What defines extraintestinal pathogenic Escherichia coli?

Alsam, 2006, Escherichia coli interactions with Acanthamoeba: a symbiosis with environmental and clinical implications, J. Med. Microbiol., 55, 689, 10.1099/jmm.0.46497-0 Anfora, 2007, Roles of serine accumulation and catabolism in the colonization of the murine urinary tract by Escherichia coli CFT073, Infect. Immun., 75, 5298, 10.1128/IAI.00652-07 Baker, 2010, Navigating the future of bacterial molecular epidemiology, Curr. Opin. Microbiol., 13, 640, 10.1016/j.mib.2010.08.002 Bélanger, 2011, Escherichia coli from animal reservoirs as a potential source of human extraintestinal pathogenic E. coli, FEMS Immunol. Med. Microbiol., 62, 1, 10.1111/j.1574-695X.2011.00797.x Bidet, 2007, Combined multilocus sequence typing and O serogrouping distinguishes Escherichia coli subtypes associated with infant urosepsis and/or meningitis, J. Infect. Dis., 196, 297, 10.1086/518897 Boyd, 1998, Chromosomal regions specific to pathogenic isolates of Escherichia coli have a phylogenetically clustered distribution, J. Bacteriol., 180, 1159, 10.1128/JB.180.5.1159-1165.1998 Brandal, 2007, Octaplex PCR and fluorescence-based capillary electrophoresis for identification of human diarrheagenic Escherichia coli and Shigella spp, J. Microbiol. Methods, 68, 331, 10.1016/j.mimet.2006.09.013 Brzuszkiewicz, 2009, Adaptation of pathogenic E. coli to various niches: genome flexibility is the key, Genome Dyn., 6, 110, 10.1159/000235766 Clermont, 2011, Animal and human pathogenic Escherichia coli strains share common genetic backgrounds, Infect. Genet. Evol., 11, 654, 10.1016/j.meegid.2011.02.005 Croxall, 2011, Molecular epidemiology of extraintestinal pathogenic Escherichia coli isolates from a regional cohort of elderly patients highlights the prevalence of ST131 strains with increased antimicrobial resistance in both community and hospital care settings, J. Antimicrob. Chemother., 10.1093/jac/dkr349 Diard, 2007, Caenorhabditis elegans as a simple model to study phenotypic and genetic virulence determinants of extraintestinal pathogenic Escherichia coli, Microbes Infect., 9, 214, 10.1016/j.micinf.2006.11.009 Diard, 2010, Pathogenicity-associated islands in extraintestinal pathogenic Escherichia coli are fitness elements involved in intestinal colonization, J. Bacteriol., 192, 4885, 10.1128/JB.00804-10 Dobrindt, 2010, Genome dynamics and its impact on evolution of Escherichia coli, Med. Microbiol. Immunol., 199, 145, 10.1007/s00430-010-0161-2 Escherich, 1886 Escobar-Paramo, 2004, Decreasing the effects of horizontal gene transfer on bacterial phylogeny: the Escherichia coli case study, Mol. Phylogenet. Evol., 30, 243, 10.1016/S1055-7903(03)00181-7 Ewers, 2007, Avian pathogenic, uropathogenic, and newborn meningitis-causing Escherichia coli: how closely related are they?, Int. J. Med. Microbiol., 297, 163, 10.1016/j.ijmm.2007.01.003 Falush, 2003, Inference of population structure using multilocus genotype data: linked loci and correlated allele frequencies, Genetics, 164, 1567, 10.1093/genetics/164.4.1567 Falush, 2003, Traces of human migrations in Helicobacter pylori populations, Science, 299, 1582, 10.1126/science.1080857 Homeier, 2010, The GimA locus of extraintestinal pathogenic E. coli: does reductive evolution correlate with habitat and pathotype?, PLoS One, 5, e10877, 10.1371/journal.pone.0010877 Hubisz, 2009, Inferring weak population structure with the assistance of sample group information, Mol. Ecol. Resour., 9, 1322, 10.1111/j.1755-0998.2009.02591.x Jaureguy, 2008, Phylogenetic and genomic diversity of human bacteremic Escherichia coli strains, BMC Genomics, 9, 560, 