Screening for hyperglycaemia in pregnancy: Consensus and controversy

Moses, 2010, New consensus criteria for GDM: problem solved or a pandora’s box?, Diabetes Care, 33, 690, 10.2337/dc09-2306 Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network, 2010 Metzger, 2008, Hyperglycemia and adverse pregnancy outcomes, New England Journal of Medicine, 358, 1991, 10.1056/NEJMoa0707943 UK National Screening Committee, 2010 Getahun, 2008, Gestational diabetes in the United States: temporal trends 1989 through 2004, American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 198, 525, 10.1016/j.ajog.2007.11.017 Solomon, 1997, A prospective study of pregravid determinants of gestational diabetes mellitus, JAMA: the Journal of the American Medical Association, 278, 1078, 10.1001/jama.278.13.1078 Yogev, 2009, Establishing diagnosis of gestational diabetes mellitus: impact of the hyperglycemia and adverse pregnancy outcome study, Seminars in Fetal & Neonatal Medicine, 14, 94, 10.1016/j.siny.2009.01.001 Torloni, 2009, Prepregnancy BMI and the risk of gestational diabetes: a systematic review of the literature with meta-analysis, Obesity Reviews, 10, 194, 10.1111/j.1467-789X.2008.00541.x Office for National Statistics, 2009 The Health and Social Care Information Centre, 2009 Heslehurst, 2010, A nationally representative study of maternal obesity in England, UK: trends in incidence and demographic inequalities in 619 323 births, 1989–2007, International Journal of Obesity, 34, 420, 10.1038/ijo.2009.250 International Association of Diabetes and Pregnancy Study Groups Consensus Panel, 2010, International association of diabetes and pregnancy study groups recommendations on the diagnosis and classification of hyperglycemia in pregnancy, Diabetes Care, 33, 676, 10.2337/dc09-1848 National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence, 2008 Scott, 2002, Screening for gestational diabetes: a systematic review and economic evaluation, Health Technology Assessment, 6, 1, 10.3310/hta6110 Cosson, 2006, Universal rather than selective screening for gestational diabetes mellitus may improve fetal outcomes, Diabetes & Metabolism, 32, 140, 10.1016/S1262-3636(07)70260-4 American Diabetes Association, 2004, Gestational diabetes mellitus, Diabetes Care, 27, S88, 10.2337/diacare.27.2007.S88 Hoffman, 1998, Gestational diabetes mellitus–management guidelines. The Australasian Diabetes in Pregnancy Society, The Medical Journal of Australia, 169, 93, 10.5694/j.1326-5377.1998.tb140192.x Canadian Diabetes Association, 2008 Seshiah, 2006, Gestational diabetes mellitus–guidelines, The Journal of the Association of Physicians of India, 54, 622 Seshiah, 2010, DIPSI guidelines – Kolkata declaration fifth national conference of diabetes in pregnancy study group, India, The Journal of the Association of Physicians of India, 58, 329 Hong Kong College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists, 2008 Malaysian Endocrine and Metabolic Society, 2009 New Zealand College of Midwives, 2009 Simmons, 2008, Screening, diagnosis and services for women with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) in New Zealand: a technical report from the National GDM Technical Working Party, The New Zealand Medical Journal, 121, 74 Hillier, 2008, Screening for gestational diabetes mellitus: a systematic review for the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force, Annals of Internal Medicine, 148, 766, 10.7326/0003-4819-148-10-200805200-00009 IQWiG, 2009 International Diabetes Federation, 2009 Agarwal, 2007, Fasting plasma glucose as a screening test for gestational diabetes mellitus, Archives of Gynecology & Obstetrics, 275, 81, 10.1007/s00404-006-0245-9 Agarwal, 2007, Gestational diabetes: fasting and postprandial glucose as first prenatal screening tests in a high-risk population, Journal of Reproductive Medicine for the Obstetrician and Gynecologist, 52, 299 Agarwal, 2009, Gestational diabetes: fasting capillary glucose as a screening test in a multi-ethnic, high-risk population, Diabetic Medicine, 26, 760, 10.1111/j.1464-5491.2009.02765.x Fadl, 2006, Fasting capillary glucose as a screening test for gestational diabetes mellitus, BJOG: An International Journal of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, 113, 1067, 10.1111/j.1471-0528.2006.01032.x Fraser, 1995, Diabetic control in pregnancy and intrauterine growth of the fetus, British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, 