‘Activity-silent’ working memory in prefrontal cortex: a dynamic coding framework

Goldman-Rakic, 1995, Cellular basis of working memory, Neuron, 14, 477, 10.1016/0896-6273(95)90304-6 Butters, 1969, Retention of delayed-alternation: effect of selective lesions of sulcus principalis, Science, 165, 1271, 10.1126/science.165.3899.1271 Stamm, 1969, Electrical stimulation of monkeys’ prefrontal cortex during delayed-response performance, J. Comp. Physiol. Psychol., 67, 535, 10.1037/h0027294 Pasternak, 2005, Working memory in primate sensory systems, Nat. Rev. Neurosci., 6, 97, 10.1038/nrn1603 Postle, 2015, Neural bases of the short-term retention of visual information, 43 Zaksas, 2006, Directional signals in the prefrontal cortex and in area MT during a working memory for visual motion task, J. Neurosci., 26, 11726, 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.3420-06.2006 Miller, 1993, Activity of neurons in anterior inferior temporal cortex during a short-term memory task, J. Neurosci., 13, 1460, 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.13-04-01460.1993 van de Ven, 2012, Topographic contribution of early visual cortex to short-term memory consolidation: a transcranial magnetic stimulation study, J. Neurosci., 32, 4, 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.3261-11.2012 Fuster, 1971, Neuron activity related to short-term memory, Science, 173, 652, 10.1126/science.173.3997.652 Kubota, 1971, Prefrontal cortical unit activity and delayed alternation performance in monkeys, J. Neurophysiol., 34, 337, 10.1152/jn.1971.34.3.337 Funahashi, 1989, Mnemonic coding of visual space in the monkey's dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, J. Neurophysiol., 61, 331, 10.1152/jn.1989.61.2.331 Miller, 1996, Neural mechanisms of visual working memory in prefrontal cortex of the macaque, J. Neurosci., 16, 5154, 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.16-16-05154.1996 Curtis, 2003, Persistent activity in the prefrontal cortex during working memory, Trends Cogn. Sci., 7, 415, 10.1016/S1364-6613(03)00197-9 Wang, 2001, Synaptic reverberation underlying mnemonic persistent activity, Trends Neurosci., 24, 455, 10.1016/S0166-2236(00)01868-3 Durstewitz, 2000, Neurocomputational models of working memory, Nat. Neurosci., 3, 1184, 10.1038/81460 Compte, 2000, Synaptic mechanisms and network dynamics underlying spatial working memory in a cortical network model, Cereb. Cortex, 10, 910, 10.1093/cercor/10.9.910 Sreenivasan, 2014, Revisiting the role of persistent neural activity during working memory, Trends Cogn. Sci., 18, 82, 10.1016/j.tics.2013.12.001 Shafi, 2007, Variability in neuronal activity in primate cortex during working memory tasks, Neuroscience, 146, 1082, 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2006.12.072 Watanabe, 2007, Prefrontal delay-period activity reflects the decision process of a saccade direction during a free-choice ODR task, Cereb. Cortex, 17, i88, 10.1093/cercor/bhm102 Barak, 2010, Neuronal population coding of parametric working memory, J. Neurosci., 30, 9424, 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1875-10.2010 Nobre, 2007, The hazards of time, Curr. Opin. Neurobiol., 17, 465, 10.1016/j.conb.2007.07.006 Watanabe, 2014, Neural mechanisms of dual-task interference and cognitive capacity limitation in the prefrontal cortex, Nat. Neurosci., 17, 601, 10.1038/nn.3667 Mongillo, 2008, Synaptic theory of working memory, Science, 319, 1543, 10.1126/science.1150769 Barak, 2014, Working models of working memory, Curr. Opin. Neurobiol., 25, 20, 10.1016/j.conb.2013.10.008 Zucker, 2002, Short-term synaptic plasticity, Annu. Rev. Physiol., 