Moral Elites and the De-Paradoxification of Danish Social Policy Between Civil Society and State (1849–2022)
Voluntas: International Journal of Voluntary and Nonprofit Organizations - Tập 34 - Trang 452-462 - 2022
Tóm tắt
The article argues that in Denmark during the past 150 years, moral elites have been central in settling paradoxes within social policy by developing ‘classifications’ of citizens and sectors: who are deserving of help and what sector (public or third) should provide care. Contrary to widely held beliefs, historically, there is no logical or practical connection between ‘more deserving’ and ‘state support’. Theoretically, the article integrates elite scholarship and cultural sociology in developing a concept of moral elites’ power from—their sources of moral authority—and power to, the way that they have used their power to classify citizens and sectors. Empirically, the Danish moral elite and its involvement in social policy are analyzed based on secondary as well as primary historical sources. Findings: The development of the Danish moral elite has roots in the administrators of the nineteenth-century absolutist state: the clergy, medical doctors, and lawyers. Educational resources and state affiliation continue to be central to moral elite status. Economists have ascended to the top of the moral elite, while clergymen have dropped out. Three major classifications were developed during the period. ‘Help to self-help’ (late nineteenth century): deserving poor should receive help from private charity, while the public system should deter and discipline. ‘Rights’ (mid-twentieth century): the state should care for all, philanthropy mostly considered stigmatizing. ‘Workfare’ (late twentieth century to present): citizens are considered deserving as long as they are ‘active’, and sectors are considered equal in providing for citizens as long as they reach the economistic goal of activation.
Tài liệu tham khảo
Åkerstrøm Andersen, N. (2008). The world as will and adaptation: The interdiscursive coupling of citizens’ contracts. Critical Discourse Studies, 5(1), 75–89.
Alber, J. (1988). Continuities and Changes in the Idea of the Welfare State. Politics & Society, 16(4), 451–468.
Alexander, J.C. (2006). The civil sphere. Oxford University Press.
Anheier, H., & Knapp, M. (1990). “Voluntas: An Editorial Statement.” Voluntas: International Journal of Voluntary and Nonprofit Organizations, 1 (1), 1–12.
Baldwin, P. (1999). The politics of social solidarity. Cambridge Univ. Press.
Boolsen, M. W. (1988). Frivillige i socialt arbejde. Socialforskningsinstituttet.
Bottomore, T. (1920–1993). Élites and Society (2nd ed.). Routledge.
Bourdieu, P. (1998). State nobility: Elite schools in the field of power. Stanford Univ. Press.
Bourdieu, P. (2018). Classification struggles. Polity Press.
Bundesen, P., Henriksen, L. S., & Jørgensen, A. (2001). Filantropi, selvhjælp og interesseorganisering. Odense Universitetsforlag.
Campbell, J. L. (2002). Ideas, politics, and public policy. Annual Review of Sociology, 28(1), 21–38.
Dalhoff, N. C. (1900). Gak hen og gør du ligesaa!. Odense: Milo.
de Swaan, A. (1988). In Care of the State: Health Care, Education, and Welfare in Europe and the USA in the Modern Era. Oxford University Press.
Dich, J. S. (1973). Den Herskende Klasse. Borgen.
Douglas, M. (1990). “No Free Gifts (Foreword).” In The Gift: The Form and Reason for Exchange in Archaic Societies. London and New York: Routledge.
Esping-Andersen, G. (1990). The three worlds of welfare capitalism. Princeton University Press.
Flyvbjerg, B. (2006). Five misunderstandings about case-study research. Qualitative Inquiry, 12(2), 219–245.
Gade Jensen, H. (2011). Menneskekærlighedens værk. Cepos.
Gilens, M. (1999). Why Americans Hate Welfare: Race, Media, and the Politics of Antipoverty Policy. University of Chicago Press.
Gough, I. (1979). The political economy of the welfare state. Macmillan.
Habermann, U. (1990). Det tredie netværk. Akademisk Forlag.