102, 275, 10.1111/j.1471-0528.1995.tb09130.x Jovanovic, 2002, Third trimester maternal glucose levels from diurnal profiles in nondiabetic pregnancies: correlation with sonographic parameters of fetal growth: response to Fraser, Diabetes Care, 25, 1104, 10.2337/diacare.25.6.1104-a American Diabetes Association, 2010, Diagnosis and classification of diabetes mellitus, Diabetes Care, 33, S62, 10.2337/dc10-S062 Agarwal, 2005, Gestational diabetes: a reappraisal of HBA1c as a screening test, Acta Obstetricia et Gynecologica Scandinavica, 84, 1159, 10.1080/j.0001-6349.2005.00650.x Aldasouqi, 2009, A proposal for a role of HbA1c in screening for gestational diabetes, Diabetic Medicine, 26, 833, 10.1111/j.1464-5491.2009.02777.x Lappin, 2006, Normative values of hemoglobinA1c (HbA1c) in non-diabetic pregnancy (24–32 wks gestation); Data from the hyperglycemia and adverse pregnancy outcome (HAPO) study, Diabetes, 55, A217 Anderberg, 2007, A simplified oral glucose tolerance test in pregnancy: compliance and results, Acta Obstetricia et Gynecologica Scandinavica, 86, 1432, 10.1080/00016340701532444 Anjalakshi, 2007, A prospective study comparing insulin and glibenclamide in gestational diabetes mellitus in Asian Indian women, Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice, 76, 474, 10.1016/j.diabres.2006.09.031 Ayach, 2006, Comparison between 100-g glucose tolerance test and two other screening tests for gestational diabetes: combined fasting glucose with risk factors and 50-g glucose tolerance test, Sao Paulo Medical Journal = Revista Paulista de Medicina, 124, 4, 10.1590/S1516-31802006000100002 O’Sullivan, 1964, Criteria for the oral glucose tolerance test in pregnancy, Diabetes, 13, 278 Horvath, 2010, Effects of treatment in women with gestational diabetes mellitus: systematic review and meta-analysis, BMJ (Clinical Research Ed.), 340, c1395, 10.1136/bmj.c1395 Alberti, 1998, Definition, diagnosis and classification of diabetes mellitus and its complications. Part 1: diagnosis and classification of diabetes mellitus provisional report of a WHO consultation, Diabetic Medicine, 15, 539, 10.1002/(SICI)1096-9136(199807)15:7<539::AID-DIA668>3.0.CO;2-S Agardh, 1996, Glucose levels and insulin secretion during a 75g glucose challenge test in normal pregnancy, Journal of Internal Medicine, 240, 303, 10.1046/j.1365-2796.1996.52872000.x Li, 1987, Evaluation of the WHO criteria for 75g oral glucose tolerance test in pregnancy, British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, 94, 847, 10.1111/j.1471-0528.1987.tb03752.x HAPO Study Cooperative Research Group, 2002, The hyperglycemia and adverse pregnancy outcome (HAPO) study, International Journal of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, 78, 69, 10.1016/S0020-7292(02)00092-9 Metzger, 2008 National Diabetes Data Group, 1979, Classification and diagnosis of diabetes mellitus and other categories of glucose intolerance, Diabetes, 28, 1039, 10.2337/diab.28.12.1039 American Diabetes Association, 2000, Gestational diabetes mellitus, Diabetes Care, 23, S77 Metzger, 1998, Summary and recommendations of the fourth international workshop-conference on gestational diabetes mellitus, Diabetes Care, 21, B161 Naylor, 1996, Cesarean delivery in relation to birth weight and gestational glucose tolerance – Pathophysiology or practice style?, JAMA: the Journal of the American Medical Association, 275, 1165, 10.1001/jama.275.15.1165 HAPO Study Cooperative Research Group, 2009, Hyperglycemia and adverse pregnancy outcome (HAPO) study: associations with neonatal anthropometrics, Diabetes, 58, 453, 10.2337/db08-1112 Biri, 2009, Effect of different degrees of glucose intolerance on maternal and perinatal outcomes, Journal of Maternal-Fetal & Neonatal Medicine, 22, 473, 10.1080/14767050802610344 Cheng, 2007, Glucose challenge test: screening threshold for gestational diabetes mellitus and associated outcomes, Journal of Maternal-Fetal & Neonatal Medicine, 20, 903, 10.1080/14767050701739384 Di Cianni, 2007, Normal glucose tolerance and gestational diabetes mellitus: what is in between?, Diabetes Care, 30, 1783, 10.2337/dc07-0119 Dodd, 2007, Screening for gestational diabetes: the effect of varying blood glucose definitions in the prediction of adverse maternal and infant health outcomes, Australian & New Zealand Journal of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, 47, 307, 10.1111/j.1479-828X.2007.00743.x Ferrara, 