Arsenic and heavy metal contaminations in the tube well water of Punjab, Pakistan and risk assessment: A case study

APHA, 1998, Standard methods for the examinations of water and wastewaters Abbas, 2014, Phenolic profile, antioxidant potential and DNA damage protecting activity of sugarcane (Saccharum of ficinarum), Food Chem., 147, 10, 10.1016/j.foodchem.2013.09.113 Agusa, 2006, Contamination by arsenic and other trace elements in tube-well water and its risk assessment to humans in Hanoi, Vietnam, Environ. Pollut., 139, 95, 10.1016/j.envpol.2005.04.033 Ahmed, 2004, Arsenic contamination in groundwater of alluvial aquifers in Bangladesh: an overview, Appl. Geochem., 19, 181, 10.1016/j.apgeochem.2003.09.006 Alkarkhi, 2008, Multivariate analysis of heavy metals concentrations in river estuary, Environ. Monit. Assess., 143, 179, 10.1007/s10661-007-9966-x Amini, 2008, Statistical modeling of global geogenic fluoride contamination in groundwater, Environ. Sci. Technol., 42, 3662, 10.1021/es071958y Arain, 2008, Total dissolved and bioavailable elements in water and sediment samples and their accumulation in Oreochromis mossambicus of polluted Manchar Lake, Chemosphere, 70, 1845, 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2007.08.005 Arain, 2009, Determination of arsenic levels in lake water, sediment, and foodstuff from selected area of Sindh, Pakistan: estimation of daily dietary intake, Food Chem. Toxicol., 47, 242, 10.1016/j.fct.2008.11.009 Ashraf, 1990, Contents of trace metals in fish, sediment and water from three freshwater reservoirs on the Indus River, Pakistan, Fish. Res., 12, 355, 10.1016/0165-7836(91)90018-B Ayers, R.S., Westcot, D.W., 1985. Water Quality for Agriculture FAO Irrigation and Drain., Paper No. 29 (1), 1–109. Baig, 2009, Evaluation of arsenic and other physico chemical parameters of surface and groundwater of Jamshoro, Pakistan, J. Hazard. Mater., 166, 662, 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2008.11.069 Baig, 2009, Evaluation of arsenic and other physico-chemical parameters of surface and ground water of Jamshoro, Pakistan, J. Hazard. Mater., 166, 662, 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2008.11.069 Brahman, 2013, Simultaneously evaluate the toxic levels of fluoride and arsenic species in undergroundwater of Tharparkar and possible contaminant sources: a multivariate study, Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf., 89, 95, 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2012.11.023 Brahman, 2013, Simultaneously evaluate the toxic levels of fluoride and arsenic species in underground water of Tharparkar and possible contaminant sources: a multivariate study, Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf., 89, 95, 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2012.11.023 Brahman, 2014, Fluoride and arsenic exposure through water and grain crops in Nagarparkar, Pakistan, Chemosphere, 100, 182, 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2013.11.035 Bundschuh, 2011, Arsenic removal from groundwater of the Chaco Pampean plain (Argentina) using natural geological materials as adsorbents, J. Environ. Sci. Health, 46, 1297, 10.1080/10934529.2011.598838 Buschmann, 2008, Contamination of drinking water resources in the Mekong delta floodplains: arsenic and other trace metals pose serious health risks to population, Environ. Int., 34, 756, 10.1016/j.envint.2007.12.025 Chen, 2007, Multivariate statistical evaluation of trace elements in groundwater in a coastal area in Shenzhen, China, Environ. Pollut., 147, 771, 10.1016/j.envpol.2006.09.002 Danielsson, 1999, Spatial clustering of metals in the sediments of the Skagerrak/Kattegat, Appl. Geochem., 14, 689, 10.1016/S0883-2927(99)00003-7 Fahad, 2012, Effect of salicylic acid on physiological and biochemical characterization of maize grown in saline area, Pak. J. Bot., 44, 1433 Fahad, 2014, Potential role of phytohormones and plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria