Advances on the use of diazonium chemistry for functionalization of materials used in energy storage systems

Carbon - Tập 92 - Trang 362-381 - 2015
Birhanu Desalegn Assresahegn1, Thierry Brousse2,3, Daniel Bélanger1
1Département de Chimie, Universitédu Québec à Montréal, Case Postale 8888, succursale Centre-Ville, Montréal, Québec H3C 3P8, Canada
2Institut des Matériaux Jean Rouxel (IMN), Université de Nantes, CNRS, 44322 Nantes Cedex 3, France
3Réseau sur le Stockage Electrochimique de l'Energie (RS2E), FR CNRS, 3459 France

Tài liệu tham khảo

Song, 2015, A Review of the design strategies for tailored cathode catalyst materials in rechargeable Li-O2 batteries, Isr J Chem, 1 Kim, 2014, Graphene for advanced Li/S and Li/air batteries, J Mater Chem A, 2, 33, 10.1039/C3TA12522J Obreja VVN. Supercapacitors specialities – materials review. In: AIP Conf Proc, vol. 1597, American Institute of Physics Inc.; 2014, p. 98–120. doi:10.1063/1.4878482. Liu, 2010, Advanced materials for energy storage, Adv Mater, 22, E28, 10.1002/adma.200903328 Beidaghi, 2014, Capacitive energy storage in micro-scale devices: recent advances in design and fabrication of micro-supercapacitors, Energy Environ Sci, 7, 867, 10.1039/c3ee43526a Ahn, 2010, J Phys Chem C, 114, 3675, 10.1021/jp9095437 Lee, 2013, Roles of surface chemistry on safety and electrochemistry in lithium ion batteries, Acc Chem Res, 46, 1161, 10.1021/ar200224h Yan, 2014, Conducting polyaniline-wrapped lithium vanadium phosphate nanocomposite as high-rate and cycling stability cathode for lithium-ion batteries, Electrochim Acta, 146, 295, 10.1016/j.electacta.2014.09.040 Yang, 2011, Improving the performance of lithium-sulfur batteries by conductive polymer coating, ACS Nano, 5, 9187, 10.1021/nn203436j Hudaya, 2015, Plasma-polymerized C60 as a functionalized coating layer on fluorine-doped tin oxides for anode materials of lithium-ion batteries, Carbon NY, 81, 835, 10.1016/j.carbon.2014.09.015 Armand, 2008, Building better batteries, Nature, 451, 652, 10.1038/451652a Hu, 2013, Recent progress in high-voltage lithium ion batteries, J Power Sources, 237, 229, 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2013.03.024 Zhang, 2014, High performance spinel LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4 cathode material by lithium polyacrylate coating for lithium ion battery, Electrochim Acta, 143, 265, 10.1016/j.electacta.2014.08.030 Kim, 2015, Three-dimensional silicon/carbon core–shell electrode as an anode material for lithium-ion batteries, J Power Sources, 279, 13, 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2014.12.041 Kim, 2015, Carbon-coated Li4Ti5O12 nanowires showing high rate capability as an anode material for rechargeable sodium batteries, Nano Energy, 12, 725, 10.1016/j.nanoen.2015.01.034 Zhang, 2015, Nitrogen-doped-carbon coated lithium iron phosphate cathode material with high performance for lithium-ion batteries, J Alloys Compd, 627, 13, 10.1016/j.jallcom.2014.12.015 Kim, 2015, Carbon-coated anatase titania as a high rate anode for lithium batteries, J Power Sources, 281, 362, 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2015.02.011 Han, 2003, Improvement on the electrochemical characteristics of graphite anodes by coating of the pyrolytic carbon using tumbling chemical vapor deposition, Electrochim Acta, 48, 1073, 10.1016/S0013-4686(02)00845-9 Lafont, 2007, Carbon coating via an alkyl phosphonic acid grafting route: application on TiO2, J Power Sources, 174, 1104, 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2007.06.186 Wang, 2013, A graphite functional layer covering the surface of LiMn2O4 electrode to improve its electrochemical performance, Electrochem Commun, 36, 6, 10.1016/j.elecom.2013.08.025 Zhang, 2004, Enhanced performance of natural graphite in Li-ion battery by oxalatoborate coating, J Power Sources, 129, 275, 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2003.10.012 Verdier, 2007, XPS study on Al2O3- and AlPO4-coated LiCoO2 cathode material