Biodiversity hotspots for conservation priorities

Ehrlich, P. R. Energy use and biodiversity loss. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B 344, 99–104 ( 1994).

Myers, N. Two key challenges for biodiversity: discontinuities and synergisms. Biodiversity Cons. 5, 1025–1034 (1996).

Pimm, S. L., Russell, G. J., Gittleman, J. L. & Brooks, T. M. The future of biodiversity. Science 269, 347–350 (1995).

Wilson, E. O. The Diversity of Life (Belknap, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 1992).

Myers, N. Threatened biotas: ‘hotspots’ in tropical forests. Environmentalist 8, 187–208 (1988).

Myers, N. The biodiversity challenge: expanded hotspots analysis. Environmentalist 10, 243–256 ( 1990).

Pressey, R. L., Humphries, C. J., Margules, C. R., Vane-Wright, R. I. & Williams, P. H. Beyond opportunism: key principles for systematic reserve selection. Trends Ecol. Evol. 8, 124–128 (1993).

Prendergast, J. R., Quinn, R. M. & Lawton, J. H. The gaps between theory and practice in selecting nature reserves. Cons. Biol. 13, 484– 492 (1999).

Ginsberg, J. Global conservation priorities. Cons. Biol. 13, 5 (1999).

Dobson, A. P., Rodriguez, J. P., Roberts, W. M. & Wilcove, D. S. Geographic distribution of endangered species in the United States. Science 275, 550–553 ( 1997).

Reid, W. V. Biodiversity hotspots. Trends Ecol. Evol. 13, 275–280 (1998).

Prendergast, J. R., Quinn, R. M., Lawton, J. H., Eversham, B. C. & Gibbons, D. W. Rare species, the coincidence of diversity hotspots and conservation strategies. Nature 365, 335–337 (1993).

Williams, P. et al. A comparison of richness hotspots, rarity hotspots, and complementary areas for conserving diversity of British birds. Cons. Biol. 10, 155–174 (1996).

Vane-Wright, R. I., Humphries, C. J. & Williams, P. H. What to protect?—systematics and the agony of choice. Biol. Cons. 55, 235– 254 (1991).

Williams, P. H., Humphries, C. J. & Vane-Wright, R. I. Measuring biodiversity: taxonomic relatedness for conservation priorities. Aust. Syst. Bot. 4, 665–679 (1991).

Mittermeier, R. A., Myers, N., Gil, P. R. & Mittermeier, C. G. Hotspots: Earth's Biologically Richest and Most Endangered Terrestrial Ecoregions (Cemex, Conservation International and Agrupacion Sierra Madre, Monterrey, Mexico, 1999).

Davis, S., Heywood, V. H. & Hamilton, A. C. (eds) Centres of Plant Diversity (three vols) (World Wide Fund for Nature and International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources, Gland, Switzerland, 1994–1997 ).

Groombridge, B. (ed.) Global Biodiversity (Chapman and Hall, London, 1992).

Heywood, V. H. (ed.) Global Biodiversity Assessment (Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge, 1995).

Prance, G. T., Beent J. H., Dransfield, J. & Johns, R. The Tropical Flora Remains Undercollected (Missouri Botanical Garden Scientific Publications, St. Louis, Missouri, in the press).

Nowak, R. Walker's Mammals of the World (Johns Hopkins Univ. Press, Baltimore, Maryland, 1999).

Sibley, C. G. & Monroe, B. L. Distribution and Taxonomy of Birds of the World (Yale Univ. Press, New Haven, Connecticut, 1990).

Uetz, P. & Etzold, T. The EMBL/EBI reptile database. Herpetol. Rev. 27, 175 (1996).

Glaw, F. & Kohler, J. Amphibian species diversity exceeds that of mammals. Herpetol. Rev. 29, 11– 12 (1998).

Eschmeyer, W. M. Catalog of Fishes (California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco, 1998).

Janzen, D. H. How to be a fig. Annu. Rev. Ecol. Systemat. 10, 13–51 (1979).

Farrell, B. D. ‘Inordinate Fondness’ explained: why are there so many beetles? Science 281, 555–557 (1998).

Gaston, K. J. Regional numbers of insect and plant species. Funct. Ecol. 6, 243–247 (1991).

Strong, D. R., Lawton, J. H. & Southwood, T. R. E. Insects on Plants: Community Patterns and Mechanisms (Blackwell, Oxford, 1984).

Price, P. W. Insect Ecology 3rd edition (Wiley, New York, 1997).

Balmford A. & Long, A. Across-country analyses of biodiversity congruence with current conservation efforts in the tropics. Cons. Biol. 9, 1539–1547 ( 1996).

Williams, P. H., Gaston, K. & Humphries, C. J. Mapping biodiversity value worldwide: combining higher-taxon richness from different groups. Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B 264, 141–148 (1997).

MacArthur, R. H. & Wilson, E. O. The Theory of Island Biogeography (Princeton Univ. Press, Princeton, 1967).

Brooks, T. & Balmford, A. Atlantic forest extinctions. Nature 380, 115 (1996).

Brooks, T., Pimm, S. L. & Collar, N. J. Deforestation predicts the number of threatened birds in Insular Southeast Asia. Cons. Biol. 11, 382–394 (1997).

Brooks, T. M., Pimm, S. L. & Oyugi, J. O. Time lag between deforestation and bird extinction in tropical forest fragments. Cons. Biol. 13, 1140–1150 (1999).

Laurance, W. F. Introduction and synthesis. Biol. Cons. 91, 101–107 (1999).

Gaston, K. J. & Nicholls, A. O. Probable times to extinction of some rare breeding bird species in the United Kingdom. Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B 259, 119–123 (1995).

Turner, I. M. Species loss in fragments of tropical rain forests: a review of the evidence. J. Appl. Ecol. 33, 200– 209 (1996).

Pimm, S. L. & Askins, R. A. Forest losses predict bird extinctions in Eastern North America. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 92, 9343–9347 (1995).

Cowlinshaw, G. Predicting the pattern of decline of African primate diversity: an extinction debt from historical deforestation. Cons. Biol. 13, 1183–1193 (1999).

Newmark, W. D. Insularization of Tanzanian parks and the local extinction of large mammals. Cons. Biol. 10, 1549–1556 (1996).

Tilman, D., May, R. M., Lehman, C. L. & Nowak, M. A. Habitat destruction and the extinction debt. Nature 371, 65–66 (1994).

Stattersfield, A. J., Crosby, M. J., Long, A. J. & Wege, D. C. Endemic Bird Areas of the World: Priorities for Biodiversity Conservation (Birdlife International, Cambridge, UK, 1998).

Dinerstein, E. et al. The Global 200: Key Ecoregions for Saving Life on Earth (World Wildlife Fund-US, Washington DC, 1996).

Mittermeier, R. A., Myers, N., Thomsen, J. B., da Fonseca, G. A. B. & Olivieri, S. Biodiversity hotspots and major tropical wilderness areas: approaches to setting conservation priorities. Cons. Biol. 12, 516– 520 (1998).

James, A. N., Gaston, K. J. & Balmford, A. Balancing the Earth's accounts. Nature 401, 323–324 (1999).

Myers, N. Lifting the veil on perverse subsidies. Nature 392, 327–328 (1999).