64, 355, 10.1146/annurev.physiol.64.092501.114547 Bernacchia, 2011, A reservoir of time constants for memory traces in cortical neurons, Nat. Neurosci., 14, 366, 10.1038/nn.2752 Erickson, 2010, A single brief burst induces GluR1-dependent associative short-term potentiation: a potential mechanism for short-term memory, J. Cogn. Neurosci., 22, 2530, 10.1162/jocn.2009.21375 Attwell, 2001, An energy budget for signaling in the grey matter of the brain, J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab., 21, 1133, 10.1097/00004647-200110000-00001 Laughlin, 2001, Energy as a constraint on the coding and processing of sensory information, Curr. Opin. Neurobiol., 11, 475, 10.1016/S0959-4388(00)00237-3 Lennie, 2003, The cost of cortical computation, Curr. Biol., 13, 493, 10.1016/S0960-9822(03)00135-0 Woloszyn, 2009, Neural dynamics in inferior temporal cortex during a visual working memory task, J. Neurosci., 29, 5494, 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.5785-08.2009 Sugase-Miyamoto, 2008, Short-term memory trace in rapidly adapting synapses of inferior temporal cortex, PLoS Comput. Biol., 4, e1000073, 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1000073 Olivers, 2011, Different states in visual working memory: when it guides attention and when it does not, Trends Cogn. Sci., 15, 327 Fujisawa, 2008, Behavior-dependent short-term assembly dynamics in the medial prefrontal cortex, Nat. Neurosci., 11, 823, 10.1038/nn.2134 Fries, 2005, A mechanism for cognitive dynamics: neuronal communication through neuronal coherence, Trends Cogn. Sci., 9, 474, 10.1016/j.tics.2005.08.011 Buschman, 2012, Synchronous oscillatory neural ensembles for rules in the prefrontal cortex, Neuron, 76, 838, 10.1016/j.neuron.2012.09.029 Salazar, 2012, Content-specific fronto-parietal synchronization during visual working memory, Science, 338, 1097, 10.1126/science.1224000 Buonomano, 2009, State-dependent computations: spatiotemporal processing in cortical networks, Nat. Rev. Neurosci., 10, 113, 10.1038/nrn2558 King, 2014, Characterizing the dynamics of mental representations: the temporal generalization method, Trends Cogn. Sci., 18, 203, 10.1016/j.tics.2014.01.002 Laurent, 2002, Olfactory network dynamics and the coding of multidimensional signals, Nat. Rev. Neurosci., 3, 884, 10.1038/nrn964 Mazor, 2005, Transient dynamics versus fixed points in odor representations by locust antennal lobe projection neurons, Neuron, 48, 661, 10.1016/j.neuron.2005.09.032 Crowe, 2010, Rapid sequences of population activity patterns dynamically encode task-critical spatial information in parietal cortex, J. Neurosci., 30, 11640, 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0954-10.2010 Meyers, 2008, Dynamic population coding of category information in inferior temporal and prefrontal cortex, J. Neurophysiol., 100, 1407, 10.1152/jn.90248.2008 Stokes, 2013, Dynamic coding for cognitive control in prefrontal cortex, Neuron, 78, 364, 10.1016/j.neuron.2013.01.039 Rigotti, 2013, The importance of mixed selectivity in complex cognitive tasks, Nature, 497, 585, 10.1038/nature12160 Miller, 2013, Limber neurons for a nimble mind, Neuron, 78, 211, 10.1016/j.neuron.2013.04.007 Raposo, 2014, A category-free neural population supports evolving demands during decision-making, Nat. Neurosci., 17, 1784, 10.1038/nn.3865 Rainer, 1999, Prospective coding for objects in primate prefrontal cortex, J. Neurosci., 19, 5493, 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.19-13-05493.1999 Stokes, 2011, The spatiotemporal structure of population coding in monkey parietal cortex, J. Neurosci., 31, 1167, 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.5144-10.2011 