for high-capacity Li ion batteries, J Electrochem Soc, 154, A1088, 10.1149/1.2789299 Wang, 2014, Surface and interface engineering of electrode materials for lithium-ion batteries, Adv Mater, 27, 527, 10.1002/adma.201402962 Bélanger, 2011, Electrografting: a powerful method for surface modification, Chem Soc Rev, 40, 3995, 10.1039/c0cs00149j Delamar, 1992, Covalent modification of carbon surfaces by grafting of functionalized aryl radicals produced from electrochemical reduction of diazonium salts, J Am Chem Soc, 114, 5883, 10.1021/ja00040a074 Adenier, 2006, Formation of polyphenylene films on metal electrodes by electrochemical reduction of benzenediazonium salts, Chem Mater, 18, 2021, 10.1021/cm052065c Adenier, 2005, Grafting of nitrophenyl groups on carbon and metallic surfaces without electrochemical induction, Chem Mater, 17, 491, 10.1021/cm0490625 Combellas, 2005, Spontaneous grafting of iron surfaces by reduction of aryldiazonium salts in acidic or neutral aqueous solution. Application to the protection of iron against corrosion, Chem Mater, 17, 3968, 10.1021/cm050339q Busson, 2011, Photochemical grafting of diazonium salts on metals, Chem Commun (Camb), 47, 12631, 10.1039/c1cc16241a Adenier, 2006, Study of the spontaneous formation of organic layers on carbon and metal surfaces from diazonium salts, Surf Sci, 600, 4801, 10.1016/j.susc.2006.07.061 Matrab, 2007, Grafting densely-packed poly(n-butyl methacrylate) chains from an iron substrate by aryl diazonium surface-initiated ATRP: XPS monitoring, Surf Sci, 601, 2357, 10.1016/j.susc.2007.03.046 Matrab, 2005, Novel approach for metallic surface-initiated atom transfer radical polymerization using electrografted initiators based on aryl diazonium salts, Langmuir, 21, 4686, 10.1021/la046912m Bernard, 2003, Organic layers bonded to industrial, coinage, and noble metals through electrochemical reduction of aryldiazonium salts, Chem Mater, 15, 3450, 10.1021/cm034167d Tanguy, 2009, Lowering interfacial chemical reactivity of oxide materials for lithium batteries. A molecular grafting approach, J Mater Chem, 19, 4771, 10.1039/b901387c Pinson, 2005, Attachment of organic layers to conductive or semiconductive surfaces by reduction of diazonium salts, Chem Soc Rev, 34, 429, 10.1039/b406228k Henry De Villeneuve, 1997, Electrochemical formation of close-packed phenyl layers on Si(111), J Phys Chem B, 101, 2415, 10.1021/jp962581d Allongue, 1998, Organic monolayers on Si(111) by electrochemical method, Electrochim Acta, 43, 2791, 10.1016/S0013-4686(98)00020-6 Güell, 2006, Interface properties and passivation of p-Si(111) surfaces by electrochemical organic layer deposition, Mater Sci Eng, B, 134, 273, 10.1016/j.mseb.2006.07.005 Mahouche-Chergui, 2011, Aryl diazonium salts: a new class of coupling agents for bonding polymers, biomacromolecules and nanoparticles to surfaces, Chem Soc Rev, 40, 4143, 10.1039/c0cs00179a Louault, 2008, The electrochemical grafting of a mixture of substituted phenyl groups at a glassy carbon electrode surface, ChemPhysChem, 9, 1164, 10.1002/cphc.200800016 Allongue, 1997, Covalent modification of carbon surfaces by aryl radicals generated from the electrochemical reduction of diazonium salts, J Am Chem Soc, 119, 201, 10.1021/ja963354s Le Comte, 2014, Simpler and greener grafting method for improving the stability of anthraquinone-modified carbon electrode in alkaline media, Electrochim Acta, 137, 447, 10.1016/j.electacta.2014.05.155 Delaporte, 2015, Chemically grafted carbon-coated LiFePO4 using diazonium chemistry, J Power Sources, 280, 246, 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2015.01.014 Kirmse, 1976, Nitrogen as leaving group: aliphatic diazonium ions, Angew Chemie Int Ed English, 15, 251, 10.1002/anie.197602511 Merino, 2011, Synthesis of azobenzenes: the coloured pieces of molecular materials, Chem Soc Rev, 40, 3835, 10.1039/c0cs00183j Marwan, 2005, Functionalization of glassy carbon electrodes with metal-based species, Chem Mater, 17, 2395, 10.1021/cm047871i Belmont JA, Amici RM, Galloway CP. U.S. Patent 6,740,151. 