Liquid axial dispersion and holdup in column leaching

Al-Dahhan, 1997, High-pressure trickle-bed reactors: a review, Ind. Eng. Chem. Res., 36, 3292, 10.1021/ie9700829 Armstrong, F.E., Evans, G.C., Fletcher, G.E., 1971. Tritiated water as a tracer in the dump leaching of copper, US Bureau of Mines, RI 7510. Bartlett, 1998 Bennett, 1970, Hydrodynamics and mass transfer studies in packed absorption columns. I. Axial liquid dispersion, Trans. Inst. Chem. Eng. (London), 48, 232 Bouffard, 2001, Investigative study into the hydrodynamics of heap leaching processes, Metall. Trans. B, 32, 763, 10.1007/s11663-001-0063-1 Box, J.C., Yusuf, R., 1984. Simulation of heap and dump leaching process. In: Proceedings of the Symposium on Extractive Metallurgy, Melbourne, Australia, 117–124. Box, 1986, A general model for the reaction of several minerals and several reagents in heap and dump leaching, Hydrometallurgy, 16, 77, 10.1016/0304-386X(86)90053-8 Buffham, 1978, The influence of viscosity on axial mixing in trickle flow in packed-beds, Trans. IChemE, 56, 266 Cassanello, 1992, Effect of the liquid axial dispersion on the behaviour of fixed bed three-phase reactor, Chem. Eng. Sci., 47, 3331, 10.1016/0009-2509(92)85042-A Comba, 1992, Rinsing of spent precious metal ores for heap leach decommissioning, 17 Comba, 1992, A field study to assess natural degradation of cyanide species in an inactive leached ore heap, 535 de Andrade Lima, L.R.P., 1992. Simulation of gold ores heap leaching, M.Sc. Thesis, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil (in Portuguese). de Andrade Lima, 2004, A mathematical model for isothermal heap and column leaching, Braz. J. Chem. Eng., 21, 435, 10.1590/S0104-66322004000300008 de Andrade Lima, 2005, Residence time distribution of an industrial mechanically agitated cyanidation tank, Miner. Eng., 18, 613, 10.1016/j.mineng.2004.10.006 Decker, 1999, Evaluation of flow and solute transport parameters for heap leach recovery materials, J. Environ. Quality, 28, 543, 10.2134/jeq1999.00472425002800020020x Díaz F., Durán O., 1997. Characterization of the solution runoff from copper pile leaching process using tracers. In: Mineral Engineering ’97 Conference Abstracts, 16–18. Dix, 1992, Laboratory rinsing behaviors of spent ores, 917 Dixon, 1993, A mathematical model for heap leaching of one or more solid reactants from porous ore pellets, Metall. Trans., 24B, 1087, 10.1007/BF02661000 Dixon, 1994, A mathematical model for rinsing of reagents from spent heaps, 701 Fu, 1996, Liquid holdup and axial dispersion in trickle-bed reactors, Chem. Eng. Sci., 51, 5357, 10.1016/S0009-2509(96)00347-8 Furzer, 1970, Liquid-phase dispersion in packed beds with two-phase flow, AIChE J., 16, 380, 10.1002/aic.690160313 Gianetto, 1978, Hydrodynamic and solid–liquid contraction effectiveness in trickle-bed reactors, AIChE J., 24, 1087, 10.1002/aic.690240622 Gierman, 1988, Design of laboratory hydrotreating reactors: scaling down of trickle-flow reactors, Appl. Catal., 43, 277, 10.1016/S0166-9834(00)82732-3 Goto, 1975, Trickle-bed reactor performance. Part I: Holdup and mass transfer effects, AIChE J., 21, 706, 10.1002/aic.690210410 Goto, 1977, Trickle-bed oxidation reactors, Catal. Rev. Sci. Eng., 15, 187, 10.1080/03602457708081725 Herskowitz, 1983, Trickle-bed reactors: a review, AIChE J., 29, 1, 10.1002/aic.690290102 Hochman, 1969, Two-phase cocurrent down flow in packed beds, Ind. Eng. Chem. Fundam., 8, 63, 10.1021/i160029a011 Hoogendoorn, 1965, Axial mixing of liquid in gas–liquid flow through packed beds, Can. J. Chem. Eng., 125, 10.1002/cjce.5450430306 Howard, 1968, Chino uses radiation logging for studying dump leaching processes, Min. Eng., 4, 70 Iliuta, 1998, Axial dispersion of liquid in gas–liquid cocurrent downflow and upflow fixed-bed reactors with pourous particles, Trans. IcemE, 76A, 64, 10.1205/026387698524488 Iliuta, 1999, Hydrodynamics and mass transfer in trickle-bed reactors: an overview, Chem. Eng. Sci., 54, 5329, 10.1016/S0009-2509(99)00259-6 Kan, 1983, A residence-time model for trickle-flow incorporating incomplete mixing in stagnant regions, AIChE J., 29, 123, 10.1002/aic.690290117 Lapidus, 1982 Lee, 1985 Lin, C.L., Miller, J.D., Garcia, C., in press. Saturated flow characteristics in column leaching as described by LB simulation, Miner. Eng., 18, doi:10.1016/j.mineng.2005.02.006. Matsuura, 1976, Axial dispersion of liquid in concurrent gas–liquid downflow in packed beds, J. Chem. Eng. Jpn., 9, 194, 10.1252/jcej.9.294 Michell, 