Habermann, U., & Parsby, I. (1987). Myter og realiteter i det frivillige sociale arbejde. Kontaktudvalget til det frivillige sociale arbejde, Socialministeriet.
Hansen, J., Kærgård, N., & Thomsen, J. (Eds.). (2019). Med hånden på statskassen. Djøf Forlag.
Hansen, M.P. (2017). Trying the Unemployed. Frederiksberg: CBS.
Harris, J. (1992). Political Thought and the Welfare State 1870–1940: An Intellectual Framework for British Social Policy. Past and Present, 135(1), 116–141.
Harvey, D. (2007). Neoliberalism as creative destruction. The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 610, 22–44.
Harvey, D. (2015). Seventeen contradictions and the end of capitalism. Oxford University Press.
Høffding, H. (1887). Etik: En Fremstilling Af de Etiske Principper Og Deres Anvendelse Paa de Vigtigste Livsforhold. P. G. Philipsens Forlag.
Ignatieff, M. (1984). The Needs of Strangers. Chatto & Windus and The Hogarth Press.
Jensen, M. K., Andersen, D., Fridberg, T., & Nielsen, K. A. (1987). Sociale netværk og socialpolitik. SFI.
Jeppesen, K. J., & Høeg, D. (1987). Private hjælpeorganisationer. SFI.
Jessen, M. H. (2019). Rescuing Welfare Society: Political strategies for Mobilizing Civil Society in Denmark, 2010–2018. VOLUNTAS: International Journal of Voluntary and Nonprofit Organizations, 30(2), 369–380.
Johansen, H. C., & Kolstrup, S. (2010). Dansk Fattiglovgivning Indtil 1803. In D. Velfærdshistorie (Ed.), Bind 1 (pp. 159–198). Odense Universitetsforlag.
Katz, M. B. (1990). The Underserving Poor: From the War on Poverty to the War on Welfare. Pantheon Books.
Khan, S. (2012). The sociology of elites. Annual Review of Sociology, 38(1), 361–377.
Kjældgaard, L. H. (2018). Meningen med velfærdsstaten. Gyldendal.
Knudsen, T. (1985). Hvorfor gik det galt med bistandsloven? Copenhagen University.
Knudsen, T., & Rothstein, Bo. (1994). State building in Scandinavia. Comparative Politics, 26(2), 203.
Kolstrup, S. (2011). Fra fattiglov til forsorgslov. In J. H. Petersen, K. Petersen, & N. F. Christiansen (Eds.), Dansk Velfærdshistorie (Vol. 2, pp. 149–232). Syddansk Universitetsforlag.
Kolstrup, S. (2012). Fra forsorgslov til bistandslov. Dansk Velfærdshistorie (Vol. IV, pp. 163–238). Syddansk Universitetsforlag.
Korpi, W. (1983). The Democratic Class Struggle. Routledge.
Kristophersen, S. (2020). Diakoni: perspektiver og pejlinger. Frederiksberg: Eksistensen.
Levitt, T. (2012). Partners for Good: Business, Government and the Third Sector. Farnham, UK: Taylor & Francis Group.
Lichterman, P., & Eliasoph, N. (2014). Civic action. American Journal of Sociology, 120(3), 798–863.
Luhmann, N. (2006). Organisation und Entscheidung. VS, Verl. für Sozialwiss.
Luhmann, N. (2016). Der neue Chef. Suhrkamp.
Malmgart, L. (2010). Frivillig næstekærlighed og tvungen velfærd. In N. G. Hansen, J. H. Petersen, & K. Petersen (Eds.), I himlen således også på jorden? (pp. 57–70). Syddansk Universitetsforlag.
Mannheim, K. (1980). Man and society in an age of reconstruction. Routledge & Kegan Paul.
Marshall, T.H. (1992). Citizenship and Social Class. In T. H. Marshall & T. Bottomore (Eds.), Citizenship and Social Class. London: Pluto Press.
Mau, S. (2014). The Moral Economy of Welfare States: Britain and Germany Compared. Routledge.
Mills, C. W. (1999). The power elite. Oxford University Press.
