Flood of July 15 1978 on the Kickapoo River Southwestern Wisconsin. US Geological Survey Hydrologic Investigations Atlas HA 653
Hunt RJ (1993) Hydrological and Hydrogeochemical Investigations of Natural and Constructed Wetlands Near Wilton, Wisconsin (155 p). PhD Thesis. University of Wisconsin-Madison
Hunt RJ, Krabbenhoft DP & Anderson MP (1996) Groundwater inflow measurements in wetland systems. Water Res. Research. 32(3): 495–507
Hunt RJ, Bullen TD, Krabbenhoft DP & Kendall C (in press) Using stable isotopes of water and strontium to investigate a natural and a constructed wetland. Ground water
Kadlec RH & Knight RL (1995) Treatment Wetlands. CRC Press New York, NY, 893 p
Kendall MG (1938) A new measure of rank correlations. Biometrika 30: 81–93
Kendall MG (1975) Rank Correlation Methods. Charles Griffin London, England, 202 p
Klopatek JM (1978) Nutrient dynamics of freshwater riverine marshes and the role of emergent macrophytes. In: Freshwater wetlands: Ecological Processes and Management Potential. Academic Press New York, NY, pp 195–216
Krabbenhoft DP (1988) Hydrologic and Geochemical Investigations of Aquifer/lake Interactions at Sparkling Lake Wisconsin (213 p). PhD Thesis. University of Wisconsin-Madison
Krabbenhoft DP & Babiarz CL (1992) The role of groundwater transport in aquatic mercury cycling Water Res. Research. 28(12): 3119–3128
Kusler JA & Kentula ME (1989) Wetland Creation and Restoration: The Status of the Science Volume 1-Regional Reviews (473 p). USEPA EPA 600/3-89/038a
Lee DR & Cherry JA (1978) A field exercise on groundwater flow using seepage meters and mini-piezometers. J. Geol. Educ. 27: 6–10
Lord CJ & Church TM (1983) The geochemistry of salt marshes: sedimentary ion diffusion, sulfate reduction and pyritization. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 47: 1381–1391
Loucks OL (1989) Restoration of the pulse control function of wetlands and its relationship to water quality objectives. In: Wetland Creation and Restoration: the Status of the Science Vol. 2: Perspectives. USEPA Report EPA/600/3089/038, pp 55–74
Marble AD (1990) A Guide to Wetland Functional Design. US Department of Transportation FHWA-IP-90-010, 222 p
Mitsch WJ & Gosselink JG (1986) Wetlands. Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, NY, 539 p
Mohanty SK & Dash RN (1982) The chemistry of waterlogged soils. In: Wetlands-Ecology and Management. Natural Institute of Ecology and International Scientific Publications Jaipur India, pp 389–396
Novitzki RP (1982) Hydrology of Wisconsin Wetlands. USGS and Wis. Geol. and Nat. History Survey Information Circular Madison, WI, 22 p
Patrick WH & Delaune RD (1972) Characterization of the oxidized and reduced zones in flooded soil. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. Proc. 36: 573–576
Pacific Environmental Research Laboratory (1990) A Manual for Assessing Restored and Natural Coastal Wetlands. Calif. Sea Grant College No. T-CSGCP-021, 103 p
Ronen D, Magaritz M, Gvirtzman H & Garner W (1987) Microscale chemical heterogeneity in groundwater. J. Hydrol. 92: 173–178
Rycroft DW, Williams DJA, & Ingram HAE (1975) The transmission of water through peat I. Review. J. Ecol. 63: 535–556
Siegel DI (1988) The recharge-discharge function of wetlands near Juneau Alaska: Part II Geochemical investigations. Ground Water 26(5): 580–586
Smith RL, Harvey RW & LeBlanc DR (1991) Importance of closely spaced vertical sampling in delineating chemical and microbiological gradients in groundwater studies. J. of Contam. Hydrol. 7: 285–300
Sudicky EA (1986) A natural gradient experiment on solute transport in a sand aquifer: spatial variability of hydraulic conductivity and its role in the dispersion process. Water Res. Research. 22(13): 2069