10.1186/1471-2164-9-560 Jenke, 2010, Phylogenetic analysis of enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli O157, Germany, 1987–2008, Emerg. Infect. Dis., 16, 610, 10.3201/eid1604.091361 Johnson, 2002, Extraintestinal pathogenic Escherichia coli: “the other bad E. coli”, J. Lab. Clin. Med., 139, 155, 10.1067/mlc.2002.121550 Johnson, 2003, Identification of urovirulence traits in Escherichia coli by comparison of urinary and rectal E. coli isolates from dogs with urinary tract infection, J. Clin. Microbiol., 41, 337, 10.1128/JCM.41.1.337-345.2003 Johnson, 2005, Antimicrobial-resistant and extraintestinal pathogenic Escherichia coli in retail foods, J. Infect. Dis., 191, 1040, 10.1086/428451 Johnson, 2005, Molecular epidemiology of extraintestinal pathogenic (uropathogenic) Escherichia coli, Int. J. Med. Microbiol., 295, 383, 10.1016/j.ijmm.2005.07.005 Johnson, 2008, Multiple-host sharing, long-term persistence, and virulence of Escherichia coli clones from human and animal household members, J. Clin. Microbiol., 46, 4078, 10.1128/JCM.00980-08 Johnson, 2008, Escherichia coli colonization patterns among human household members and pets, with attention to acute urinary tract infection, J. Infect. Dis., 197, 218, 10.1086/524844 Johnson, 2008, Comparison of extraintestinal pathogenic Escherichia coli strains from human and avian sources reveals a mixed subset representing potential zoonotic pathogens, Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 74, 7043, 10.1128/AEM.01395-08 Johnson, 2010, Sequence analysis and characterization of a transferable hybrid plasmid encoding multidrug resistance and enabling zoonotic potential for extraintestinal Escherichia coli, Infect. Immun., 78, 1931, 10.1128/IAI.01174-09 Kaper, 2004, Pathogenic Escherichia coli, Nat. Rev. Microbiol., 2, 123, 10.1038/nrmicro818 Karch, 2005, Enterohaemorrhagic Escherichia coli in human medicine, Int. J. Med. Microbiol., 295, 405, 10.1016/j.ijmm.2005.06.009 Le Gall, 2007, Extraintestinal virulence is a coincidental by-product of commensalism in B2 phylogenetic group Escherichia coli strains, Mol. Biol. Evol., 24, 2373, 10.1093/molbev/msm172 Leopold, 2011, Obscured phylogeny and possible recombinational dormancy in Escherichia coli, BMC Evol. Biol., 11, 183, 10.1186/1471-2148-11-183 Lesage, 1897, Contribution a l’étude des entérites infantiles—sérodiagnostic des races de Bacterium coli, C. R. Soc. Biol. (Paris), 49, 900 Lindstedt, 2005, Multiple-locus variable number tandem repeats analysis for genetic fingerprinting of pathogenic bacteria, Electrophoresis, 26, 2567, 10.1002/elps.200500096 Lindstedt, 2007, Study of polymorphic variable-number of tandem repeats loci in the ECOR collection and in a set of pathogenic Escherichia coli and Shigella isolates for use in a genotyping assay, J. Microbiol. Methods, 69, 197, 10.1016/j.mimet.2007.01.001 Lukjancenko, 2010, Comparison of 61 sequenced Escherichia coli genomes, Microb. Ecol., 60, 708, 10.1007/s00248-010-9717-3 Maiden, 1998, Multilocus sequence typing: a portable approach to the identification of clones within populations of pathogenic microorganisms, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 95, 3140, 10.1073/pnas.95.6.3140 Mellmann, 2011, Prospective genomic characterization of the german enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli O104:H4 outbreak by rapid next generation sequencing technology, PLoS One, 6, e22751, 10.1371/journal.pone.0022751 Mokady, 2005, Extensive gene diversity in septicemic Escherichia coli strains, J. Clin. Microbiol., 43, 66, 10.1128/JCM.43.1.66-73.2005 Mordhorst, 2009, O-acetyltransferase gene neuO is segregated according to phylogenetic