Coupling of Homologous Recombination and the Checkpoint by ATR

Adamson, 2012, A genome-wide homologous recombination screen identifies the RNA-binding protein RBMX as a component of the DNA-damage response, Nat. Cell Biol., 14, 318, 10.1038/ncb2426 Ahlskog, 2016, ATM/ATR-mediated phosphorylation of PALB2 promotes RAD51 function, EMBO Rep., 17, 671, 10.15252/embr.201541455 Buisson, 2012, PALB2 self-interaction controls homologous recombination, Nucleic Acids Res., 40, 10312, 10.1093/nar/gks807 Buisson, 2010, Cooperation of breast cancer proteins PALB2 and piccolo BRCA2 in stimulating homologous recombination, Nat. Struct. Mol. Biol., 17, 1247, 10.1038/nsmb.1915 Busino, 2003, Degradation of Cdc25A by beta-TrCP during S phase and in response to DNA damage, Nature, 426, 87, 10.1038/nature02082 Chen, 2016, Enrichment of Cdk1-cyclins at DNA double-strand breaks stimulates Fun30 phosphorylation and DNA end resection, Nucleic Acids Res., 44, 2742, 10.1093/nar/gkv1544 Cimprich, 2008, ATR: an essential regulator of genome integrity, Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol., 9, 616, 10.1038/nrm2450 Cruz-García, 2014, BRCA1 accelerates CtIP-mediated DNA-end resection, Cell Rep., 9, 451, 10.1016/j.celrep.2014.08.076 Davies, 2007, Interaction with the BRCA2 C terminus protects RAD51-DNA filaments from disassembly by BRC repeats, Nat. Struct. Mol. Biol., 14, 475, 10.1038/nsmb1251 Elledge, 1996, Cell cycle checkpoints: preventing an identity crisis, Science, 274, 1664, 10.1126/science.274.5293.1664 Esashi, 2005, CDK-dependent phosphorylation of BRCA2 as a regulatory mechanism for recombinational repair, Nature, 434, 598, 10.1038/nature03404 Ferretti, 2013, Controlling DNA-end resection: a new task for CDKs, Front. Genet., 4, 99, 10.3389/fgene.2013.00099 Fokas, 2012, Targeting ATR in vivo using the novel inhibitor VE-822 results in selective sensitization of pancreatic tumors to radiation, Cell Death Dis., 3, e441, 10.1038/cddis.2012.181 Foote, 2013, Discovery of 4-4-[(3R)-3-Methylmorpholin-4-yl]-6-[1-(methylsulfonyl)cyclopropyl]pyrimidin-2-yl-1H-indole (AZ20): a potent and selective inhibitor of ATR protein kinase with monotherapy in vivo antitumor activity, J. Med. Chem., 56, 2125, 10.1021/jm301859s Guo, 2015, ATM-dependent phosphorylation of the fanconi anemia protein PALB2 promotes the DNA damage response, J. Biol. Chem., 290, 27545, 10.1074/jbc.M115.672626 Huertas, 2009, Human CtIP mediates cell cycle control of DNA end resection and double strand break repair, J. Biol. Chem., 284, 9558, 10.1074/jbc.M808906200 Huertas, 2008, CDK targets Sae2 to control DNA-end resection and homologous recombination, Nature, 455, 689, 10.1038/nature07215 Hughes, 2013, Essential role for Cdk2 inhibitory phosphorylation during replication stress revealed by a human Cdk2 knockin mutation, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 110, 8954, 10.1073/pnas.1302927110 Jensen, 2010, Purified human BRCA2 stimulates RAD51-mediated recombination, Nature, 467, 678, 10.1038/nature09399 Jin, 2003, SCFbeta-TRCP links Chk1 signaling to degradation of the Cdc25A protein phosphatase, Genes Dev., 17, 3062, 10.1101/gad.1157503 Liu, 2010, Human BRCA2 protein promotes RAD51 filament formation on RPA-covered single-stranded DNA, Nat. Struct. Mol. Biol., 17, 1260, 10.1038/nsmb.1904 Luo, 2015, CDK-mediated RNF4 phosphorylation regulates homologous recombination