Lisman, 1995, Storage of 7 ± 2 short-term memories in oscillatory subcycles, Science, 267, 1512, 10.1126/science.7878473 Awh, 1998, Rehearsal in spatial working memory, J. Exp. Psychol. Hum. Percept. Perform., 24, 780, 10.1037/0096-1523.24.3.780 Deco, 2010, Synaptic dynamics and decision making, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 107, 7545, 10.1073/pnas.1002333107 Kriegeskorte, 2013, Representational geometry: integrating cognition, computation, and the brain, Trends Cogn. Sci., 17, 401, 10.1016/j.tics.2013.06.007 Oberauer, 2002, Access to information in working memory: exploring the focus of attention, J. Exp. Psychol. Learn. Mem. Cogn., 28, 411, 10.1037/0278-7393.28.3.411 Larocque, 2014, Multiple neural states of representation in short-term memory? It's a matter of attention, Front. Hum. Neurosci., 8, 5, 10.3389/fnhum.2014.00005 Nee, 2013, Trisecting representational states in short-term memory, Front. Hum. Neurosci., 7, 796, 10.3389/fnhum.2013.00796 Zokaei, 2014, Causal evidence for a privileged working memory state in early visual cortex, J. Neurosci., 34, 158, 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.2899-13.2014 Soto, 2010, Working memory enhances visual perception: evidence from signal detection analysis, J. Exp. Psychol. Learn. Mem. Cogn., 36, 441, 10.1037/a0018686 Desimone, 1995, Neural mechanisms of selective visual attention, Annu. Rev. Neurosci., 18, 193, 10.1146/annurev.ne.18.030195.001205 Chelazzi, 1993, A neural basis for visual search in inferior temporal cortex, Nature, 363, 345, 10.1038/363345a0 Stokes, 2009, Shape-specific preparatory activity mediates attention to targets in human visual cortex, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 106, 19569, 10.1073/pnas.0905306106 Griffin, 2003, Orienting attention to locations in internal representations, J. Cogn. Neurosci., 15, 1176, 10.1162/089892903322598139 Landman, 2003, Large capacity storage of integrated objects before change blindness, Vision Res., 43, 149, 10.1016/S0042-6989(02)00402-9 Murray, 2013, Attention restores discrete items to visual short-term memory, Psychol. Sci., 24, 550, 10.1177/0956797612457782 Lewis-Peacock, 2012, Neural evidence for a distinction between short-term memory and the focus of attention, J. Cogn. Neurosci., 24, 61, 10.1162/jocn_a_00140 Carlisle, 2011, Attentional templates in visual working memory, J. Neurosci., 31, 9315, 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1097-11.2011 Gunseli, 2014, Effects of search difficulty on the selection, maintenance, and learning of attentional templates, J. Cogn. Neurosci., 26, 2042, 10.1162/jocn_a_00600 Tsubomi, 2013, Neural limits to representing objects still within view, J. Neurosci., 33, 8257, 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.5348-12.2013 Linke, 2011, Encoding strategy accounts for individual differences in change detection measures of VSTM, Neuropsychologia, 49, 1476, 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2010.11.034 Nairne, 2002, Remembering over the short-term: the case against the standard model, Annu. Rev. Psychol., 53, 53, 10.1146/annurev.psych.53.100901.135131 Edin, 2009, Mechanism for top-down control of working memory capacity, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 106, 6802, 10.1073/pnas.0901894106 Zhang, 2008, Discrete fixed-resolution representations in visual working memory, Nature, 453, 233, 10.1038/nature06860 Bays, 2008, Dynamic shifts of limited working memory resources in human vision, Science, 321, 851, 10.1126/science.1158023 Wheeler, 2002, Binding in short-term visual memory, J. Exp. Psychol. Gen., 131, 48, 