background and contributes to environmental desiccation resistance in Escherichia coli K1, Environ. Microbiol., 11, 3154, 10.1111/j.1462-2920.2009.02019.x Moulin-Schouleur, 2007, Extraintestinal pathogenic Escherichia coli strains of avian and human origin: link between phylogenetic relationships and common virulence patterns, J. Clin. Microbiol., 45, 3366, 10.1128/JCM.00037-07 Nowrouzian, 2006, Enhanced persistence in the colonic microbiota of Escherichia coli strains belonging to phylogenetic group B2: role of virulence factors and adherence to colonic cells, Microbes Infect., 8, 834, 10.1016/j.micinf.2005.10.011 Peirano, 2010, Molecular epidemiology of Escherichia coli producing CTX-M beta-lactamases: the worldwide emergence of clone ST131 O25:H4, Int. J. Antimicrob. Agents, 35, 316, 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2009.11.003 Pritchard, 2000, Inference of population structure using multilocus genotype data, Genetics, 155, 945, 10.1093/genetics/155.2.945 Rasko, 2011, Origins of the E. coli strain causing an outbreak of hemolytic-uremic syndrome in Germany, N. Engl. J. Med., 365, 709, 10.1056/NEJMoa1106920 Reid, 2000, Parallel evolution of virulence in pathogenic Escherichia coli, Nature, 406, 64, 10.1038/35017546 Rodriguez-Siek, 2005, Comparison of Escherichia coli isolates implicated in human urinary tract infection and avian colibacillosis, Microbiology, 151, 2097, 10.1099/mic.0.27499-0 Rogers, 2011, Escherichia coli O25b-ST131: a pandemic, multiresistant, community-associated strain, J. Antimicrob. Chemother., 66, 1, 10.1093/jac/dkq415 Russo, 2000, Proposal for a new inclusive designation for extraintestinal pathogenic isolates of Escherichia coli: ExPEC, J. Infect. Dis., 181, 1753, 10.1086/315418 Schubert, 2009, Role of intraspecies recombination in the spread of pathogenicity islands within the Escherichia coli species, PLoS Pathog., 5, e1000257, 10.1371/journal.ppat.1000257 Selander, 1980, Genetic diversity and structure in Escherichia coli populations, Science, 210, 545, 10.1126/science.6999623 Sheldon, 2010, Specific strains of Escherichia coli are pathogenic for the endometrium of cattle and cause pelvic inflammatory disease in cattle and mice, PLoS One, 5, e9192, 10.1371/journal.pone.0009192 Shpigel, 2008, Mammary pathogenic Escherichia coli, Curr. Opin. Microbiol., 11, 60, 10.1016/j.mib.2008.01.004 Smith, 2007, Extraintestinal pathogenic Escherichia coli, Foodborne Pathog. Dis., 4, 134, 10.1089/fpd.2007.0087 Stenutz, 2006, The structures of Escherichia coli O-polysaccharide antigens, FEMS Microbiol. Rev., 30, 382, 10.1111/j.1574-6976.2006.00016.x Tartof, 2005, Analysis of a uropathogenic Escherichia coli clonal group by multilocus sequence typing, J. Clin. Microbiol., 43, 5860, 10.1128/JCM.43.12.5860-5864.2005 Tenaillon, 2010, The population genetics of commensal Escherichia coli, Nat. Rev. Microbiol., 8, 207, 10.1038/nrmicro2298 Touchon, 2009, Organised genome dynamics in the Escherichia coli species results in highly diverse adaptive paths, PLoS Genet., 5, e1000344, 10.1371/journal.pgen.1000344 Walk, 2009, Cryptic lineages of the genus Escherichia, Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 75, 6534, 10.1128/AEM.01262-09 Wirth, 2006, Sex and virulence in Escherichia coli: an evolutionary perspective, Mol. Microbiol., 60, 1136, 10.1111/j.1365-2958.2006.05172.x Wold, 1992, Resident colonic Escherichia coli strains frequently display uropathogenic characteristics, J. Infect. Dis., 165, 46, 10.1093/infdis/165.1.46 Zdziarski, 2008, Molecular basis of commensalism in the urinary tract: low virulence or virulence attenuation?, Infect. Immun., 76, 695, 10.1128/IAI.01215-07