in S-phase, Nucleic Acids Res., 43, 5465, 10.1093/nar/gkv434 Ma, 2012, PALB2 interacts with KEAP1 to promote NRF2 nuclear accumulation and function, Mol. Cell. Biol., 32, 1506, 10.1128/MCB.06271-11 Mailand, 2000, Rapid destruction of human Cdc25A in response to DNA damage, Science, 288, 1425, 10.1126/science.288.5470.1425 Maréchal, 2013, DNA damage sensing by the ATM and ATR kinases, Cold Spring Harb. Perspect. Biol., 5, a012716, 10.1101/cshperspect.a012716 Matsuoka, 2007, ATM and ATR substrate analysis reveals extensive protein networks responsive to DNA damage, Science, 316, 1160, 10.1126/science.1140321 Orthwein, 2015, A mechanism for the suppression of homologous recombination in G1 cells, Nature, 528, 422, 10.1038/nature16142 Peng, 1997, Mitotic and G2 checkpoint control: regulation of 14-3-3 protein binding by phosphorylation of Cdc25C on serine-216, Science, 277, 1501, 10.1126/science.277.5331.1501 Pinder, 2015, Nuclear domain ‘knock-in’ screen for the evaluation and identification of small molecule enhancers of CRISPR-based genome editing, Nucleic Acids Res., 43, 9379, 10.1093/nar/gkv993 Prevo, 2012, The novel ATR inhibitor VE-821 increases sensitivity of pancreatic cancer cells to radiation and chemotherapy, Cancer Biol. Ther., 13, 1072, 10.4161/cbt.21093 Reaper, 2011, Selective killing of ATM- or p53-deficient cancer cells through inhibition of ATR, Nat. Chem. Biol., 7, 428, 10.1038/nchembio.573 Sanchez, 1997, Conservation of the Chk1 checkpoint pathway in mammals: linkage of DNA damage to Cdk regulation through Cdc25, Science, 277, 1497, 10.1126/science.277.5331.1497 Shiotani, 2009, Single-stranded DNA orchestrates an ATM-to-ATR switch at DNA breaks, Mol. Cell, 33, 547, 10.1016/j.molcel.2009.01.024 Somyajit, 2013, ATM- and ATR-mediated phosphorylation of XRCC3 regulates DNA double-strand break-induced checkpoint activation and repair, Mol. Cell. Biol., 33, 1830, 10.1128/MCB.01521-12 Sørensen, 2005, The cell-cycle checkpoint kinase Chk1 is required for mammalian homologous recombination repair, Nat. Cell Biol., 7, 195, 10.1038/ncb1212 Sy, 2009, PALB2 is an integral component of the BRCA complex required for homologous recombination repair, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 106, 7155, 10.1073/pnas.0811159106 Thorslund, 2010, The breast cancer tumor suppressor BRCA2 promotes the specific targeting of RAD51 to single-stranded DNA, Nat. Struct. Mol. Biol., 17, 1263, 10.1038/nsmb.1905 Toledo, 2011, A cell-based screen identifies ATR inhibitors with synthetic lethal properties for cancer-associated mutations, Nat. Struct. Mol. Biol., 18, 721, 10.1038/nsmb.2076 Wang, 2004, ATR affecting cell radiosensitivity is dependent on homologous recombination repair but independent of nonhomologous end joining, Cancer Res., 64, 7139, 10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-04-1289 Wang, 2013, The interaction of CtIP and Nbs1 connects CDK and ATM to regulate HR-mediated double-strand break repair, PLoS Genet., 9, e1003277, 10.1371/journal.pgen.1003277 Xia, 2007, Fanconi anemia is associated with a defect in the BRCA2 partner PALB2, Nat. Genet., 39, 159, 10.1038/ng1942 Yata, 2009, Dual role of CDKs in DNA repair: to be, or not to be, DNA Repair (Amst.), 8, 6, 10.1016/j.dnarep.2008.09.002 Zhang, 2009, PALB2 links BRCA1 and BRCA2 in the DNA-damage response, Curr. Biol., 19, 524, 10.1016/j.cub.2009.02.018