10.1037/0096-3445.131.1.48 Bays, 2011, Storage and binding of object features in visual working memory, Neuropsychologia, 49, 1622, 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2010.12.023 Conway, 2003, Working memory capacity and its relation to general intelligence, Trends Cogn. Sci., 7, 547, 10.1016/j.tics.2003.10.005 Fukuda, 2010, Quantity, not quality: the relationship between fluid intelligence and working memory capacity, Psychon. Bull. Rev., 17, 673, 10.3758/17.5.673 Duncan, 2008, Goal neglect and Spearman's g: competing parts of a complex task, J. Exp. Psychol. Gen., 137, 131, 10.1037/0096-3445.137.1.131 Bhandari, 2014, Goal neglect and knowledge chunking in the construction of novel behaviour, Cognition, 130, 11, 10.1016/j.cognition.2013.08.013 Astrand, 2015, Differential dynamics of spatial attention, position, and color coding within the parietofrontal network, J. Neurosci., 35, 3174, 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.2370-14.2015 Pearson, 2014, Working memory retrieval as a decision process, J. Vis., 10.1167/14.2.2 Miller, 2000, The prefrontal cortex and cognitive control, Nat. Rev. Neurosci., 1, 59, 10.1038/35036228 Duncan, 2001, An adaptive coding model of neural function in prefrontal cortex, Nat. Rev. Neurosci., 2, 820, 10.1038/35097575 Buzsaki, 2010, Neural syntax: cell assemblies, synapsembles, and readers, Neuron, 68, 362, 10.1016/j.neuron.2010.09.023 Mante, 2013, Context-dependent computation by recurrent dynamics in prefrontal cortex, Nature, 503, 78, 10.1038/nature12742 Maass, 2002, Real-time computing without stable states: a new framework for neural computation based on perturbations, Neural Comput., 14, 2531, 10.1162/089976602760407955 Kaufman, 2014, Cortical activity in the null space: permitting preparation without movement, Nat. Neurosci., 17, 440, 10.1038/nn.3643 Murray, 2014, A hierarchy of intrinsic timescales across primate cortex, Nat. Neurosci., 17, 1661, 10.1038/nn.3862 Fuster, 1997 Miller, 2001, An integrative theory of prefrontal cortex function, Annu. Rev. Neurosci., 24, 167, 10.1146/annurev.neuro.24.1.167 Passingham, 2004, The prefrontal cortex and working memory: physiology and brain imaging, Curr. Opin. Neurobiol., 14, 163, 10.1016/j.conb.2004.03.003 Nikolic, 2009, Distributed fading memory for stimulus properties in the primary visual cortex, PLoS Biol., 7, e1000260, 10.1371/journal.pbio.1000260 Jaaskelainen, 2011, Short-term plasticity as a neural mechanism supporting memory and attentional functions, Brain Res., 1422, 66, 10.1016/j.brainres.2011.09.031 Sligte, 2008, Are there multiple visual short-term memory stores?, PLoS ONE, 3, e1699, 10.1371/journal.pone.0001699 Fuster, 2001, The prefrontal cortex – an update: time is of the essence, Neuron, 30, 319, 10.1016/S0896-6273(01)00285-9 Dosenbach, 2006, A core system for the implementation of task sets, Neuron, 50, 799, 10.1016/j.neuron.2006.04.031 Duncan, 2010, The multiple-demand (MD) system of the primate brain: mental programs for intelligent behaviour, Trends Cogn. Sci., 14, 172, 10.1016/j.tics.2010.01.004 Buschman, 2011, Neural substrates of cognitive capacity limitations, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 108, 11252, 10.1073/pnas.1104666108 Hazy, 2007, Towards an executive without a homunculus: computational models of the prefrontal cortex/basal ganglia system, Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B: Biol. Sci., 362, 1601, 10.1098/rstb.2007.2055 Goel, 2014, Timing as an intrinsic property of neural networks: evidence from in vivo and in vitro experiments, Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B: Biol. Sci., 369, 20120460, 10.1098/rstb.2012.0460