in abiotic stresses: consequences for changing environment, Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. Fahad, 2014, Phytohormones and plant responses to salinity stress: a review, Plant Growth Regul. Fahad, 2015, Effects of tire rubber ash and zinc sulfate on crop productivity and cadmium accumulation in five rice cultivars under field conditions, Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res., 10.1007/s11356-015-4518-3 Fahad, 2015, Grain cadmium and zinc concentrations in maize influenced by genotypic variations and zinc fertilization, Clean Soil Air Water, 10.1002/clen.201400376 Fahad, 2015, Exogenously applied plant growth regulators affect heat-stressed rice pollens, J. Agron. Crop Sci. Fahad, 2015, A biochar application protects rice pollen from high-temperature stress, Plant Physiol. Biochem., 96, 281, 10.1016/j.plaphy.2015.08.009 Fahad, 2015, Crop plant hormones and environmental stress, Sustain. Agric. Rev., 15, 371, 10.1007/978-3-319-09132-7_10 Fahad, 2016, A combined application of biochar and phosphorus alleviates heat-induced adversities on physiological, agronomical and quality attributes of rice, Plant Physiol. Biochem., 103, 191, 10.1016/j.plaphy.2016.03.001 Farooqi, 2007, Toxic fluoride and arsenic contaminated groundwater in the Lahore and Kasur districts, Punjab, Pakistan and possible contaminant sources, Environ. Pollut., 145, 839, 10.1016/j.envpol.2006.05.007 Farooqi, 2007, Hydro-geochemistry of the Indus Basin in Rahim Yar Khan District, Central Pakistan, J. Chem. Soc. Pak., 29, 525 Farooqi, 2007, Distribution of highly arsenic and fluoride contaminated groundwater from east Punjab, Pakistan, and the controlling role of anthropogenic pollutants in the natural hydrological cycle, Geochem. J., 41, 213, 10.2343/geochemj.41.213 Frisbie, 2002, The concentrations of arsenic and other toxic elements in Bangladesh’s drinking water, Environ. Health Perspect., 110, 1147, 10.1289/ehp.021101147 Frisbie, 2009, Public health strategies foe western Bangladesh that address arsenic, manganese, uranium, and other trace elements in drinking water, Environ. Health Perspect., 117, 410, 10.1289/ehp.11886 Greenman, 1967, Groundwater hydrology of Punjab, West Pakistan with emphasis on problems caused by canal irrigation. U.S, Geol. Surv. Water Supply Pap. Gul, 2012, Hydro and pedo-chemistry of Mardan District, NW.F.P Pakistan with special emphasis on arsenic contamination Harvey, 2002, Arsenic mobility and groundwater extraction in Bangladesh, Science, 22, 1602, 10.1126/science.1076978 Hasan, 2007, Arsenic in shallow groundwater of Bangladesh: investigations from three different physiographic settings, J. Hydrogeol., 15, 1507, 10.1007/s10040-007-0203-z Hussain, 2014, Status of heavy metal residues in fish species of Pakistan, Rev. Environ. Contam. Toxicol., 230, 111 Jonnalagadda, 2001, Water quality of the Odzi River in eastern highlands of Zimbabwe, Water Res., 35, 2371, 10.1016/S0043-1354(00)00533-9 Kapaj, 2006, Human health effects from chronic arsenic poisoning a review, J. Environ. Sci. Health Part A, 41, 10.1080/10934520600873571 Karim, 1999, Arsenic in groundwater and health problem in Bangladesh, Water Res., 34, 304, 10.1016/S0043-1354(99)00128-1 Kavcar, 2009, A health risk assessment for exposure to trace metals via drinking water ingestion pathway, Int. J. Hyg. Environ. Health, 212, 216, 10.1016/j.ijheh.2008.05.002 Kazi, 2009, The correlation of arsenic levels in drinking water with the biological samples of skin disorders, Sci. Total Environ., 407, 1019 Kelly, 1940, Permissible composition and concentration of irrigated waters, Proceedings of the ASCF66 Khan, 2010, Soil and vegetables enrichment with heavy metals from geological sources in Gilgit, northern Pakistan, Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf., 73, 1820, 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2010.08.016 Khan, 2011, Investigating the levels of selected heavy metals in surface