2007, Pregnancy plasma glucose levels exceeding the American Diabetes Association thresholds, but below the National Diabetes Data Group thresholds for gestational diabetes mellitus, are related to the risk of neonatal macrosomia, hypoglycaemia and hyperbilirubinaemia, Diabetologia, 50, 298, 10.1007/s00125-006-0517-8 Tan, 2009, The 50-g glucose challenge test and pregnancy outcome in a multiethnic Asian population at high risk for gestational diabetes, International Journal of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, 105, 50, 10.1016/j.ijgo.2008.11.038 Jensen, 2008, Adverse pregnancy outcome in women with mild glucose intolerance: Is there a clinically meaningful threshold value for glucose?, Acta Obstetricia et Gynecologica Scandinavica, 87, 59, 10.1080/00016340701823975 Lindsay, 2009, Many HAPO returns: maternal glycemia and neonatal adiposity: new insights from the hyperglycemia and adverse pregnancy outcomes (HAPO) study, Diabetes, 58, 302, 10.2337/db08-1562 Coustan, 2010, The hyperglycemia and adverse pregnancy outcome (HAPO) study: paving the way for new diagnostic criteria for gestational diabetes mellitus, American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 202, 654, 10.1016/j.ajog.2010.04.006 Waugh, 2010, Screening for hyperglycaemia in pregnancy: a rapid update for the National Screening Committee, Health Technology Assessment, 14, 10.3310/hta14450 American College of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 2001, ACOG Practice Bulletin. Clinical management guidelines for obstetrician-gynecologists. Number 30, September 2001. Gestational diabetes, Obstetrics and Gynecology, 98, 525 Riskin-Mashiah, 2009, First-trimester fasting hyperglycemia and adverse pregnancy outcomes, Diabetes Care, 32, 1639, 10.2337/dc09-0688 Schaefer-Graf, 2003, Determinants of fetal growth at different periods of pregnancies complicated by gestational diabetes mellitus or impaired glucose tolerance, Diabetes Care, 26, 193, 10.2337/diacare.26.1.193 Sacks, 2003, Fasting plasma glucose test at the first prenatal visit as a screen for gestational diabetes, Obstetrics and Gynecology, 101, 1197, 10.1016/S0029-7844(03)00049-8 Bartha, 2000, Gestational diabetes mellitus diagnosed during early pregnancy, American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 182, 346, 10.1016/S0002-9378(00)70222-5 Most, 2009, Maternal and neonatal outcomes in early glucose tolerance testing in an obstetric population in New York city, Journal of Perinatal Medicine, 37, 114, 10.1515/JPM.2009.034 Crowther, 2005, Effect of treatment of gestational diabetes mellitus on pregnancy outcomes, The New England Journal of Medicine, 352, 2477, 10.1056/NEJMoa042973 Landon, 2009, A multicenter, randomized trial of treatment for mild gestational diabetes, The New England Journal of Medicine, 361, 1339, 10.1056/NEJMoa0902430 Wen, 2000, Impact of prenatal glucose screening on the diagnosis of gestational diabetes and on pregnancy outcomes, American Journal of Epidemiology, 152, 1009, 10.1093/aje/152.11.1009 Moses, 2000, Gestational diabetes: is a higher cesarean section rate inevitable?, Diabetes Care, 23, 15, 10.2337/diacare.23.1.15 Langer, 1989, Glycemic control in gestational diabetes mellitus–how tight is tight enough: small for gestational age versus large for gestational age?, American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 161, 646, 10.1016/0002-9378(89)90371-2 Santini, 1990, The impact of universal screening for gestational glucose intolerance on outcome of pregnancy, Surgery, Gynecology & Obstetrics, 170, 427 Kjos, 1999, Gestational diabetes mellitus, New England Journal of Medicine, 341, 1749, 10.1056/NEJM199912023412307 Walkinshaw, 2000, Dietary regulation for ‘gestational diabetes’, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Lee, 2008, Is lowering the diagnostic threshold for gestational diabetes (Gdm) cost-effective? Implications from the hyperglycemia and adverse pregnancy outcomes (HAPO) trial, American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 199, 694 National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence, 2008 Reichelt, 1998, Fasting plasma glucose is a useful test for the detection of gestational diabetes. Brazilian Study of Gestational Diabetes (EBDG) Working Group, Diabetes Care, 21, 1246, 10.2337/diacare.21.8.1246 Seshiah, 2004, Gestational diabetes mellitus in India, The Journal of the Association of Physicians of India, 52, 707