1970, Liquid-phase dispersion in packed beds with two-phase flow, AIChE J., 16, 380, 10.1002/aic.690160313 Michell, 1972, Mixing in trickle flow through packed beds, Chem. Eng. J., 4, 53, 10.1016/0300-9467(72)80053-4 Murr, 1979, Observations of solution transport, permeability, and leaching reactions in large, controlled, copper-bearing waste bodies, Hydrometallurgy, 5, 67, 10.1016/0304-386X(79)90028-8 Murr, 1980, Theory and practice of copper sulphide leaching in dumps an in situ, Miner. Sci. Eng., 5, 121 Narasimhan, 2002, Modeling hydrodynamics of trickle-bed reactors at high pressure, AIChE J., 48, 2459, 10.1002/aic.690481105 Nauman, 1983 Otake, 1958, Mixing characteristics of irrigated packed towers, Kagaku Kogaku, 22, 144, 10.1252/kakoronbunshu1953.22.144 Petersen, 2000, Modelling and assessment of the long-term leachate generation potential in deposits of ferro-chromium slags, J. South Afr. Inst. Mining Metall., 100, 369 Petersen, J., Dixon, D.G., 2002. Systematic modelling of heap leaching processes for optimisation and design. in: Taylor, P.R., Chandra, D., Bautista, R.G. (Eds.), Proceedings of the EPD Congress 2002 and Fundamentals of Advanced Materials for Energy Conversion. TMS, pp. 757–771. Pham Co, 1971, Longitudinal mixing of the liquid phase in packed columns with countercurrent two phase flow, Can. J. Chem. Eng., 49, 727, 10.1002/cjce.5450490603 Prosser, A.P., 1989. Simulation of gold heap leaching as an aid to ore-process development, in: Proceedings of the Precious Metals ’89, pp. 121–135. Ramachandran, 1992 Rauld, 1986, T.L. leaching process: a phenomenological model for oxide copper ores treatment, 75 Roman, 1974, Diffusion model for heap leaching and its application to scale-up, Transactions of the Society of Mining Engineers of AIME, 256, 247 Roman, 1993, Heap hydrology and the decommissioning of a leach heap, 1061 Sánchez-Chacón, 1997, Model for heap leaching of gold ores by cyanidation, Hydrometallurgy, 44, 1, 10.1016/S0304-386X(96)00052-7 Saroha, 1996, Trickle bed reactor, Reviews in Chemical Engineering, 12, 207, 10.1515/REVCE.1996.12.3-4.207 Saroha, 1998, RTD studies in trickle bed reactors packed with porous particles, Can. J. Chem. Eng., 76, 738, 10.1002/cjce.5450760408 Sater, 1966, Two-phase flow in packed beds, Ind. Eng. Chem. Fundam., 5, 86, 10.1021/i160017a015 Satterfield, 1975, Trickle bed reactors, AIChE J., 21, 209, 10.1002/aic.690210202 Schlitt, 1984, The role of solution management in heap and dump leaching, 71 Schubert, 1986, Experimental methods for measuring static liquid holdup in packed columns, AIChE Journal, 32, 1920, 10.1002/aic.690321119 Shah, 1978, Backmixing in gas–liquid reactors, AIChE J., 24, 369, 10.1002/aic.690240302 Sheikhzadeh, 2005, Computational modelling of unsaturated flow of liquid in heap leaching-using the results of column tests to calibrate the model, Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer, 48, 279, 10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2004.08.007 Sicardi, 1980, Hydrodynamic models for the interpretation of the liquid flow in trickle-bed reactors, Chem. Eng. Sci., 35, 1775, 10.1016/0009-2509(80)85014-7 Specchia, 1977, Pressure drop and liquid holdup for two phase concurrent flow in packed beds, Chem. Eng. Sci., 32, 515, 10.1016/0009-2509(77)87008-5 Tsamatsoulis, 1994, Axial dispersion and hold-up in bench-scale tricklebed reactor at operating conditions, Chem. Eng. Sci., 49, 523, 10.1016/0009-2509(94)80052-9 van Swaaij, 1969, Residence time distribution in the liquid phase of trickle flow in packed columns, Chem. Eng. Sci., 24, 1083, 10.1016/0009-2509(69)80080-1 Villanueva, 1990, Tracer techniques in the study of flow patterns in leaching tanks, Appl. Radiat. Isotopes, 41, 1159, 10.1016/0883-2889(90)90186-K Villermaux, 1969, Modèle représentatif de la distribution des temps de séjour dans un réacteur semi-infini à dispersion axiale avec zones stagnantes. Application à l’écoulement ruisselant dans des colonnes d’anneaux Raschig, Chem. Eng. Sci., 24, 1097, 10.1016/0009-2509(69)80081-3 Yang, 1990, Residence time distribution of the liquid in gas–liquid cocurrent upflow fixed-bed reactors with porous particles, Chem. Eng. Sci., 45, 3311, 10.1016/0009-2509(90)80222-Z Yusuf, R., 1984. Liquid flow characteristics in heap and dump leaching, M.Sc. Thesis, University of New South Wales, Australia. Zhukova, 1990, Modeling and design of industrial reactors with stationary bed of catalyst and two-phase gas–liquid flow—a review, Int. Chem. Eng., 30, 57