Catalytic reforming of volatiles and nitrogen compounds from sewage sludge pyrolysis to clean hydrogen and synthetic gas over a nickel catalyst

Manara, 2012, Towards sewage sludge based biofuels via thermochemical conversion—A review, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 16, 2566, 10.1016/j.rser.2012.01.074

Fonts, 2012, Sewage sludge pyrolysis for liquid production: a review, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 16, 2781, 10.1016/j.rser.2012.02.070

Shen, 2003, An experimental study of oil recovery from sewage sludge by low-temperature pyrolysis in a fluidised-bed, Fuel, 82, 465, 10.1016/S0016-2361(02)00294-6

Shen, 2005, Low-temperature pyrolysis of sewage sludge and putrescible garbage for fuel oil production, Fuel, 84, 809, 10.1016/j.fuel.2004.11.024

Midilli, 2002, Hydrogen production from sewage sludge via a fixed bedgasifier product gas, International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 27, 1035, 10.1016/S0360-3199(02)00011-3

Dogru, 2002, Gasification of sewage sludge using a throated downdraft gasifier and uncertainty analysis, Fuel Processing Technology, 75, 55, 10.1016/S0378-3820(01)00234-X

Marrero, 2004, Fate of heavy metals and radioactive metals in gasification of sewage sludge, Waste Management, 24, 193, 10.1016/S0956-053X(03)00127-2

Fytili, 2008, Utilization of sewage sludge in EU application of old and new methods—a review, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 12, 116, 10.1016/j.rser.2006.05.014

de Andrés, 2011, Air–steam gasification of sewage sludge in a bubbling bed reactor: effect of alumina as a primary catalyst, Fuel Processing Technology, 92, 433, 10.1016/j.fuproc.2010.10.006

Nipattummakul, 2010, Hydrogen and syngas production from sewage sludge via steam gasification, International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 35, 11738, 10.1016/j.ijhydene.2010.08.032

Hong, 2011, Reduction of tar using cheap catalysts during sewage sludge gasification, Journal of Material Cycles and Waste Management, 13, 186, 10.1007/s10163-011-0017-x

Liu, 2013, Enhancement of hydrogen production in steam gasification of sewage sludge by reusing the calcium in lime-conditioned sludge, International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 38, 1332, 10.1016/j.ijhydene.2012.11.072

Mun, 2009, Production of a producer gas with high heating values and less tar from dried sewage sludge through air gasification using a two-stage gasifier and activated carbon, Energy and Fuels, 23, 3268, 10.1021/ef900028n

Mun, 2013, Air gasification of dried sewage sludge in a two-stage gasifier: part 1, the effects and reusability of additives on the removal of tar and hydrogen production, International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 38, 5226, 10.1016/j.ijhydene.2012.10.120

Zhang, 2011, H2 production from fowl manure by low temperature catalytic gasification, Bioresource Technology, 102, 7561, 10.1016/j.biortech.2011.05.037

Paterson, 2005, Formation of hydrogen cyanide and ammonia during the gasification of sewage sludge and bituminous coal, Energy and Fuels, 19, 1016, 10.1021/ef049688h

Aznar, 2009, Experimental study examining the evolution of nitrogen compounds during the gasification of dried sewage sludge, Energy and Fuels, 23, 3236, 10.1021/ef801108s

Xu, 2010, Recent advances in catalysts for hot-gas removal of tar and NH3 form biomass gasification, Fuel, 89, 1784, 10.1016/j.fuel.2010.02.014

Li, 2010, Low-temperature gasification of a woody biomass under a nickel-loaded brown coal char, Fuel Processing Technology, 91, 889, 10.1016/j.fuproc.2009.08.003

Cao, 2013, Nitrogen transformations during fast pyrolysis of sewage sludge, Fuel, 104, 1, 10.1016/j.fuel.2010.08.015

Barneto, 2009, Kinetic models based in biomass components for the combustion and pyrolysis of sewage sludge and its compost, Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis, 86, 108, 10.1016/j.jaap.2009.04.011

Karayildirim, 2006, Characterisation of products from pyrolysis of waste sludges, Fuel, 85, 1498, 10.1016/j.fuel.2005.12.002

Conesa, 1998, Evolution of gases in the primary pyrolysis of different sewage sludges, Thermochimica Acta, 313, 63, 10.1016/S0040-6031(97)00474-7

Yang, 2007, Characteristics of hemicellulose, cellulose and lignin pyrolysis, Fuel, 86, 1781, 10.1016/j.fuel.2006.12.013

Wang, 1998, Reforming of methane with carbon dioxide over Ni/Al2O3 catalysts: effect of nickel precursor, Applied Catalysis, A: General, 169, 271, 10.1016/S0926-860X(98)00017-9

Garcia, 2000, Catalytic steam reforming of bio-oils for the production of hydrogen: effects of catalyst composition, Applied Catalysis, A: General, 201, 225, 10.1016/S0926-860X(00)00440-3

Zhang, 2008, Cracking of simulated oil refinery off-gas over a coal char, petroleum coke, and quartz, Energy and Fuels, 22, 1142, 10.1021/ef700680d

Wang, 2013, Bio-oil catalytic reforming without steam addition: application to hydrogen production and studies on its mechanism, International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 38, 16038, 10.1016/j.ijhydene.2013.10.032

Takarada, 1985, Reactivities of 34 coals under steam gasification, Fuel, 64, 1438, 10.1016/0016-2361(85)90347-3

Tomita, 1985, Nickel-catalysed gasification of brown coal in a fluidized bed reactor at atmospheric pressure, Fuel, 64, 795, 10.1016/0016-2361(85)90012-2

Xiao, 2011, Two-stage steam gasification of waste biomass in fluidized bed at low temperature: parametric investigations and performance optimization, Bioresource Technology, 102, 1975, 10.1016/j.biortech.2010.09.016

Wang, 2005, Novel catalyst for cracking of biomass tar, Energy and Fuels, 19, 22, 10.1021/ef030116r

Uddin, 2008, Catalytic decomposition of biomass tars with iron oxide catalysts, Fuel, 87, 451, 10.1016/j.fuel.2007.06.021

Balat, 2010, Hydrogen from biomass—present scenario and future prospects, International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 35, 7416, 10.1016/j.ijhydene.2010.04.137

Tian, 2002, Formation of NOx precursors during the pyrolysis of coal and biomass. Part V. Pyrolysis of a sewage sludge, Fuel, 81, 2203, 10.1016/S0016-2361(02)00139-4

Wang, 1999, Kinetics of ammonia decomposition in hot gas cleaning, Industrial and Engineering Chemistry Research, 38, 4175, 10.1021/ie990337d

Osińska, 2013, Decomposition of gaseous HCN in the presence of Ni-containing catalysts, Reaction Kinetics, Mechanisms and Catalysis, 109, 57, 10.1007/s11144-012-0535-0

Donald, 2010, Novel carbon-based Ni/Fe catalysts derived from peat for hot gas ammonia decomposition in an inert helium atmosphere, Applied Catalysis, A: General, 375, 124, 10.1016/j.apcata.2009.12.030

Mckenzie, 2007, NH3 formation and destruction during the gasification of coal in oxygen and steam, Environmental Science and Technology, 41, 5505, 10.1021/es0705691

Simell, 1997, Effects of gasification gas components on tar and ammonia decomposition over hot gas cleanup catalysts, Fuel, 76, 1117, 10.1016/S0016-2361(97)00109-9