water of Shah Alam River (a tributary of River Kabul, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa), J. Himal. Earth Sci., 44, 71 Khan, 2012, Water quality and human health risk in Charsadda district, Pakistan, J. Clean. Prod., 10, 10 Khan, 2013, Human health risk from heavy metal via food crops consumption with wastewater irrigation practices in Pakistan, Chemosphere, 93, 2230, 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2013.07.067 Khan, 2013, Drinking water quality and human health risk in Charsadda District, Pakistan, J. Clean. Prod., 60, 93, 10.1016/j.jclepro.2012.02.016 Khan, 2015, Health risk assessment through heavy metals consumption in market food crops of Sialkot and Gujranwala Districts, Pakistan, Hum. Ecol. Risk Assess., 21, 327, 10.1080/10807039.2014.913445 Liu, 2003, Application of factor analysis in the assessment of groundwater quality in the blackfoot disease area in Taiwan, Sci. Total Environ., 313, 77, 10.1016/S0048-9697(02)00683-6 Luu, 2009, Arsenic and other trace elements contamination in groundwater and a risk assessment study for the residents in the Kandal Province of Cambodia, Environ. Int., 35, 455, 10.1016/j.envint.2008.07.013 Malana, 2013, Groundwater pollution with special focus on arsenic, Dera Ghazi Khan-Pakistan, J. Saudi Chem. Soc., 15, 39, 10.1016/j.jscs.2010.09.009 Malik, 1984 Manta, 2002, Heavy metals in urban soils: a case study from the city of Palermo (Sicily), Italy, Sci. Total Environ., 300, 229, 10.1016/S0048-9697(02)00273-5 Mico, 2006, Assessing heavy metal sources in agricultural soils of European Mediterranean area by multivariate analysis, Chemosphere, 65, 863, 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2006.03.016 Mishra, 2008, Physico-chemical and microbiological analysis of underground water in V.V Nagar and nearby places of Anand district Gujarat, India, E-J. Chem., 5, 487, 10.1155/2008/671978 Mondal, 2006, Laboratory based approaches for arsenic remediation from contaminated water: recent developments, J. Hazard. Mater., 137, 464, 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2006.02.023 Muhammad, 1996, 472 Muhammad, 2010, Arsenic health risk assessment in drinking water and source apportionment using multivariate statistical techniques in Kohistan region northern Pakistan, Food Chem. Toxicol., 48, 2855, 10.1016/j.fct.2010.07.018 Muhammad, 2011, Health risk assessment of heavy metals and their source apportionment in drinking water of Kohistan region northern Pakistan, Microchem. J., 98, 334, 10.1016/j.microc.2011.03.003 Muhammad, 2013, Wild plant assessment for heavy metal phytoremediation potential along the mafic and ultramafic terrain, Northern Pakistan, Biomed. Res. Int., 2013, 9 Nagaraju, 2006, Hydrogeochemistry of waters of Mangampeta Barite Mining area Cuddapah Basin, Andhra Pradesh, India, Turk. J. Eng. Environ. Sci., 30, 203 Naseem, 2010, Litho-logical influences on occurrence of high-fluoride groundwater in NagarParkar area, Thar Desert, Pakistan, Chemosphere, 78, 1313, 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2010.01.010 Nickson, 2005, Arsenic and other drinking water quality issues, Muzaffargarh District, Pakistan, Appl. Geochem., 20, 55, 10.1016/j.apgeochem.2004.06.004 PCRWR, 2005. National Water Quality Monitoring Programme. Water Quality Report 2003 2004, Islamabad, Pakistan. Pakistan Council for Research in Water Resources (PCRWR; 2005). Available at http://www.pcrwr.gov.pk/wq_phase3_report/TOC.html. PakEPA, 2008 Patterson, 1994 Piper, 1994, A graphic procedure in the geochemical interpretation of water analysis, Am. Geophys. Union Trans., 25, 914, 10.1029/TR025i006p00914 Rafique, 2009, Geochemical factors controlling the occurrence of high fluoride groundwater in the Nagar Parkar area, Sindh, Pakistan, J. Hazard. Mater., 171, 424, 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2009.06.018 Rahman, 2009, Arsenic contamination in groundwater in the Southeast Asia region, Environ. Geochem. Health, 