6, 740, 151, 2004. Belmont, 2012 Barrière, 2008, Covalent modification of graphitic carbon substrates by non-electrochemical methods, J Solid State Electrochem, 12, 1231, 10.1007/s10008-008-0526-2 Zeb, 2012, Decoration of graphitic surfaces with Sn nanoparticles through surface functionalization using diazonium chemistry, Langmuir, 28, 13042, 10.1021/la302162c Andrieux, 2003, The standard redox potential of the phenyl radical/anion couple, J Am Chem Soc, 125, 14801, 10.1021/ja0374574 Yu, 2007, An electrochemical and XPS study of reduction of nitrophenyl films covalently grafted to planar carbon surfaces, Langmuir, 23, 11074, 10.1021/la701655w Combellas, 2005, Spontaneous grafting of iron surfaces by reduction of aryldiazonium salts in acidic or neutral aqueous solution. Application to the protection of iron against corrosion, Chem Mater, 17, 3968, 10.1021/cm050339q D’Amours, 2003, Stability of substituted phenyl groups electrochemically grafted at carbon electrode surface, J Phys Chem B, 107, 4811, 10.1021/jp027223r Doppelt, 2007, Surface modification of conducting substrates. Existence of azo bonds in the structure of organic layers obtained from diazonium salts, Chem Mater, 19, 4570, 10.1021/cm0700551 Kariuki, 1999, Nucleation and growth of functionalized aryl films on graphite electrodes, Langmuir, 15, 6534, 10.1021/la990295y Kariuki, 2001, Formation of multilayers on glassy carbon electrodes via the reduction of diazonium salts, Langmuir, 17, 5947, 10.1021/la010415d Kiema, 1999, Probing morphological and compositional variations of anodized carbon electrodes with tapping-mode scanning force microscopy, Anal Chem, 71, 4306, 10.1021/ac9904056 Saby, 1997, Electrochemical modification of glassy carbon electrode using aromatic diazonium salts. 1. Blocking effect of 4-nitrophenyl and 4-carboxyphenyl groups, Langmuir, 13, 6805, 10.1021/la961033o Abiman, 2008, Investigating the mechanism for the covalent chemical modification of multiwalled carbon nanotubes using aryl diazonium salts, Int J Electrochem Sci, 3, 104, 10.1016/S1452-3981(23)15430-7 Zhao, 2009, Fabrication, electrochemical, and optoelectronic properties of layer-by-layer films based on (phthalocyaninato)ruthenium(II) and triruthenium dodecacarbonyl bridged by 4,4′-bipyridine as ligand, Langmuir, 25, 11796, 10.1021/la901427j Pan, 2010, Fabrication, characterization, and optoelectronic properties of layer-by-layer films based on terpyridine-modified MWCNTs and Ruthenium(III) ions, J Phys Chem C, 114, 8040, 10.1021/jp909904t Bouriga, 2013, Sensitized photografting of diazonium salts by visible light, Chem Mater, 25, 90, 10.1021/cm3032994 Pandurangappa, 2009, Functionalization of glassy carbon spheres by ball milling of aryl diazonium salts, Carbon N Y, 47, 2186, 10.1016/j.carbon.2009.03.068 Abiman, 2008, A mechanistic investigation into the covalent chemical derivatisation of graphite and glassy carbon surfaces using aryldiazonium salts, J Phys Org Chem, 21, 433, 10.1002/poc.1331 Toupin, 2008, Spontaneous functionalization of carbon black by reaction with 4-nitrophenyldiazonium cations, Langmuir, 24, 1910, 10.1021/la702556n Kalinathan, 2008, Anthraquinone modified carbon fabric supercapacitors with improved energy and power densities, J Power Sources, 181, 182, 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2008.03.032 Brooksby, 2004, Electrochemical and atomic force microscopy study of carbon surface modification via diazonium reduction in aqueous and acetonitrile solutions, Langmuir, 20, 5038, 10.1021/la049616i Mesnage, 2012, Spontaneous grafting of diazonium salts: chemical mechanism on metallic surfaces, Langmuir, 28, 11767, 10.1021/la3011103 Le Comte, 2013, Determination of the quinone-loading of a modified carbon powder-based electrode for electrochemical capacitor, Electrochemistry, 81, 863, 10.5796/electrochemistry.81.863 Weissmann, 2012, Electrochemical study of anthraquinone groups, grafted by the diazonium chemistry, in