Munck, V. (1869). Om fattigdommen i Kjøbenhavn. Den Gyldendalske Boghandel.
Nørgård, I. L. (2015). Beskyt de værdige fattige! Syddansk Universitet.
Offer, J. (2006). ‘Virtue’, ‘Citizen Character’ and ‘Social Environment’: Social theory and agency in social policy since 1830. Journal of Social Policy, 35(2), 283–302.
Offer, J. (2003). “Idealism Versus Non-Idealism: New Light on Social Policy and Voluntary Action in Britain Since 1880.” Voluntas: International Journal of Voluntary and Nonprofit Organizations, 14(2), 227–240.
Olesen, A. (2004). Omkring Socialkommissionen 1991–1993. In N. Ploug, I. Henriksen, & N. Kærgård (Eds.), Den danske velfærdsstats historie (pp. 184–201). Socialforskningsinstituttet.
Pareto, V. (1991). The Rise and Fall of Elites: An Application of Theoretical Sociology. Transaction Publishers.
Petersen, J. H., Christiansen, N. F., & Petersen, K. (2012). Det socialpolitiske idelandskab. In J. H. Petersen, K. Petersen, & N. F. Christiansen (Eds.), Dansk Velfærdshistorie (Vol. IV, pp. 69–162). Syddansk Universitetsforlag.
Petersen, J. H., Petersen, K., & Christiansen, N. F. (2014). Det socialpolitiske idelandskab. In J. H. Petersen, K. Petersen, & N. F. Christiansen (Eds.), Dansk Velfærdshistorie (Vol. VI, pp. 87–175). Syddansk Universitetsforlag.
Salamon, L. M. (1987). Of market failure, voluntary failure, and third-party government: Toward a theory of government-nonprofit relations in the modern welfare state. Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly, 16(1–2), 29–49.
Schneider, S. K., & Jacoby, W. G. (2005). Elite discourse and american public opinion: The case of welfare spending. Political Research Quarterly, 58(3), 367.
Sevelsted, A. (2018). Protestant ethics-in-action: The emergence of voluntary social work in Copenhagen 1865–1915. European Journal of Sociology/archives Européennes De Sociologie, 59(1), 121–149.
Sevelsted, A. (2019). Degeneration, protestantism, and social democracy: The case of alcoholism and ‘illiberal’ policies and practices in Denmark 1900–43. Social Science History, 43(1), 87–111.
Sevelsted, A. (2020). Voluntarism. Promises of proximity as articulated by changing moral elites. Contributions to the History of Concepts, 15(2), 80–104.
Sevelsted, A. (2021). “Lutheran Doxa and Reformed Action: Interconfessional Influences on Voluntary Social Work in Late Nineteenth-Century Copenhagen.” In Lutheranism and Social Responsibility, edited by Nina Javette Koefoed and Andrew G. Newby, 211–32. S.l.: Vandenhock & Ruprecht GM.
Smith, W. K., & Lewis, M. W. (2011). Toward a theory of paradox: A dynamic equilibrium model. Academy of Management Review, 36(2), 381–403.
Stahl, R. M. (2019). “Neoliberalism with Scandinavian Characteristics” Paper presented at SASE Annual Meeting. New York, United States.
Steincke, K. K. (1912). Almisser eller Rettigheder. Gyldendal.
Steincke, K.K. (1920). Fremtidens Forsørgelsesvæsen. Part 1. Copenhagen: Schultz.
Thorlund Jepsen, G., Viby Mogensen, G., & Hansen, E.J., f. 1935. (1974). Drømmen om velfærdssamfundet. Copenhagen: Det Danske Forlag.
Understøttelsesforening, C. (1866). Meddelelser om Christianshavns Understøttelsesforening.
van Oorschot, W., Roosma, F., Meuleman, B., & Reeskens, T. (Eds.). (2017). The Social Legitimacy of Targeted Welfare: Attitudes to Welfare Deservingness. Cheltenham, Glos, UK; Northampton. Edward Elgar Publishing Inc.
Walker, R. (2014). The Shame of Poverty. Oxford University Press.