31, 9, 10.1007/s10653-008-9233-2 Rasool, 2015, Co-occurrence of arsenic and fluoride in the groundwater of Punjab, Pakistan: source discrimination and health risk assessment, Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res., 22, 19729, 10.1007/s11356-015-5159-2 Rasool, 2015, Arsenic in groundwater and its health risk assessment in drinking water of Mailsi, Punjab, Pakistan, Hum. Ecol. Risk Assess. Int. J. Ravenscroft, P., Brammer, H., Richards, K., 2009. Arsenic in North America and Europe. Arsenic Pollution: A Global Synthesis, 387–454 DOI: 10.1002/9781444308785 Richards, 1954 SDNP, 2003. Sustainable Development National Programme, District Websites from http://www.sdnpk.org/-1k . Schmoll, 2006 Shah, 2003, Potential fluoride contamination in the drinking water of Naranji area, northwest frontier province, Pakistan, Environ. Geochem. Health, 25, 475, 10.1023/B:EGAH.0000004579.54947.e7 Shah, 2007, Environmental geochemistry of the soils of Peshawar basin N.W.F.P., Pakistan, J. Chem. Soc. Pak., 29, 438 Shah, 2010, Pedo and biogeochemical studies of mafic and ultramafic rocks in the Mingora and Kabal areas Swat, Pakistan, Environ. Earth Sci., 60, 1091, 10.1007/s12665-009-0253-8 Shah, 2012, Health risk assessment via surface water and sub-surface water consumption in the mafic and ultramafic terrain, Mohammed agency, northern Pakistan, J. Geochem. Explor., 118, 60, 10.1016/j.gexplo.2012.04.008 Simeonov, 2003, Assessment of the surface water quality in Northern Greece, Water Res., 37, 4119, 10.1016/S0043-1354(03)00398-1 Smedley, 2002, A review of the source, behavior and distribution of arsenic in natural waters, Appl. Geochem., 17, 517, 10.1016/S0883-2927(02)00018-5 Smith, 2000, Biological treatment options, 1 Stiff, 1951, The interpretation of chemical water analysis by means of patterns, J. Pet. Technol., 3, 15, 10.2118/951376-G Sultana, 2014, Arsenic concentration variability, health risk assessment, and source identification using multivariate analysis in selected villages of public water system Lahore, Pakistan, Environ. Monit. Assess., 186, 1241, 10.1007/s10661-013-3453-3 Sundaray, 2009, Environmental studies on river water quality with reference to sustainability for agricultural purposes Mahanadi river estuarine system, India −a case study, Environ. Monit. Assess., 155, 227, 10.1007/s10661-008-0431-2 Szabolcs, 1964, The influence of irrigation water of high sodium carbonate content of soils, Proceeding of 8th International Congress of ISSS, Trans, Vol. II, 803 US-EPA, 2005. Guidelines for carcinogen risk assessment. Risk Assessment Forum, United States Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC. EPA/630/P-03/001F. US-EPA,, 2010 US-EPA, 2011 Villalobos, 2001, Surface complexation modeling of carbonate effects on the adsorption of Cr(VI), Pb-(II), and U(VI) on goethite, Environ. Sci. Technol., 35, 3849, 10.1021/es001748k WHO, 2011 Wicox, 1995 Winkel, 2008, Hydrogeological survey assessing arsenic and other groundwater contaminants in the lowlands of Sumatra, Indonesia, Appl. Geochem., 23, 3019, 10.1016/j.apgeochem.2008.06.021 World Bank Policy Report, 2005. Policy Report: Towards a More Effective Operational Response e Arsenic Contamination of Groundwater in South and East Asian Countries, vol. I. The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development, The World Bank, and The Water Sanitation Program, MA, USA. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uranium#Human_exposure. Wunderkind, D.A., Diaz, M.P., M. Ame, M.V., Pesce, S.F., Hued, A.C., Bistoni, M.A., 2001. Pattern recognition techniques for the evaluation of spatial and temporal variations in water quality. A case study: Suquia river basin (Cordoba, Argentina)., Water Res., 35, 2881–2894. Zhang, 2011, Application of multivariate statistical techniques in the assessment of water quality in the Southwest New Territories and Kowloon, Hong Kong, Environ. Monit. Assess., 173, 17, 10.1007/s10661-010-1366-y