different aqueous media-relevance for the development of aqueous hybrid electrochemical capacitor, Electrochim Acta, 82, 250, 10.1016/j.electacta.2012.05.130 Pognon, 2011, Performance and stability of electrochemical capacitor based on anthraquinone modified activated carbon, J Power Sources, 196, 4117, 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2010.09.097 Pognon, 2011, Effect of molecular grafting on the pore size distribution and the double layer capacitance of activated carbon for electrochemical double layer capacitors, Carbon N Y, 49, 1340, 10.1016/j.carbon.2010.11.055 Pognon, 2012, Catechol-modified activated carbon prepared by the diazonium chemistry for application as active electrode material in electrochemical capacitor, ACS Appl Mater Interfaces, 4, 3788, 10.1021/am301284n Cougnon, 2015, Impedance spectroscopy study of a catechol-modified activated carbon electrode as active material in electrochemical capacitor, J Power Sources, 274, 551, 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2014.10.091 Le Comte, 2015, Spontaneous grafting of 9,10-phenanthrenequinone on porous carbon as an active electrode material in an electrochemical capacitor in an alkaline electrolyte, J Mater Chem A, 3, 6146, 10.1039/C4TA05536E Hurley, 2004, Covalent bonding of organic molecules to Cu and Al Alloy 2024 T3 surfaces via diazonium ion reduction, J Electrochem Soc, 151, B252, 10.1149/1.1687428 Stewart, 2002, New approaches toward the formation of silicon–carbon bonds on porous silicon, Comments Inorg Chem, 23, 179, 10.1080/02603590212095 Stewart, 2004, Direct covalent grafting of conjugated molecules onto Si, GaAs, and Pd surfaces from aryldiazonium salts, J Am Chem Soc, 126, 370, 10.1021/ja0383120 Chen, 2005, Molecular grafting to silicon surfaces in air using organic triazenes as stable diazonium sources and HF as a constant hydride-passivation source, Chem Mater, 17, 4832, 10.1021/cm051104h Girard, 2014, Effect of doping on the modification of polycrystalline silicon by spontaneous reduction of diazonium salts, Appl Surf Sci, 314, 358, 10.1016/j.apsusc.2014.07.012 Podvorica, 2006, Passivation of metals and semiconductors, and properties of thin oxide layers, Elsevier Georgakilas, 2012, Functionalization of graphene: covalent and non-covalent approaches, derivatives and applications, Chem Rev, 112, 6156, 10.1021/cr3000412 Buonaiuto, 2015, Functionalizing the surface of lithium-metal anodes, Chempluschem, 80, 363, 10.1002/cplu.201402084 Ravi, 2015, Electrochemical performance of electrophoretically deposited nanostructured LiMnPO4–sucrose derived carbon composite electrodes for lithium ion batteries, J Nanosci Nanotechnol, 15, 747, 10.1166/jnn.2015.9174 Menkin, 2009, Artificial solid-electrolyte interphase (SEI) for improved cycleability and safety of lithium–ion cells for EV applications, Electrochem Commun, 11, 1789, 10.1016/j.elecom.2009.07.019 Oschmann, 2013, Polyacrylonitrile block copolymers for the preparation of a thin carbon coating around TiO2 nanorods for advanced lithium-ion batteries, Macromol Rapid Commun, 34, 1693, 10.1002/marc.201300531 Simon, 2014, Materials science. Where do batteries end and supercapacitors begin?, Science, 343, 1210, 10.1126/science.1249625 Tsai, 2013, Outstanding performance of activated graphene based supercapacitors in ionic liquid electrolyte from −50 to 80 °C, Nano Energy, 2, 403, 10.1016/j.nanoen.2012.11.006 Brousse, 2007, Long-term cycling behavior of asymmetric activated carbon/MnO2 aqueous electrochemical supercapacitor, J Power Sources, 173, 633, 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2007.04.074 Gogotsi, 2007, Materials for supercapacitor electrodes: Challenges and opportunities, ACS Natl. Meet. B. Abstr. Simon, 2008, Materials for electrochemical capacitors, Nat Mater, 7, 845, 10.1038/nmat2297 Long, 2011, Asymmetric electrochemical capacitors – Stretching the limits of aqueous electrolytes, MRS Bull, 36, 513, 10.1557/mrs.2011.137 Toupin, 2004, Charge storage mechanism of MnO2 electrode used in aqueous electrochemical capacitor, Chem Mater, 16, 3184, 10.1021/cm049649j Bélanger, 2008, Manganese oxides: battery materials make the leap to electrochemical capacitors, Electrochem Soc Interface, 17, 49, 10.1149/2.F07081IF Brousse, 2015, To Be or Not To Be Pseudocapacitive?, J Electrochem Soc, 162, 10.1149/2.0201505jes Boota, 2015, Towards high-energy-density pseudocapacitive flowable electrodes by the incorporation of hydroquinone, ChemSusChem, 10.1002/cssc.201402985 Pech, 2008, Concept for charge storage in electrochemical capacitors with functionalized carbon electrodes, Electrochem Solid-State Lett, 11, 10.1149/1.2973328 Algharaibeh, 2009, An asymmetric anthraquinone-modified carbon/ruthenium oxide supercapacitor, J Power Sources, 187, 640, 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2008.11.012 Algharaibeh, 2011, An asymmetric supercapacitor with anthraquinone and dihydroxybenzene modified carbon fabric electrodes, Electrochem Commun, 13, 147, 10.1016/j.elecom.2010.11.036 Leitner, 2004, Combination of redox capacity and double layer capacitance in composite electrodes through immobilization of an organic redox couple on carbon black, Electrochim Acta, 50, 199, 10.1016/j.electacta.2004.07.030 Cougnon, 2011, Carbon surface derivatization by electrochemical reduction of a diazonium salt in situ produced from the nitro precursor, J Electroanal Chem, 661, 13, 10.1016/j.jelechem.2011.07.002 Bell, 2014, Evidence for covalent bonding of aryl groups to MnO2 nanorods from diazonium-based grafting, Chem Commun (Camb), 50, 13687, 10.1039/C4CC05606J Ramirez-Castro, 2015, Electrochemical performance of carbon/MnO2 nanocomposites prepared via molecular bridging as supercapacitor electrode materials, J Electrochem Soc, 162, 10.1149/2.0221505jes Pan, 2007, Natural graphite modified with nitrophenyl multilayers as anode materials for lithium ion batteries, J Mater Chem, 17, 329, 10.1039/B612422D Fu, 2006, Surface modifications of electrode materials for lithium ion batteries, Solid State Sci, 8, 113, 10.1016/j.solidstatesciences.2005.10.019 Zhang, 2006, Electrochemical performance of pyrolytic carbon-coated natural graphite spheres, Carbon N Y, 44, 2212, 10.1016/j.carbon.2006.02.037 Veeraraghavan, 2002, Study of polypyrrole graphite composite as anode material for secondary lithium-ion batteries, J Power Sources, 109, 377, 10.1016/S0378-7753(02)00105-2 Prem Kumar, 2001, Thermally oxidized graphites as anodes for lithium-ion cells, J Power Sources, 97–98, 118, 10.1016/S0378-7753(01)00659-0 Yoshio, 2003, Spherical carbon-coated natural graphite as a lithium-ion battery-anode material, Angew Chemie Int Ed, 42, 4203, 10.1002/anie.200351203 Wu, 2004, Ag-deposited mesocarbon microbeads as an anode in a lithium ion battery with propylene carbonate electrolyte, Surf Coatings Technol, 186, 412, 10.1016/j.surfcoat.2003.12.001 Groult, 2005, Surface-fluorinated graphite anode materials for Li-ion batteries, J Fluor Chem, 126, 1111, 10.1016/j.jfluchem.2005.03.014 Kasavajjula, 2007, Nano- and bulk-silicon-based insertion anodes for lithium-ion secondary cells, J Power Sources, 163, 1003, 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2006.09.084 Koo, 2012, A highly cross-linked polymeric binder for high-performance silicon negative electrodes in lithium ion batteries, Angew Chem Int Ed Engl, 51, 8762, 10.1002/anie.201201568 Magasinski, 2010, Toward efficient binders for Li-ion battery Si-based anodes: polyacrylic acid, ACS Appl Mater Interfaces, 2, 3004, 10.1021/am100871y Roodenko, 2010, Passivation of Si(111) surfaces with electrochemically grafted thin organic films, Surf Sci, 604, 1623, 10.1016/j.susc.2010.06.005 Allongue, 1995, Etching mechanism and atomic structure of HSi(111) surfaces prepared in NH4F, Electrochim Acta, 40, 1353, 10.1016/0013-4686(95)00071-L Chen, 2015, High-areal-capacity silicon electrodes with low-cost silicon particles based on spatial control of self-healing binder, Adv Energy Mater, 10.1002/aenm.201401826 Liu, 2013, Rice husks as a sustainable source of nanostructured silicon for high performance Li-ion battery anodes, Sci Rep, 3, 1919, 10.1038/srep01919 Yao, 2013, Crab shells as sustainable templates from nature for nanostructured battery electrodes, Nano Lett, 13, 3385, 10.1021/nl401729r Wu, 2012, Stable cycling of double-walled silicon nanotube battery anodes through solid–electrolyte interphase control, Nat Nanotechnol, 7, 310, 10.1038/nnano.2012.35 Liu, 2012, A yolk-shell design for stabilized and scalable Li-ion battery alloy anodes, Nano Lett, 12, 3315, 10.1021/nl3014814 Wu, 2012, Designing nanostructured Si anodes for high energy lithium ion batteries, Nano Today, 7, 414, 10.1016/j.nantod.2012.08.004 Hu, 2011, Si nanoparticle-decorated Si nanowire networks for Li-ion battery anodes, Chem Commun, 47, 367, 10.1039/C0CC02078H Erk, 2013, Toward silicon anodes for next-generation lithium ion batteries: a comparative performance study of various polymer binders and silicon nanopowders, ACS Appl Mater Interfaces, 5, 7299, 10.1021/am401642c Park, 2015, Novel design of silicon-based lithium-ion battery anode for highly stable cycling at elevated temperature, J Mater Chem A, 3, 1325, 10.1039/C4TA05961A Lv, 2015, Highly efficient and scalable synthesis of SiOx/C composite with core–shell nanostructure as high-performance anode material for lithium ion batteries, Electrochim Acta, 152, 345, 10.1016/j.electacta.2014.11.149 Martin, 2009, Graphite-grafted silicon nanocomposite as a negative electrode for lithium-ion batteries, Adv Mater, 21, 4735, 10.1002/adma.200900235 Martin, 2011, Chemical coupling of carbon nanotubes and silicon nanoparticles for improved negative electrode performance in lithium-ion batteries, Adv Funct Mater, 21, 3524, 10.1002/adfm.201002100 Yang, 2010, Improving the cycleability of Si anodes by covalently grafting with 4-carboxyphenyl groups, Electrochem Commun, 12, 479, 10.1016/j.elecom.2010.01.024 Yang, 2012, Covalent binding of Si nanoparticles to graphene sheets and its influence on lithium storage properties of Si negative electrode, J Mater Chem, 22, 3420, 10.1039/c2jm15232k Madec, 2013, Synergistic effect in carbon coated LiFePO4 for high yield spontaneous grafting of diazonium salt. Structural examination at the grain agglomerate scale, J Am Chem Soc, 135, 11614, 10.1021/ja405087x Madec, 2013, Covalent vs. non-covalent redox functionalization of C-LiFePO4 based electrodes, J Power Sources, 232, 246, 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2012.10.100 Zhuang W, Lu S, Lu H. Progress in materials for lithium-ion power batteries. In: Int. Conf. Intell. Green Build. Smart Grid, IEEE; 2014, p. 1–2. doi:10.1109/IGBSG.2014.6835262. Deng, 2014, Performance of LiFePO4-based battery with compound conductive additives, Xiyou Jinshu/Chinese J Rare Met, 38, 230 Deng, 2014, Research progress in improving the rate performance of LiFePO4 cathode materials, Nano-Micro Lett, 6, 209, 10.1007/BF03353785 Brand M, Glaser S, Geder J, Menacher S, Obpacher S, Jossen A, et al. Electrical safety of commercial Li-ion cells based on NMC and NCA technology compared to LFP technology. In: World Electr Veh Symp Exhib, IEEE; 2013, p. 1–9. doi: 10.1109/EVS.2013.6914893. Hu, 2004, Electrochemical performance of sol-gel synthesized LiFePO4 in lithium batteries, J Electrochem Soc, 151, A1279, 10.1149/1.1768546 Zaghib, 2005, Effect of carbon source as additives in LiFePO4 as positive electrode for lithium-ion batteries, Electrochem Solid-State Lett, 8, A207, 10.1149/1.1865652 Ni, 2013, Carbon-coated LiFePO4-porous carbon composites as cathode materials for lithium ion batteries, Nanoscale, 5, 2164, 10.1039/c2nr33183g Gao, 2015, Synthesis and electrochemical properties of LiFePO4/C for lithium ion batteries, J Nanosci Nanotechnol, 15, 2253, 10.1166/jnn.2014.9883 Mei, 2015, Triple carbon coated LiFePO4 composite with hierarchical conductive architecture as high-performance cathode for Li-ion batteries, Electrochim Acta, 153, 523, 10.1016/j.electacta.2014.05.131